模拟微重力下微藻细胞的脂质过氧化

目的从胁迫的角度为微重力影响质膜的结构和功能提供直接的证据。方法以回转器模拟微重力 ,根据膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)与硫代巴比妥酸 (TBA)的定量反应测定MDA含量 ,用电导仪检测细胞电解质的外渗率。结果在模拟微重力胁迫下 ,两种蓝藻———鱼腥藻和集球藻的膜脂过氧化产物———丙二醛 (MDA)不断积累 ,同时细胞膜的透性相应增大。结论模拟微重力与其它胁迫因子有着相同的共性 ;对没有特殊重力感受结构的单细胞而言 ,质膜是重力的感受部位

高浓度铬对凤眼莲的伤害及膜脂过氧化作用的影响

为了初步探讨在高浓度重金属胁迫下凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)的生理变化,通过急性实验法从活性氧伤害角度探讨铬伤害凤眼莲的机理.结果表明,在高浓度(50ppm)铬污染下,凤眼莲叶片中SOD和CAT活性以及叶绿索α的含量明显下降,组织电解质外渗率和MDA含量明显升高,与对照值之间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05);叶片中H_2O_2含量无明显变化.

Allelopathic mechanism of pyrogallol to Microcystis aeruginosa PCC7806 (Cyanobacteria): From views of gene expression and antioxidant system

Pyrogallol is a potent allelochemical on Microcystis aeruginosa, but its allelopathic mechanism is not fully known. In order to explore this mechanism, gene expressions for prx, mcyB, psbA, recA, grpE, fabZ under pyrogallol stress were studied, and activities of the main antioxidant enzymes were also measured. The results showed that expression of grpE and recA showed no significant change under pyrogallol stress, while psbA and mcyB were up-regulated at 4 mg L-1. Both prx and fabZ were up-regulated even under exposure to 1 mg L-1 pyrogallol concentration. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced under pyrogallol stress. Levels of malodialdehyde (MDA) at 2 and 4 mg L-1 pyrogallol were significantly higher than those of the controls. It was concluded that oxidant damage is an important mechanism for the allelopathic effect of pyrogallol on M. aeruginosa. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

UV-B-induced Oxidative Damage and Protective Role of Exopolysaccharides in Desert Cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus

UV-B-induced oxidative damage and the protective effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in Microcoleus vaginatus, a cyanobacterium isolated from desert crust, were investigated. After being irradiated with UV-B radiation, photosynthetic activity (Fv/Fm), cellular total carbohydrates, EPS and sucrose production of irradiated cells decreased, while reducing sugars, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) production and DNA strand breaks increased significantly. However, when pretreated with 100 mg/L exogenous EPS, EPS production in the culture medium of UV-B stressed cells decreased significantly; Fv/Fm, cellular total carbohydrates, reducing sugars and sucrose synthase (SS) activity of irradiated cells increased significantly, while ROS generation, MDA production and DNA strand breaks of irradiated cells decreased significantly. The results suggested that EPS exhibited a significant protective effect on DNA strand breaks and lipid peroxidation by effectively eliminating ROS induced by UV-B radiation in M. vaginatus.

Allelopathic effects on Scenedesmus obliquus by two submerged macrophytes Najas minor and Potamogeton malaianus

The allelopathic effects of two submerged macrophytes, Najas minor and Potamogeton malaianus, on growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant systems of Scenedesmus obliquus were assessed in coexistence experiments. The growth of S. obliquus was significantly suppressed by the two macrophytes. Moreover, P. malaianus showed the stronger growth inhibition effect on S. obliquus than N. minor. P. malaianus obviously inhibited the photosynthetic rate of S. obliquus, while N. minor had no inhibitory effect. Lipid peroxidation and three antioxidant enzymes activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD)) of S. obliquus were investigated at the end of the co-cultures. The two macrophytes significantly enhanced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, a product of lipid peroxidation, in S. obliquus. Activities of the three antioxidant enzymes of S. obliquus were simultaneously stimulated in P. malaianus treatment, while no significant variation of POD activity was observed in N. minor treatment. The results indicated that the two macrophytes N. minor and P. malaianus had significant allelopathic effects on S. obliquus. However, the two macrophytes influenced S. obliquus in different ways.

The response of antioxidant systems in Nostoc sphaeroides against UV-B radiation and the protective effects of exogenous antioxidants

UV radiation is one of many harmful factors found in space that are detrimental to organisms on earth in space exploration. In the present work, we examined the role of antioxidant system in Nostoc sphaeroides Kutz (Cyanobacterium) and the effects of exogenously applied antioxidant molecules on its photosynthetic rate under UV-B radiation. It was found that UV-B radiation promoted the activity of antioxidant system to protect photosystem 11 (PSII) and exogenously applied antioxidant: sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) had an obvious protection on PSII activity under UV-B radiation. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) and content of NIDA (malondialdehyde) and ASC (ascorbate) were improved by 0.5 mM and 1 mM SNP, but 0.1 mM SNP decreased the activity of antioxidant system. Addition of exogenous NAC decreased the activity of SOD, POD, CAT and the content MDA and ASC. In contrast, exogenously applied NAC increased GSH content. The results suggest that exogenous SNP and NAC may protect algae by different mechanisms: SNP may play double roles as both sources of reactive free radicals as well as ROS scavengers in mediating the protective role of PSII on algae under UV-B radiation. On the other hand, NAC functions as an antioxidant or precursor of glutathione, which could protect PSII directly from UV-B radiation. (c) 2007 COSPAR, Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Different tolerances and responses to low temperature and darkness between waterbloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and a green alga Scenedesmus

The dynamics of planktonic cyanobacteria in eutrophicated freshwaters play an important role in formation of annual summer blooms, yet overwintering mechanisms of these water bloom forming cyanobacteria remain unknown. The responses to darkness and low temperature of three strains (unicellular Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB-905, colonial M. aeruginosa FACHB-938, and a green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda FACHB-45) were investigated in the present study. After a 30-day incubation under darkness and low temperature, cell morphology, cell numbers, chlorophyll a, photosynthetic activity (ETRmax and I-k), and malodialdehyde (MDA) content exhibited significant changes in Scenedesmus. In contrast, Microcystis aeruginosa cells did not change markedly in morphology, chlorophyll a, photosynthetic activity, and MDA content. The stress caused by low temperature and darkness resulted in an increase of the antioxidative enzyme-catalase (CAT) in all three strains. When the three strains re-grew under routine cultivated condition subjected to darkness and low temperature, specific growth rate of Scenedesmus was lower than that of Microcystis. Flow cytometry (FCM) examination indicated that two distinct types of metabolic response to darkness and low temperature existed in the three strains. The results from the present study reveal that the cyanobacterium Microcystis, especially colonial Microcystis, has greater endurance and adaptation ability to the stress of darkness and low temperature than the green alga Scenedesmus.

Physiological and biochemical responses of Scytonema javanicum (cyanobacterium) to salt stress

Scytonema javanicum (Kutz.) Born et Flah (cyanobacterium) is one of the species distributed widely in the crust of desert soils regularly subjected to severe water stress. To investigate the response of the species to salt stress, many physiological and biochemical parameters, including growth rate, ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm), reactive oxidative species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined in culture. The results showed that 50 mM NaCl inhibited growth and Fv/Fm in the medium BG-110, and that the inhibition was maximum after 1-2 days' exposure to salt stress; 50 mM NaCl also increased the contents of ROS and MDA in treated cells, which suggests that salt stress may lead to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation in the alga. Further, changes in the antioxidative enzymes SOD and CAT in the treated alga were consistent with changes in ROS and MDA at certain extent. These observations suggest that oxidative stress resulting from salt stress in S. javanicum could result in the production of antioxidative enzymes to counteract the oxidative damage, and the enzymes may contribute to the ability of S. javanicum to survive the adverse desert environment. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus on Scenedesmus obliquus

Allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus on Scenedesmus obliquus were assessed using a twophase approach under controlled laboratory conditions. In the co- culture experiment ( phase I), the growth of S. obliquus at two different initial cell densities was significantly inhibited by P. malaianus. Moreover, the growth inhibition was dependent on the biomass density of P. malaianus. Antioxidant enzymes ( SOD, CAT and POD), MDA, APA, total soluble protein, protein electrophoretic pattern and morphology of S. obliquus were determined after the coculture experiment was terminated. The activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APA at the low initial cell density were stimulated, the contents of MDA and total soluble protein were increased, and some special protein bands disappeared in P. malaianus treatments. The macrophyte had no effect on the activities of SOD and APA at the high initial cell density, but significantly influenced other physiological parameters of S. obliquus with the increase of biomass density. The morphology of S. obliquus showed no difference in the macrophyte treatments and the controls, and the cultures were dominated by 4- celled coenobia. The results indicated P. malaianus had significant allelopathic effects on the growth and physiological processes of S. obliquus. Moreover, the allelopathic effects depended on initial algal cell density, biomass density of the macrophyte, and their interaction. In the experiment of P. malaianus culture filtrates ( phase II), filtrates from combined culture of plant and S. obliquus at the low initial cell density exhibited no apparent growth inhibitory effect on S. obliquus. The result showed that initial addition of growth- inhibiting plant filtrates had no allelopathic effect on S. obliquus. We concluded that the allelopathic effects on S. obliquus were found in the presence of P. malaianus, but not in P. malaianus filtrates. However, the absence of allelopathic effect on S. obliquus might be due to the very low concentrations of allelochemicals in the filtrates.

Induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis by PFOS and PFOA in primary cultured hepatocytes of freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Perfluorinated organic compounds (PFOCs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) widely present in the environment, wildlife and human. We studied the cellular toxicology of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on oxidative stress and induction of apoptosis in primary cultured hepatocytes of freshwater tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Cultured hepatocytes were exposed to PFOS or PFOA (0, 1, 5, 15 and 30 mg L-1) for 24 h, and a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was determined using trypan blue exclusion method. Significant induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanied by increases in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) were found, while activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were decreased. Glutathione (GSH) content was reduced following treatment of PFOA and PFOS. A dose-dependent increase in the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level (measured as maleic dialdehyde, MDA) was observed only in the PFOA exposure groups, whereas LPO remained unchanged in the PFOS exposure groups. Furthermore, a significant activation of caspase-3, -8, -9 activities was evident in both PFOS and PFOA exposure groups. Typical DNA fragmentation (DNA laddering) was further characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The overall results demonstrated that PFOS and PFOA are able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis with involvement of caspases in primary cultured tilapia hepatocytes. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Growth and antioxidant system of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus in response to microcystin-RR

Microcystins, one type of the cyanobacterial toxins, show a broad range of hazardous effects on other organisms. Most of the researches on the toxic effects of microcystins have involved in animals and higher plants. Little work, however, has been done on evaluating the mechanisms of microcystin toxicity on algae. In this study, the toxicological effects of microcystin-RR (MC-RR) on the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus were investigated. For this purpose, six physio-biochemical parameters (cell optical density, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) were tested in algal cells when exposed to 100 mug(-1) microcystin-RR. The results showed that the growth of Synechococcus elongatus ( expressed as optical density) was significantly inhibited compared with the control. At the same time, the treated algae exhibited a pronounced increase in production of ROS and MDA after 6 days exposure to microcystin-RR. Signi. cant changes in GSH levels and GSH-Px, GSH activities were also detected in algal cells, with higher values being observed in the toxin treated algae after 6 days exposure. GST activities in the treated algae exhibited a decline after exposure and rapid augmentation on day 3, thereafter, they kept at a high level when compared to the control group. GSH contents and GSH-Px activities were also significantly raised in the toxin-treated algae cells from day 3, but they showed a sharp decrease on day 4, which was the onward of cell proliferation. These results suggested that oxidative stress manifested by elevated ROS levels and MDA contents might be responsible for the toxicity of microcystin to Synechococcus elongatus and the algal cells could improve their antioxidant ability through the enhancement of enzymatic and non-enzymatic preventive substances.

基于SPEM的CMM软件过程元模型

软件企业在实施CMM(capabilitymaturitymodelforsoftware)的过程中面临最主要的障碍是如何将CMM软件过程模型转换成可实施的、体现组织过程特征的CMM实施过程模型.可以利用模型驱动架构MDA来支持CMM模型转换,其首要问题是建立CMM软件过程元模型.通过分析CMM软件过程,给出了面向CMM的软件过程工程元模型SPEM的扩展策略,提出了一个基于SPEM的CMM软件过程元模型——SPM-CMM.该元模型既支持CMM软件过程的抽象语法和规则语义,也支持利用UMLCASE工具操作CMM软件过程模型.

低分子有机酸对辣椒生长发育及叶片活性氧代谢的影响

采用盆栽试验与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了6种低分子有机酸和一种有机酸盐对辣椒生长发育和叶片活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理不仅可显著提高辣椒根系干质量,增加辣椒vC含量,而且提高了辣椒的产量。甲酸、柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理使根系活力比对照分别提高83%、93.8%、96.75%和99.5%。柠檬酸、乙酰丙酸和有机酸钾处理提高了辣椒叶片的SOD和POD活性,降低了膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量,延缓了叶片衰老。但是低分子有机酸处理对CAT活性的影响较小。

苜蓿幼苗芽、根器官对盐胁迫的生理生化响应

探讨盐胁迫对苜蓿幼苗不同器官生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响,为苜蓿植被恢复技术的研发提供理论参考。【方法】以新牧一号(盐忍耐品种)和北极星(盐敏感品种)2个苜蓿品种为材料,以0mmol/L NaCl处理为对照,用200mmol/L NaCl胁迫处理,测定萌发7d苜蓿幼苗芽、根生长及其H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)含量,相对质膜透性、抗氧化保护酶活性及其同功酶的变化。【结果】200mmol/L NaCl胁迫抑制了苜蓿幼苗的生长,并导致芽、根H2O2、MDA含量及相对质膜透性升高,但新牧一号芽、根器官均表现出比北极星较低程度的生长抑制或质膜损伤。盐胁迫后超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均明显增加。CAT和POD对活性氧的清除具有器官差异性,CAT活性在芽中较强,POD则与之相反。SOD-Ⅱ、APX-Ⅰ、POD-Ⅲ及POD-Ⅳ为芽、根中盐胁迫敏感的同功酶谱带。【结论】苜蓿盐忍耐品种通过更强的抗氧化保护能力,降低了盐胁迫对其幼苗的损伤。

干旱对不同冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力的影响

研究干旱对小麦旗叶光合产物供应能力的影响,揭示小麦抗旱高产的生理机制,为提高小麦的抗旱能力及高产稳产提供理论依据。【方法】在防雨池栽培条件下,以旱地冬小麦品种长武134(抗旱性强)和水地冬小麦品种陕253(抗旱性弱)为试材,以适宜水分处理为对照(CK,土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%～75%),研究干旱处理(土壤含水量为田间持水量的50%～55%)对不同冬小麦旗叶光合产物供应速率(净光合速率和蔗糖合成能力)和供应持续期的影响。【结果】与对照相比,干旱处理降低了冬小麦灌浆中后期旗叶净光合速率,缩短了净光合速率高值持续期(PAD),其中长武134降幅较小,净光合速率较高;干旱处理提高了冬小麦灌浆初期旗叶的蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性,其中长武134增幅较大,且在灌浆中后期依然能保持相对较高的蔗糖供应能力;干旱处理缩短了冬小麦叶绿素含量缓降期(RSP),提高了丙二醛(MDA)含量,加速了旗叶的衰老,缩短了光合产物的供应持续期,其中长武134受干旱影响较小;干旱处理降低了冬小麦灌浆中后期主茎穗粒质量积累量及其速率,其中长武134降幅较小。【结论】干旱条件下,抗旱品种长武134旗叶在灌浆中后期可维持较高的光合产物...