低等鲤科鱼类RAPD分析及系统发育研究

通过对鲤科鱼类30个个体所代表的18个种的随机扩增，作者得到了大量有系统发育信息的DNA多态片段。通过Rapdplot程序将DNA的多态片段转换成遗传距离（d=1－S，S＝2NxNy／Nx＋Ny）。该遗传距离的矩阵经PHYLIP软件包中的Neighbor（option=NJ）程序处理后，生成了低等鲤科鱼类代表属种的分支系统图。从该系统图可以看出：RAPD分析方法在鲤科鱼类的系统发育研究中有一定的局限性，它比较适合于亚科内属间系统发育的研究。结果显示亚科并不是一个单元类群，其中的马口鱼类和细鲫类各自形成单元

螅状独缩虫(Cachesium polypinum)遗传多样性的RAPD分析

用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术对武汉的汉口 (CP_1)、汉阳 (CP_2 )和武昌 (CP_3)三个地区缘毛类的螅状独缩虫 (Cachesiumpolypinum)进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明 :这种动物存在广泛的变异 ,三个地域群体之间的遗传相似度为 0 .6 52 2～ 0 .7385(平均值为 0 .6 92 1) ,各群体之间遗传相似度大小依次为 :CP_2—CP_3>CP_1—CP_2 >CP_1—CP_3。本文对这些变异与环境的关系和以RAPD技术研究缘毛类等动物遗传多样性的意义作了

应用RAPD技术对不同基因组组合生物型遗传多态性的研究(英文)

利用ＲＡＰＤ技术对不同基因组合的鱼类进行了基因组指纹图谱构建，在ＤＮＡ水平上对基因组成分进行了分析，探讨了其遗传多态性。ＲＡＰＤ结果发现，在２６个随机引物扩增的产物中，平均每个个体观察到约１４２个ＲＡＰＤ标记，单个引物获得的标记平均为５．４。其中４个引物扩增的图谱可将不同的生物型区分开：Ｓ－２６引物的扩增图谱（Ｆｉｇ．１）可将红鲫（ＲＡ）与其它组合区分开，还可将鲤鲫杂种一倍体（ＣＡ）与鲫鲤杂种三倍体（ＣＡＡ）和人工复合三倍体鲤（ＣＣＡ）区分开；Ｓ－８引物（Ｆｉｇ．２）可区分开红鲤（ＲＣ）和镜鲤（ＭＣ）；Ｓ

利用RAPD技术对三种绒螯蟹亲缘关系的研究

采用RAPD技术结合一定的形态学研究手段，对中华绒螫蟹、日本绒螫蟹及其合浦亚种进行亲缘关系的研究，为三种绒螫蟹的种及亚种分析提供重要资料。三种绒螫蟹的第四步足前节长宽比值，与其分类标本吻合或基本吻合。用一组引物，对每种各10个个体的基因组DNA进行扩增，得到一批特异、可重复的扩增图谱；扩增区带的相似率分析表明，中华绒螫蟹与日本绒螫蟹的亲缘关系远，而日本绒螫蟹合浦亚种与日本绒螫蟹近。最后，对文中RAPD分析的取样数量及其鉴别标记的可行性等问题作了讨论。

七株微囊藻系统进化关系的RAPD-PCR分析(英文)

应用RAPD－PCR的方法，选用24个随机引物，分析来自不同地区的7株微囊藻的基因组多态性．结果显示，Microcystis．viridis及M.wesenbergii明显与M．aeruginosa区分开．M．aeruginosa分为两个可视为不同种的异源分类单位．作为对照的Anabaenasp．7120与其他微囊藻株表现出完全不同的基因型及更远的遗传距离．此项研究表明，以基因型而不是表现型为基础，分析蓝藻种内及种间区别是可能的．因此，为解决蓝藻分类问题，特别是在种和属的水平上，提供了重要的线索．结合正在

七株微囊藻系统进化关系的RAPD-PCR分析

应用RAPD-PCR的方法,选用24个随机引物,分析来自不同地区的7株微囊藻的基因组多态性。结果显示,Microcystis.viridis及M.wesenbergii明显与M.aeruginosa区分开。M.aeruginosa分为两个可视为不同种的异源分类单位。作为对照的Anabaena sp.7120与其他微囊藻株表现出完全不同的基因型及更远的遗传距离。 此项研究表明,以基因型而不是表现型为基础,分析蓝藻种内及种间区别是可能的。因此,为解决蓝藻分类问题,特别是在种和属的水平上,提供了重要的线索。结合

四种十足目甲壳动物遗传差异的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术，对分类阶元不同的四种十足目甲壳动物：克氏原螯虾、汉水华溪蟹、日本绒螯蟹合浦亚种和中华绒螯蟹，进行了遗传多态性的研究。四个物种DNA库的扩增结果表明，随着亲缘关系由近变远，物种间的相似率依次减小，由56．1％下降到22．3％。用UPGMA方法作聚类分析构建出物种的系统树图，反映出四个物种对应的种、科间、科间以上遗传差异逐步增大，这与以形态标记为主的分类结果相一致。在同工酶分析难以揭示差异的两种绒螯蟹中，用RAPD分析观察到明显的种间差异。两种绒螯蟹个体的扩增图谱分析结果为，中华绒螯蟹个体间

银鲫复合种外源遗传物质整入的RAPD分析

在优化RAPD检测条件的基础上，采用40对随机引物，比较分析了银鲫复合种、异育银鲫和兴国红鲤相互间扩增DNA片段的异同性。总的来说，银鲫复合种和异育银鲫具有基本一致的扩增产物，而与兴国红鲤的扩增产物多数不同。相似率分析表明，银鲫复合种与兴国红鲤之间的相似率为31.6％，异育银鲫与兴国红鲤之间的相似率为28．6％。在分析中，除发现银鲫复合种、异育银鲫与兴国红鲤间共有的扩增片段外，还发现了银鲫复合种与兴国红鲤间共有的扩增片段以及银鲫复合种所特有的DNA扩增带。本研究不但为银鲫复合种异源遗传成分的整人提供了新的

用RAPD技术识别中华绒螯蟹性别差异

中华绒螯蟹（Ｅｒｉｏｃｈｅｉｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）又称河蟹，是我国的名贵水产资源。本文用２００个随机引物对河蟹的雌雄群体和个体进行了ＲＡＰＤ（随机扩增的多态性ＤＮＡ）分析，发现１７个引物扩增出了群体水平的性别差异，其中的一个引物扩增出了个体水平的性别差...

RAPD方法对中华绒螯蟹长江、辽河、瓯江三群体的遗传多样性分析

用RAPD技术检测了中华绒螯蟹（E．sinensis）长江、辽河、瓯江三个群体各10个个体的基因组DNA的多态性。经20个随机引物扩增得到每一个体的多态片段，通过对群体内及群体间共享片段的分析，得到三群体间的相似率数据，为中华绒螯蟹的种群关系的研究提供了重要的资料。

五种鲤科鱼类的RAPD分析兼论稀有鮈鲫的系统位置

本文作者采用20个随机引物，对五种鲤科鱼类，即稀有鲫、中华细鲫、麦穗鱼、唐鱼和草鱼的基因组进行了DNA随机扩增分析（RandomAmplifiedPolymorphicDNA，即RAPD）。其目的是为了探讨稀有鲫的系统分类位置。研究结果表明在所研究的物种中，稀有鲫与中华细鲫和唐鱼有更近的亲缘关系。

Population differentiation of Procypris rabaudi (Tchang) in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River revealed by mitochondrial DNA and RAPD markers

Procypris rabaudi (Tchang) is a cyprinid fish endermic to middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Besides in main stream and large tributaries, there exists an early matured, small-sized ecological type in a small tributary, Tang River. In this study, mitochondrial DNA cytochrome h (cyt b) gene sequence analysis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were performed to investigate the differentiation of the Tang River population from the Mudong reach population of the Yangtze River, with the purpose of conservation and exploitation of this fish. In the 1140 bps of cyt b gene sequence surveyed, 20 sites were found polymorphic, which defined 23 haplotypes. Among them, four haplotypes accounted for 54.4% of all individuals, while population-specific haplotypes occurred in low frequencies. Analysis of molecular variation on cyt b data revealed no significant partition existing between Tang River population and Mudong reach population. Analyses of 132 RAPD loci suggested that genetic variation between populations was significant, though values of different F-ST were not very high. The results revealed low genetic diversity and the beginning of population differentiation, suggesting that Tang River population should be designated as a separate Management Unit.

Genetic heterogeneity analysis and RAPD marker detection among four forms of Atrina pectinata Linnaeus

Pen shell (Atrina pectinata Linnaeus) can be distinguished into four forms based on the morphololgic characteristics. Genetic similarity, and heterogeneity were analyzed among the four forms by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique using 24 10-nucleotide-long primers. Of these primers, 22 pruners produced well-identifiable RAPD band patterns. Significant differences in RAPD band patterns were revealed among the four forms. A total of 198 polymorphic fragments were scored from 22 pruners. and they are specific for one form, shared by two or three forms. Several pruners, such as S451, S453 S463 S464, S470. S473 and S474, produced abundant band patterns and provided sufficient information for reliable discrimination of the four forms. The average genetic distances and phylogenetic relationships were calculated and analyzed according to the distinguishable fragments. The data indicate that pen shells of form G and form Y are similar not only among individuals within the same form, but also between individuals from the two forms, and that shells of form T and form S are highly divergent. The constructed phylogenetic free matches the average genetic distances. Three clusters were clearly distinguishable, in which two were corresponding to form S and form T respectively and one included forms G and Y. This Study will be benefit to further studies oil the taxonomy and selective breeding of Pinnid species. It is suggested that the four forms of pen shell should be categorized to at least two species taxonomically.

RAPD and AFLP techniques for the analysis of genetic relationships in two genera of Decapoda

RAPD was used fur analysing three (sub-)species of mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis, E. japonicus, and E. japonicus hepuensis) and three populations of E. sinensis. The results show that their relationships on DNA level are similar to the classical taxonomic hypotheses (Dai, 1991). No diagnostic RAPD marker could be found, but there were statistically significant genetic differences among these taxa (P < 0.001) or populations (P < 0.001). That is, the intraspecific similarities were larger than the interspecific similarities; the intrasubspecific similarities were larger than the intraspecific similarities; and the intrapopulational similarities were larger than the interpopulational similarities. In AFLP analysis, no significant genetic difference has been found between E. sinensis and E. japonicus, but AFLP markers among four species of Macrobrachium (M. rosenbergii. M. nipponense, M. hainanense, and M. asperulum) were found. The DNA similarities among these four species of Macrobrachium are in accordance with morphological similarities.

Genetic evidence for gonochoristic reproduction in gynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio bloch) as revealed by RAPD assays

Sex evolution has been a debating focus in evolutionary genetics. In lower vertebrates of reptiles, amphibians, and fish, a species or a bioform reproduces either sexually or asexually but never both. A few species were found to consist of all females in fish. These all-female species can propagate by asexual reproduction modes, such as gynogenesis and hybridogenesis. However, the coexistence of sexuality and asexuality in a single species was recently noted only in a cyprinid fish silver crucian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. This fish had been demonstrated to be capable of gynogenesis stimulated by sperm from other related species. Surprisingly, natural populations of this fish consist of a minor but significant portion (approx. 20%) of males. As different clones with specific phenotypic and genetic characteristics have been found, and RAPD markers specific to each clone have recently been identified, this fish offers many advantages for analyzing whether or not genetic recombination occurs between different clones. In this study, artificial propagation was performed in clone F and clone D. Ovulated eggs from clone F were divided into two parts and respectively inseminated with sperm from a clone D male and from a red common carp (Cyprinus carpio) male. The control clone D individuals were selected from gynogenetic offspring of clone D activated by sperm of red common carp. The phenotype and sex ratio in the experimental groups were also observed. Using RAPD molecular markers, which allow for reliable discrimination and genetic analysis of different clones, we have revealed direct molecular evidence for gonochoristic reproduction in the gynogenetic silver crucian carp and confirmed a previous hypothesis that the silver crucian carp might reproduce both gynogenetically and gonochoristically. Therefore, we conclude that the silver crucian carp possesses two reproductive modes, i.e., gynogenetic and gonochoristic reproduction. The response mechanism of two reproductive development modes may be the first discovery in vertebrates. Additionally, we discuss the evolutionary implication between gynogenetic and gonochoristic reproduction modes and the contribution of the minor proportion of males to genetic flexibility in the gynogenetic silver crucian carp.