投射性空间关系表达过程的研究

It is easy to find that, in each language, the terms and phrases for the representation of spatial locating and orientation, and the ways for sharing spatial knowledge are very rich. The basic way of sharing spatial information is mapping our experience and actions with the environment by using terms and utterances that represent spatial relations. How to build the mapping relation among them and what factors affect the process of mapping are the questions need to be answered in this study. The whole course of expressing projective spatial relation includes the verbal expression and perception to the projective spatial relation. In experiment 1, the perceptual characteristics of perceiving the projective spatial relation was studied by analyzing the production latencies from the presentation of the stimulators in different directions (at 5 levels: 00, 22.50, 450, 67.50, and 900) to the onset of the corresponding buttons triggering on the keyboard, the study verifies the results of prior researches and revealed the foundation of expressing the projective spatial relation. In the experiment 2, and 3, the way and the role of the verbal expression were investigated. Subjects were asked to speak out the spatial relation between intended object and reference object by using verbal locative expressions. In experiment 2, Chinese was used as the verbal expression way, and in Experiment 3, English instead. Experiment 4 was similar as experiment 3, but time of voice key triggering was controlled and balanced among trials to verify the results of Experiment 3 further. Experiment 5 investigated the effect of pre-cue on the courses of expressing projective spatial relation. There were two kinds of clues, one was the spatial locative utterances, and the other was the perceptual coordinates framework, such as drawing a cross ”+” in a circle to imply four quadrants. The main conclusions of this research were as follows: 1. When speaking out a spatial relation, different sets of spatial terms, such as “left and right”, or “north and south”, affected the speed of verbal expression. Verbal coding process was affected by how well the perceptual salient direction matched with spatial terms, which made the speed of verbal expression different. 2. When using composite spatial terms to express diagonal directions, people tend to use direct mapping from spatial conceptual representation to composite spatial terms, rather than combining the two axes, which implied there existed direct one-on-one mapping between spatial conceptual representation and spatial terms. But during specific developing period, the way of combining two axes was employed as well for spatial expression, which meant perceptual salient directions played critical role in the process of perceiving and expressing projective spatial relations. 3. The process of verbal expression of the projective spatial relation was improved by the familiarity of spatial utterances, but this improvement was not the results of enhancement of the effect of prototypical diagonal direction.

中老年男性性激素水平与认知功能的关系

Abstract Objective: Study the relationship between sex hormones and cognitive function in aged male. Methods: The serum sex hormones including Free Testosterone(FT), Total Testosterone(TT), Estradiol(E2), Prolactin(PRL) and Luteotropic Hormone(LH) of 74 elderly men(47-75 years old, mean 58.73) were measured by radioimmunoassay. They were all applied the cognitive tests of episodic memory and verbal fluency. For the episodic memory, four experiments examined picture, digit and words memory separately. Four verbal fluency tests were performed in the middle of each episodic memory. The 74 men were divided into two groups according to the levels of their sex hormones respectively, with each group had 37 subjects. Data was analyzed by the software of SPSS 11.0. Results: Mean age and the mean years of formal education had no significant difference between the groups; Men in the group with higher levels of FT had significantly higher scores in the tests of picture memory and words memory；Men in the group with higher levels of TT had significantly higher scores in the tests of verbal fluency4, picture memory and words memory；Men in the group with higher levels of E2 had significantly higher scores in the tests of picture memory and verbal fluency3,4；There were no correlations between PRL or LH and the cognitive tests. Conclusions: 1 Sex hormones (especially FT, TT, E2) did have effect on the cognitive function in aged male, higher levels of hormones related with higher scores of some cognitive tests. 2 Among the cognitive functions, picture memory and words memory performance seemed being effected by the sex hormones most.

阿片药物依赖的神经机制---内侧前额叶与药物的心理依赖

Mental dependence, characterized by craving and impulsive seeking behavior, is the matter of intensive study in the field of drug addiction. The mesolimbic dopamine system has been suggested to play an important role in rewarding of drugs and relapse. Although chronic drug use can induce neuroadaptations of the mesolimbic system and changes of drug reinforcement, these mechanisms cannot fully account for the craving and the compulsive drug-using behavior of addicts. Acknowledging the reinforcement effects of drugs, most previous studies have studied the impact of environmental cues and conditioned learning on addiction behavior, often using established classical or operant conditioning model. These studies, however, paid little attention to the role of cognitive control and emotion in addiction. These mental factors that are believed to have an important influence on conditioned learning. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has close anatomic and functional connections with the mesolimbic dopamine system. A number of the cognitive neurological studies demonstrate that mPFC is involved in motivation, emotional regulation, monitoring of responses and other executive functions. Thus we speculated that the function of abnormality in mPFC following chronic drug use would cause related to the abnormal behavior in addicts including impulse and emotional changes. In the present study of a series of experiments, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the hemodynamic response of the mPFC and related circuits to various cognitive and emotional stimuli in heroin addicts and to explore the underlying dopamine neuromechnism by microinjection of tool drugs into the mPFC in laboratory animals. In the first experiment, we found that heroin patients, relative to the normal controls, took a much shorter time and committed more errors in completing the more demanding of cognitive regulation in the reverse condition of the task, while the neural activity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was attenuated. In the second experiment, the scores of the heroin patients in self-rating depression scale (SDS) and Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) were significantly higher than the normal controls and they rated the negative pictures more aversive than the normal controls. Being congruent with the behavioral results, hemodynamic response to negative pictures showed significant difference between the two groups in bilateral ventral mPFC (VMPFC), amygdala, and right thalamus. The VMPFC of patients showed increased activation than normal controls, whereas activation in the amygdala of patients was weaker than that in normal subjects. Our third experiment showed that microinjection of D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 into the mPFC of rats decreased hyperactivity, which was induced by morphine injection, in contrast, D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 increased the hyperactivity, These findings suggest: (1) The behavior and neural activity in ACC of addicts changed in chronic drug users. Their impulsive behavior might result from the abnormal neural activity in the mPFC especially the ACC. (2) Heroine patients were more depress and anxiety than normal controls. The dysfunction of the mPFC---amygdala circuit of heroine addicts might be related to the abnormal emotion response. (3) Dopamine in the mPFC has an inhibitory effect on morphine induced behavior. The hyperactivity induced by chronic morphine was reduced by dopamine increase with D1 receptor agonist, confirm the first experiment that the neuroadaption of mPFC system induced by chronic morphine administration appears to be the substrate the impulse behavior of drug users.

小学儿童时间序列关系推理能力的发展

心理学对演绎推理机制的研究仍有争议，存在心理模型理论和心理逻辑理论之争，因此，从不同角度探查演绎推理的过程显得十分必要。本研究以小学儿童为研究对象从时间序列关系推理的角度来阐释推理是基于心理模型的还是基于心理逻辑的，从而为时间序列关系推理机制的研究提供更多的实验证据。 本研究采用实验法系统探查了8-12岁儿童对时间序列关系的推理能力，以推理的正确率和策略为研究指标，探查了在计算机和纸笔条件下儿童推理能力发展的一般过程及其特点，并试图揭示含有不同关系词的前提、推理前提数量以及问题类型（有确定答案的传递问题、有确定答案的非传递问题、无确定答案的非传递问题）对儿童推理能力发展的影响。 主要研究结果如下： （1）总体而言，儿童时间序列关系推理能力随年龄而发展。 计算机条件下，儿童对有确定答案的传递问题的推理能力的发展趋势因实验任务而异：8岁组与10岁组儿童对含有不同关系词前提的推理能力差异显著；8岁组与12岁组儿童在不同推理前提数量下的推理能力差异显著。8岁组与10岁组儿童对无确定答案的非传递问题的推理能力差异显著。 纸笔条件下，8岁组与10岁组儿童对有确定答案的传递问题、有确定答案的非传递问题的推理能力差异显著，对无确定答案的非传递问题的推理能力在12岁时仍处于较低水平。 （2）推理的前提数量对儿童时间序列关系推理能力发展的影响因问题类型而异。有确定答案的传递问题下，前提数量不是影响推理成绩的主要因素；有确定答案的非传递问题下，儿童对4前提的推理成绩显著高于对5前提的推理成绩。 （3）含有不同关系词的前提对儿童时间序列关系推理能力的发展有影响。儿童对含有“在……之后”前提的推理成绩高于对兼含“在……之前”和“在……之后”前提的推理成绩，二者均高于对含有“在……之前”前提的推理成绩。 （4）推理的问题类型对儿童时间序列关系推理能力的发展有影响。儿童对有确定答案的传递问题的推理成绩高于对有确定答案的非传递问题的推理成绩，对有确定答案的非传递问题的推理成绩高于对无确定答案的非传递问题的推理成绩。 （5）儿童采用自身经验策略、位置序列策略、逻辑排序策略和模型建构策略等4类策略来进行时间序列关系推理。逻辑排序策略和模型建构策略是儿童在3类问题上均使用的策略。 （6）计算机和纸笔条件下儿童的推理能力以及推理策略类型的使用无显著差异，两种测验条件下儿童推理能力的发展表现出大体相同的趋势。 （7）儿童对不同类型问题推理成绩的差异符合心理模型理论关于推理难度的预期。但是，推理的心理模型理论不能完全解释儿童的推理过程。

恋情嫉妒倾向及其影响因素和影响作用的研究_恋情嫉妒倾向与自尊、社会比较偏好及嫉妒情绪反应之间的关系

As a well-related concept with close relationship, dispositional romantic jealousy (worrying about the romantic relationship will decrease or be threatened because of the rival) is accepted more and more attention. As the first system study on romantic jealousy under Chinese culture, this study use the combinative methods of questionnaire survey and provided situation-imagine design to study the dispositional romantic jealousy and get some conclusions. 1、The structure of the dispositional romantic jealousy in Chinese undergraduate students consist of three factors: suspicion , exclusivity and dependency . The scale of romantic jealousy has good reliability and validity. 2、The dispositional romantic jealousy can well predict the love attitudes and love experiences. The three factors respectively have different relationship with the love attitudes and love experiences. 3、Comparing with the high self-esteem samples, low self-esteem (include explicit self-esteem, and special implicit self-esteem) samples express more dispositional romantic jealousy among some of the three aspects: suspicion , exclusivity and dependency. 4、Those who get high scores on Scale of Social Comparison Orientation have far more remarkable dispositional romantic jealousy than those who get low scores, the difference exits in three factors: suspicion , exclusivity and dependency. 5、The result of SEM tells us that explicit self-esteem and special implicit self-esteem can negetivly predict some of the three factors of the dispositional romantic jealousy. And special implicit self-esteem also can predict the jealous emotional reaction .Social comparison orientation can predict all three factors of the disposition. And all three factors can positively predict jealous emotional reaction. These findings help us identify the structure of the dispositional romantic jealousy and know more about the influence factors of dispositional romantic jealousy. So we can provide an academic reference on the prevention and intervention of the conflicts among marriage and love relationships.

智商常态人群的智力个体差异研究

随着智力个体差异研究的深入，人们认识到智力水平正态分布不仅有遗传和环境的原因而且还有智力结构的原因。但就智力水平个体差异的性质和影响因素问题还有争议。从智力结构、认知基础和认知风格三个角度研究智商常态群体的智力个体差异是非常必要的。 本研究以初三年级14-15岁的3个不同智力水平学生群体（智商在70-85之间的中下群体、86-115之间的中中群体，116-130之间的中上群体）为被试，探查智力水平个体差异的性质，认知机能、认知操作、认知风格的群体差异以及它们对智力水平个体差异的影响。 有五个分研究：研究一运用分测验相关和因素分析方法探查了不同智商群体的智力结构分化是否不同，以及是何种性质的不同；研究二运用实验方法探查了速度、工作记忆、控制机能、知觉、语义网络丰富性的智商群体间差异情况和这些认知机能对智力个体差异的影响；研究三探查分析和综合操作、抽象和具体操作的群体间、群体内差异和这些认知操作对智力个体差异的影响；在认知操作基础上，研究四探查分析-综合认知风格、具体-抽象认知风格、准确-速度认知风格上的群体间差异和这些认知风格对智力个体差异的影响；研究五采用路径分析方法探查认知机能和认知操作与智力水平个体差异的层次结构关系。结果如下： 1．智力结构分化群体间差异是相似因素结构的功能差异，而非因素构成差异，但智力结构的局部也有构成因素差异，g因素制约着智力结构分化程度。分测验相关的群体主效应显著，各群体的分测验因素结构相似，中中群体和中上群体的操作分量表因素比中下群体多了一个。不同智商群体的g因素载荷一致，g功能越高，智力结构更加分化，特殊能力是中上群体的智力结构局部分化高于中下群体的重要原因。 2．随着智力水平差距的增大，认知机能效率和认知机能效率稳定性的群体间差异有由部分向全面显著差异的拓展趋势，不同智商群体间的差异内容并不相同，认知机能对智力个体差异影响作用有大小之分。中上群体和中中群体的速度和语义网络效率没有显著差异，两个群体的知觉、计算广度、监控、抑制、语义表征的效率稳定性没有显著差异；中中群体和中下群体的监控和转换效率没有显著差异，两个群体的阅读广度、计算广度、监控、转换的效率稳定性没有显著差异。认知机能效率与智力功能显著相关，工作记忆和控制机能对智力功能的个体差异影响较大。 3．随着智力水平差距的增大，认知操作的群体间差异有由部分向全面显著差异拓展趋势，认知操作的群体间和群体内差异内容不同，认知操作对智力个体差异影响有大小之分。中中群体和中下群体在抽象综合操作上没有差异，中中群体和中下群体在综合操作上没有差异。中上群体的抽象优于具体。中下群体分析低于综合、抽象分析低于抽象综合、抽象分析低于具体分析。中中群体的组内比较没有显著差异。各个认知操作与智力水平相关显著，抽象操作和分析操作对智力个体差异的影响较大。 4．不同智商群体的认知风格类型比例构成不同。中上群体的分析-综合均强、抽象-具体均强、快-准确型占主要地位，分析强-综合弱、抽象强-具体弱、快-不准占次要地位。而中下群体则在分析-综合均弱、抽象-具体均弱、快-不准确型是主要类型，慢-不准确、具体强-抽象弱、综合强-分析弱占了次要地位。中中群体的分析-综合均弱，抽象-具体均弱型虽为主要，但是人数比例要少于中下群体，综合强-分析弱、具体强-抽象弱占了次要地位，并且人数比例都高于中下群体占了主要地位，快-不准型为主，但是快-准确型占了次要地位。各个认知方式与智力功能有相关关系，并且缓和了认知操作和智力水平的相关程度。 5．认知机能以层次形式影响着智力水平。以速度为底层，以工作记忆、控制机能、语义网络、知觉为第二层，分析和综合操作为第三层的层次模型得到了数据的支持，速度决定模型、速度和知觉调节工作记忆和控制模型则没有得到支持。速度、工作记忆、控制机能、分析和综合操作是影响智力水平个体差异的重要关系结构。

共情、共情唤醒机制及共情结果的关系

Empathy was defined as affective experience isomorphic to another person’s affective experience elicited by the person’s affective state in this research. By constructing questionnaires and situational measurement approaches, the relationship among empathy, perspective-taking, imagination, empathic concern, distress, and interconnectedness and helping was analyzed. Perspective-taking and imagination were regarded as arousal mechanisms of empathy. Empathic concern and distress were reactive outcomes of empathy. Interpersonal outcomes of empathy were discussed in this research were empathic interconnectedness and helping. The results showed that perspective-taking had significant positive influence on empathic concern. Empathy partly mediated the effects of perspective-taking on empathic concern. Influence of imagination on empathic distress was partly mediated by empathy also. Perspective-taking had significant negative influence on empathic distress. Empathy had direct effects on its reactive outcomes, and indirect effects on its interpersonal outcomes mediated totally by empathic concern. Classification analysis according to the relationship among empathy, its arousal mechanisms, and reactive outcomes of empathy showed that disposition of empathic reactivity could be divided into 4 styles: general high empathy (22.5%), general low empathy (25.7%), empathic concern (24.4%) and empathic distress (27.3%). 4 styles were different in interpersonal acuity and mental health. It was suggested that adaptive function of 4 styles was different. And the styles of disposition of empathic reactivity significantly predicted situational empathy and its intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes.

通过语言任务和功能磁共振成像研究人类小脑功能

Since the 19th century, people have long believed that the function of cerebellum was restricted to fine motor control and modulation. In the past two decades, however, more and more studies challenged this traditional view. While the neuroanatomy of the cerebellum from cellular to system level has been well documented, the functions of this neural organ remain poorly understood. This study, including three experiments, attempted to further the understanding of cerebellar functions from different viewpoints. Experiment One used the parametric design to control motor effects. The activation in cerebellum was found to be associated with the difficulty levels of a semantic discrimination task, suggesting the involvement of the cerebellum in higher level of language functions. Moreover, activation of the right posterior cerebellum was found to co-vary with that of the frontal cortex. Experiment Two adopted the cue-go paradigm and event-related design to exclude the effects of phonological and semantic factors in a mental writing task. The results showed that bilateral anterior cerebellum and cerebral motor regions were significantly activated during the task and the hemodynamic response of the cerebellum was similar to those of the cerebral motor cortex. These results suggest that the cerebellum participates in motor imagination during orthographic output. Experiment Three investigated the learning process of a verb generation task. While both lateral and vermis cerebellum were found to be activation in the task, each was correlated a separate set of frontal regions. More importantly, activations both in the cerebellum and frontal cortex decreased with the repetition of the task. These results indicate that the cerebellum and frontal cortex is jointly engaged in some functions; each serves as a part of a single functional system. Taken these findings together, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1.The cerebellum is not only involved in functions related to speech or articulation, but also participates in the higher cognitive functions of language. 2.The cerebellum participates in various functions by supporting the corresponding regions in cerebral cortex, but not directly executes the functions as an independent module. 3.The anterior part of cerebellum is related to motor functions, whereas the posterior part is involved in cognitive functions. 4.While the motor functions rely on the engagement of both sides of the cerebellar hemispheres, the higher cognitive functions mainly depend on the right cerebellum.

预览搜索中优先选择的非抑制加工机制

视觉系统会优先选择与当前行为目标相关的刺激，忽略无关刺激。这种视觉优先选择（prioritizing selection）现象及其机制一直是视觉搜索研究所关注的焦点。本研究对预览搜索（preview search）中优先选择的解释机制进行了详尽的探讨，从基于旧干扰物位置的抑制和基于旧干扰物属性特征的抑制两方面系统检验了基于抑制的视觉标记的解释，并基于实验结果提出了预览搜索中优先选择的非抑制加工机制。 本研究分为三个部分，共9个实验：研究一考察预览搜索的优先选择是否是基于旧干扰物位置的抑制；研究二考察预览搜索的优先选择是否是基于旧干扰物的属性特征的抑制；研究三使用眼动追踪技术考察预览搜索的眼动模式。本研究的行为实验结果和眼动数据均不支持对旧干扰物进行抑制加工的视觉标记机制，而是为预览搜索中增强对新刺激的注意而产生优先选择的自上而下的加工机制提供了强有力的支持。 本研究的主要发现可以总结为以下3点： (1) 出现在旧干扰物位置上的靶子和新干扰物没有受到抑制，出现在旧干扰物位置上的探点也没有被抑制。这不支持基于旧干扰物位置的抑制的视觉标记机制，实验结果可以用自上而下的非抑制加工机制来解释。 (2) 旧干扰物的形状和颜色没有受到抑制，新出现的刺激项目的属性特征在优先选择中至关重要，与靶子相似的新干扰物会影响预览搜索中的预览效益。这不支持基于旧干扰物的属性特征的抑制的视觉标记机制，实验结果可以用自上而下的非抑制加工机制来解释。 (3) 在预览搜索中的1000ms后，眼动实验的数据表明对新刺激项目的注视时间和注视次数远远多于对旧干扰物的注视时间和注视次数，而且预览搜索中1000ms后的眼动数据模式与半基线条件的模式一致，二者都不同于全基线条件的眼动模式。这为在预览搜索中被试注视新出现的刺激项目而没有注视旧干扰物提供了直接的证据，实验结果可以用自上而下的非抑制加工机制提供解释。 上述研究发现清楚地表明，旧干扰物的抑制加工在预览搜索的优先选择中不是必要的，本研究的实验结果支持非抑制加工机制。优先选择可以用增强新出现的刺激项目的注意来解释，是一种自上而下的加工。这种非抑制加工机制为预览搜索的优先选择提供了更合理全面的解释。本研究的成果不仅深化和扩展了我们对预览搜索的优先选择的加工机制的理解，而且为计算机视觉和人机界面设计等方面提供了心理学的依据和指导，具有重要的理论和实践意义。

汉语发展性阅读障碍的神经心理学研究The Neuropsychological Basic of Chinese Developmental Dyslexia by ERP Study

本论文实验结果发现汉语阅读障碍在视听觉功能上有非语言特异性的感知觉加工缺陷：他们在完成视觉任务时成绩稍差，反应时延长，ERP波形成分的峰潜伏期也延长，波幅降低，尤其是左侧枕叶视皮层对右侧视野投射信号的加工效能差，这是首次报道他们枕叶视皮质的左右差异；他们完成听觉分辨任务时，对听觉分辨的效能比正常儿童低；尤其是在听觉相关电位中的表现，峰潜伏期延长，波幅降低。他们在视听觉双通道信号整合的加工上仍表现出ERP波形成分的峰潜伏期延长，波幅较低的现象；综合这三方面的结果，可以推论阅读障碍者可能对一般的信息进行感知觉加工的效能弱。 他们在同音字判断任务中表现出有语音意识缺陷：完成同音字判断任务的正确率与正常儿童有显著的差异；对假字的加工和形似同音字的加工产生的ERP波形均与正常儿童有显著差异，这种差异尤其在左脑更明显。 结合Franck的理论，推论汉语阅读障碍形成原因：汉语阅读障碍行为表现多种多样，这些变异性可能有一些共同的神经心理基础；由于出生前神经的异常发育，遗传的异常或环境的影响而导致的大脑左右两半球功能的差异，尤其左半球引起其对语言加工的缺陷，可能伴随出现视听觉等基本的感知觉功能障碍。

汉语韵律短语切分及语调降阶和下倾研究

Firstly, prosodic boundaries of 1991 common sentences were labeled based on speech perception experiment, relation between prosodic structure and syntactic structure was examined after immediate constituent analysis, an example of prosodic phrasing from text sentences was provided using CART. Then, using designed sentences, phenomena of downstep and declination in pitch downtrend of Chinese declarative sentences were examined, commonness and speciality of Chinese intonation were discussed. The main results of the study are: 1 The distribution patterns of prosodic phrase boundaries for different syntactic structures are different, and there is great freedom in prosodic chunking. The relation between syntactic structure and prosodic structure can only be discussed in statistical sense. 2 Besides of syntactic relation, the second most important factor which influences prosodic phrase boundaries is length. The distances to the front boundary and the back boundary are more important than the lengths of the left syntactic contituent and the right one. In our corpus, the length distributions of prosodic phrases are 5±3 syllables. 3 Automatic downstep can lower intonation linearly, but is affected by stress easily. Non-automatic downstep lowers the higher part of pitch contours and has no effect on the lower one of the intonation. 4 The downtrend reason of low point is declination. The extent of declination relates to not only tones of low points, but also their positions in prosodic words, the baselines decline much faster when low point are in the initial position of a prosodic word. In long sentences, the baselines of prosodic phrases are the basic declination units, and the whole declination pattern of a sentence is related to syntactic relations between two neighboring prosodic phrases.

吗啡奖赏效应及其敏化与空间学习能力的关系

Rewarding experience after drug use is one of the mechanisms of substance abuse. Previous evidence indicated that rewarding experience was closely related to learning processes. Neuroscience studies have already established multiple-mode learning model. Reference memory system and habit memory are associated with hippocampus and dorsa striatum respectively, which are also involved in the rewarding effect of morphine. However, the relationship between spatial/habit learning and morphine reward property is still unclear. After drug use, with sensitization to rewarding effect, spatial learning is also changed. To study the mechanism of increment of spatial learning would provide new perspective about reward learning. Based on the individual difference between spatial learning and reward learning, the experiments studied relationship between the two leaning abilities and tested the function of dorsal hippocampus and dorsal striatum in morphine-induced CPP. The results were summarized below： 1 In a single－rule learning water maze task, subjects better in spatial learning also excelled in rewarding learning. In a multi-rule learning task, morphine administration was more rewarding to subjects of use place strategy. 2 Treatment potentiating the rewarding effect of morphine also increased place-rule learning, with no significant improvement in habit learning. 3 Intracranial injections into CA1 of hippocampus or dorsal striatum of M1 antagonist, Pirenzepine, could block the establishment of morphine CPP after three days morphine treatment. In contrast, the antagonist of D1 receptor SCH23390 had no blocking effect. Both Pirenzepine and SCH23390 blocked the locomotor-stimulating effect of morphine. In summary, spatial learning stimulated the behavioral expression of morphine’s rewarding effect, in which CA1 of hippocampus was critically involved. On the other side, a pretreatment schedule of morphine, while increased the rewarding effect, improved place-rule learning, indicating that spatial learning might be one chain of sensitization to drug rewards effects