Radially polarized and pulsed output from passively Q-switched Nd:YAG ceramic microchip laser

For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a radially polarized laser pulse was produced from a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG ceramic microchip laser with a piece of Cr4+:YAG crystal as the saturable absorber and multilayer concentric subwavelength grating as the polarization-selective output coupler. The averaged laser power reached 450 mW with a slope efficiency of 30.2%. The laser pulse had a maximum peak power of 759 W, a minimum pulse duration of 86 ns, and a 6.7 kHz repetition rate at 3.7 W absorbed pump power. The polarization degree of the radially polarized pulse was measured to be as high as 97.4%. Such a radially polarized laser pulse with a high peak power and a short width is important to numerous applications such as metal cutting. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America

Efficient excitations of radially and azimuthally polarized Nd 3+:YAG ceramic microchip laser by use of subwavelength multilayer concentric gratings composed of Nb2O5/SiO2

Cylindrical vector beams were produced from laser diode end-pumped Nd:YAG ceramic microchip laser by use of two types of subwavelength multilayer gratings as the axisymmetric-polarization output couplers respectively. The grating mirrors are composed of high- and low-refractive-index (Nb2O5/SiO2) layers alternately while each layer is shaped into triangle and concentric corrugations. For radially polarized laser output, the beam power reached 610mW with a polarization extinction ratio ( PER) of 61: 1 and a slope efficiency of 68.2%; for azimuthally polarized laser output, the beam power reached 626mW with a PER of 58: 1 and a slope efficiency of 47.6%. In both cases, the laser beams had near-diffraction limited quality. Small differences of beam power, PER and slope efficiency between radially and azimuthally polarized laser outputs were not critical, and could be minimized by further optimized adjustment to laser cavity and the reflectances of respective grating mirrors. The results manifested, by use of the photonic crystal gratings mirrors and end-pumped microchip laser configuration, CVBs can be generated efficiently with high modal symmetry and polarization purity. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Efficient laser oscillation of Yb : Y3Al5O12 single crystal grown by temperature gradient technique

Low-threshold and highly efficient continuous-wave laser performance of Yb:Y3Al5O12 (Yb:YAG) single crystal grown by a temperature gradient technique (TGT) was achieved at room temperature. The laser can be operated at 1030 and 1049 nm by varying the transmission of the output coupler. Slope efficiencies of 57% and 68% at 1049 and 1030 nm, respectively, were achieved for 10 at. % Yb:YAG sample in continuous-wave laser-diode pumping. The effect of pump power on the laser emission spectrum of both wavelengths is addressed. The near-diffraction-limited beam quality for different laser cavities was achieved. The excellent laser performance indicates that TGT-grown Yb:YAG crystals have very good optical quality and can be potentially used in high-power solid-state lasers.

Cr,Yb:YAG晶体的自调Q激光性能

用光纤耦合激光二极管抽运Cr,Yb:YAG晶体获得了1.03 μm的自调Q激光输出,输出的调Q脉冲非常稳定,抽运阈值功率为680 mW,脉冲宽度为3.3 ns,获得的平均功率为156 mW,斜率效率为18.5%。随着抽运功率的增大,重复频率成线性增长,而脉宽略有减少,单脉冲能量和峰值功率都始终呈增大趋势。光束质量因子M2为1.17。

中国堇菜属的分类修订

堇菜科堇菜属全世界约有525–600种，分布于除南极洲之外的广大地区，大部分种类分布于北温带地区和南美洲安第斯山脉地区。我国是堇菜属的主要物种多样性中心之一，《中国植物志》(51卷)记载了111种，另外有58个基于中国产的模式标本描述的学名在该著作中没有处理。由于本属形态变异复杂，分类相当困难，我国该属植物同物异名、名实不符的问题相当常见，《中国植物志》遗漏种类过多，因此需要全面修订。 通过文献查阅、标本研究、野外考察和部分种类的移栽实验，本文对中国堇菜属进行了力所能及的分类修订。描述新种和新变种9个(Viola dimorphophylla、 V. muliensis、 V. bulbosa var. oblonga、 V. gongshanensis、 V. guangxiensis、 V. hui、V. magnifica var. qianshanensis、 V. miaolingensis和V. nitida;其中V. dimorphophylla为全世界堇菜属中发现的唯一具轮生叶的种类)，做出新组合6个(V. biflora var. rockiana、 V. dissecta var. incisa、 V. prionantha var. taishanensis、 V. philippica var. stenocentra、V. kosanensis subsp. pendulicarpa、V. kosanensis subsp. serrula)，补充记载11个以前发表而后来未再在我国有 关分类学著作中提及的种(V. belophylla、V. yunnanfuensis、V. tienschiensis、 V. duclouxii、 V. fargesii、 V. hondoensis、V. kosanensis、V. japonica、 V. striatella、 V. kwangtungensis 和 V. perpusilla)， 确认我国没有V. yezoensis和V. faurieana的分布，发现中国分布新记录种和变种各1个(V. violacea和V. tokubuchiana var. takedana)，将85个学名降为异名，另外对58个《中国植物志》(51卷)中没有处理的学名全部进行了分类处理。我们的修订结果承认中国有堇菜属植物101种、3亚种和13变种，1种因未见模式标本暂存疑。本文对所有种给出了分种检索表、形态描述和标本引证，对大多数种进行了分类学评论和绘出了地理分布图以及形态图解。此外, 本文指定了33个名称的后选模式。 根据形态学、地理分布和细胞学证据，本文将匍匐堇菜组和蔓茎堇菜组予以归并;根据形态特征，在合生托叶组内建立了两个新系，即圆叶堇菜系和鳞茎堇菜系;我们认为前人在二裂花柱组内单纯强调距的长短而完全忽略其他性状划分的两个亚组——长距堇菜亚组和短距堇菜亚组——不合理，故结合根状茎、根、地下匍匐茎和花冠的有关性状对本组重新进行了亚组划分，合并长距堇菜亚组和短距堇菜亚组，建立一个新的亚组，即灰叶堇菜亚组。此外, 本文对3种(V. magnifica、V. henryi和V. pendulicarpa)的系统位置进行了调整。 本文对我国堇菜属34种共42个居群进行了染色体记数，其中20种的数目为首次报道。我们发现合生托叶组的染色体基数应该为x=6,而不是先前认为的x=12, 合生托叶组的大部分种类为多倍体，其中具有种内多倍性的种类具有很强的杂草习性。蔓茎堇菜组的多数种类的染色体数目为2n=24, 与合生托叶组很相似，另外这两个组具有相似的形态和地理分布特征，我们认为蔓茎堇菜组与合生托叶组的亲缘关系较紧密。

光照和不同形态氮营养盐供应对坛紫菜硝酸还原酶活性的影响

为了探讨光照、NO3--N和NH4+-N对坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)硝酸还原酶活性(NRA)的影响,在光照和黑暗条件下分别对坛紫菜叶状体进行氮(N)饥饿→氮(N)加富和N加富→N饥饿处理,并测定NRA的变化。结果表明:在N饥饿→N加富过程中,光照下NRA比黑暗中要高;NO3--N的加富能提高NRA,且在光照下比黑暗中NRA达到最大值的时间要短;而NH4+-N与NO3--N共同对N饥饿藻体加富时NRA没有明显变化,并与NH4+-N单独加富无显著差异。另外,对于N加富→N饥饿的处理,在

坛紫菜光合作用对重碳酸盐的利用

为了探讨坛紫菜（POrphyra haitanensis）在海水中进行光合作用时的无机碳源,对其叶状体的碳酸酥酶（CA）和光合放氧特性进行了测定.CA在坛紫菜的细胞外和细胞内都有酶活性.在 pH 8.2或川刀的海水中,CA抑制剂乙酞吐磺胺（acetazolandde,AZ）或已氧苯并喷吐磺胺（6-ethoxyzolandde,EZ）对坛紫菜光合放氧速率有强烈的抑制作用,且 EZ比 AZ抑制作用更大.在 pH 8二海水中观测的光合放氧速率远大于海水中HCO。一离子的理论脱水速率.另外,坛紫菜具有很高的PH补

Dynamics of spontaneous emission from SiN with two-dimensional photonic crystals

We investigated the dynamics of spontaneous emission from a photonic crystal etched into a SiN slab. After fitting the decay curves of the emission to double exponential functions, we divided the dynamic process of the spontaneous emission into a fast process and a slow process. It was observed that the presence of the photonic crystal increased the proportion of the fast decay component, and consequently, the emission rate and time-integrated emission intensity were also enhanced. These enhancements were a result of the coupling of the guide modes to the leaky modes of the photonic crystal slab waveguide. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Two-photon excited fluorescence from CdSe quantum dots on SiN photonic crystals

Two-photon excited fluorescence from CdSe quantum dots on a two-dimensional SiN photonic crystal surface is investigated by using a femtosecond laser. By using a photonic crystal, a 90-fold enhancement in the two-photon excited fluorescence in the vertical direction is achieved. This is the highest enhancement achieved so far in the two-photon excited fluorescence in the vertical direction. The mechanism of the enhancement for two-photon excited fluorescence from quantum dots on photonic crystals is analyzed.

Effect of end substitution on optical properties and molecular orientation of distyrylbenzene derivatives in thin film

Three distyrylbenzene (DSB) derivatives were vacuum-evaporated on a (001) surface of KBr. DSB derivative molecules formed nuclei by interaction between the electron donative methoxyl group and Br- ion of the substrate crystal and oriented their longitudinal axis obliquely to the substrate surface. The peak shift between the emission peaks of solution and film decreased depending on the number of substituent. This phenomenon was originated to reduction of molecular interaction between neighboring molecules by steric hindrance of end substituents. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Structural and optical properties of distyrylbenzene derivative thin films

In order to understand the relationship between the molecular orientation and optical properties of oligophenylenevinylene film, oriented thin films of 1,4-di(p-methoxystyryl)benzene (DSB-1) and 1,4-di(p-methoxystyryl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene (DSB-2) were fabricated on a potassium bromide (KBr) (001) surface by the vacuum-evaporation method. The structures and optical properties of DSB films have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and polarized photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. DSB-1 molecules orient obliquely and/or parallel to the substrate surface depending on the substrate temperature. On the other hand, DSB-2 molecules tend to grow epitaxially with the molecular plane parallel to the substrate surface. The anisotropic molecular orientations represent the polarized PL. The epitaxial growth and molecular orientations observed by TEM and AFM at the local and microscopic scale are confirmed by polarized PL measurement on a macroscopic scale. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(99)01523-6].

Fabrication and characterization of orientation-controlled thin films of distyryl benzene derivatives

Distyryl benzene derivatives (DSB-1 and DSB-2) were deposited on a KBr (001) surface. DSB-1 molecules took two kinds of orientations depending on the substrate temperature. On the other hand, DSB-2 grew epitaxially. The longitudinal axes of DSB-2 molecules were oriented parallel to the substrate surface.