229 resultados para Kullback-Leibler Divergence


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Accurate, analytical series expressions for the far-field diffraction of it Gaussian beam normally incident on a circular and central obscured aperture are derived with the help of the integration of parts method. With this expression, the far-field intensity distribution pattern can be obtained and the divergence angle is deduced too. Using the first five items of the series, the accuracy can satisfy most laser application fields. Compared with the conventional numerical integral method, the series representation is very convenient for understanding the physical meanings. (C) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

An optical communication scheme of 2-D pattern transfer based on imaging optics for submarine laser uplink communication (SLUC) is suggested. Unlike the methods aiming at avoiding neighboring crosstalk used in traditional multi-channel optical beam transferring, we make full use of the overlapping of each spreading beam other than controlling divergence effect of each beam to avoid interference noise. The apparent parameters have been introduced to simplify theoretical analysis of optical pattern transfer problem involving underwater condition, with the help of which the complex beam propagation inside two kinds of mediums can be easily reduced to brief beam transfer only inside air medium. In this paper, optical transmission path and receiver terminal optics geometry have been described in detail. The link range equation and system uplink performance analysis have also been given. At last, results of a proof-of-concept experiment indicate good feasibility of the proposed SLUC model. © 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We present what we believe is a novel technique based on the moire effect for fully diagnosing the beam quality of an x-ray laser. Using Fresnel diffraction theory, we investigated the intensity profile of the moire pattern when a general paraxial beam illuminates a pair of Ronchi gratings in the quasi-far field. Two formulas were derived to determine the beam quality factor M-2 and the effective radius of curvature R-e from the moire pattern. On the basis of the results, the far-field divergence, the waist location, and the radius can be calculated further. Finally, we verified the approach by use of numerical simulation. (C) 1999 Optical Society of America [S0740-3232(99)01502-1].

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Based on the ripple transfers of electric-field amplitude and phase in frequency tripling, simple formulas are derived for the harmonic laser's beam-quality factor M-3omega(2), with an arbitrary fundamental incidence to ideal nonlinear crystals. Whereas the harmonic beam's quality is generally degraded, the beam's divergence is similar to that of the fundamental after nonlinear frequency conversion. For practical crystals with periodic surface ripples that are caused by their machining, a multiorder diffractive model is presented with which the focusing properties of harmonic beams can be studied. Predictions of the theories are shown to be in excellent agreement with full numerical simulations. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

提出一种新型光束质量实时测量技术, 该技术主要基于由平板反射镜组成的多平面成像系统, 一次性将激光束腰附近2倍瑞利距离内的多个光斑成像在同一个平面上, 用CCD相机获取这些光斑的光强分布图样。通过图像处理获知接收到的光斑的光强分布。采用远场发散角、焦点尺寸、桶中功率比和M2因子四种光束质量评价标准对激光光束质量进行评价。利用该方法实时测量了高能钕玻璃双板条激光器的输出光束。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

将千赫兹高功率全固态Nd:YAG激光器的增益介质当作厚透镜处理,使用矩阵的方法对等效热透镜腔进行分析。采用多条半导体激光列阵侧向紧凑抽运结构设计,提高了增益介质光抽运的均匀性。根据实际抽运功率,通过模拟计算,设计了平凸非稳腔。选择的凸面全反镜的最佳曲率半径有效地补偿了增益介质热透镜效应,激光器实现了动态稳腔运转,激光脉冲能量输出斜度效率大于13%,光束发散角优于1.3mrad。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

部分端面抽运的板条激光器是一种新型固体激光器.配合混合腔可以实现在大功率下保持高光束质量的激光振荡输出。谐振腔的腔镜倾斜是影响激光器输出特性的重要因素,快速傅里叶方法是一种快捷有效的计算方法,利用此方法模拟了腔镜倾斜对近场相位分布和远场光强分布的影响,并分析了光束质量的变化。理论分析表明,腔镜的小角度倾斜对近场相位影响较大,但对远场光强空间分布影响不大;随着倾斜角度不断增大,远场发散角和光束腰宽度也增大,光束质量虽然存在恶化的趋势,但光束质量因子肝值仍然较小,离轴非稳腔仍能保持高光束质量的输出。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

为了同时补偿固体增益介质的热致双折射及热透镜效应,进一步提高重复频率1 kHz激光二极管(LD)侧向抽运高平均功率电光调Q Nd:YAG激光器的输出功率,设计了一种完全消除热退偏损耗的双调Q开关谐振腔结构,此结构在传统调Q谐振腔的基础上沿着偏振片的退偏方向增加了一个调Q谐振支路,并使得激光从增益介质方向输出。实验结果表明,此激光器的单脉冲能量比单Q开关结构的非补偿腔输出能量高出74.7%。当侧面抽运的激光二极管输出脉冲能量达到307 mJ时,激光输出能量达到26.2 mJ,光-光转换效率为8.5%,光束发

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

对多横模全固态激光器使用正交频率变换进行了分析,计算了频率转换效率与激光发散角的关系。使用双KTP晶体正交倍频的方法,对Nd∶YAG激光器输出的含有高阶横模的激光进行倍频实验研究。在1064 nm Nd∶YAG激光基波功率密度为121 MW/cm2时,其谐波转换效率达到75.5%。研究表明,对于光束质量较差的基波激光,采用正交频率变换的方式,适当选择晶体参数,同样可以获得较高效率的二次谐波输出。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

实验研究了激光二极管阵列(LDA)侧向抽运国产Nd∶YAG陶瓷棒的准连续及被动调Q激光输出特性。该陶瓷激光器采用LDA侧面紧密环绕均匀排布的抽运结构,陶瓷棒抽运区域长度为20 mm,其总尺寸为3 mm×35 mm,掺杂原子数分数为~1%。在千赫兹准连续运转条件下,当平-平谐振腔的输出耦合镜透过率为47.3%时,获得最大平均功率23 W的1064 nm激光输出,光束发散角为4.5 mrad,斜率效率达12%。在谐振腔内插入Cr4+∶YAG晶体作为被动调Q开关,成功地实现了陶瓷激光器千赫兹重复频率调Q激光脉冲输出,当Cr4+∶YAG晶体初始透过率为60%时,输出激光脉冲宽度(半峰全宽)可窄至14.5 ns,调Q动静比约为40%。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

We investigate the lasing characteristics of a laser-diode-array side-pumped electro-optic Q-switched Nd:Y3Al5O12 ceramic laser operating at 1000 Hz pulse repetition rate. Using a YAG poltcrystalline rod with Nd3+ concentration at 1 at.% as the gain medium, pumping with 808 nm laser-diode-arrays, the Q-switched laser output at 1064 nm wavelength with 23 mJ pulse energy and less than 12 ns FWHM pulse width are obtained at a pumping power of about 400 W, the slope efficiency is around 15%, the output beam divergence angle is about 1.2 mrad.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

A novel laser resonator for compensating depolarization loss that is due to thermally induced birefringence in active rod is reported. As this new structure being applied to an electro-optic Q-switched LIDA side-pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at a repetition rate of 1000 Hz, substantial reduction in depolarization loss has been observed, the output pulse energy is improved about 56% from that of a traditional resonator without compensation structure. With incident pump energy of 450 mJ per pulse, linearly polarized output energy of 30 mJ per pulse is achieved, the pulse duration is less than 15 ns, and the peak power of pulse is about 2 MW. The extinction ratio of laser beam is better than 10:1, and the beam divergence is 1.3 mrad with beam diameter of around 2.5 mm. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

对InnoSlab Laser用混合腔的输出光束质量问题从热透镜效应和腔镜的不对准两个方面的影响进行理论分析,并从远场光强分布、远场发散角、光腰半径、光束质量因子M2值和桶中功率曲线等几个角度进行了讨论,特别是离轴非稳腔方向上腔镜倾斜对光束质量的影响,利用M2值和PIB曲线两个参数共同评价非稳腔的光束质量,对目前并无统一标准的非稳腔光束质量评价问题提供了有意义的参考.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Graded-index (GRIN) fiber lens arrays are fabricated from commercial GRIN fibers to collimate a high-power laser diode array. The beam divergence angles are reduced to 4.2 and 14.7 mrad in the fast and slow axes, respectively. The influences of smile and fluctuation in fiber length are discussed. Using an aspherical focal lens system, about 74% power can be launched into a fiber with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.22 and a core diameter of 400 mu m. (c) 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

分子系统学建立在实验和计算的基础之上。DNA快速测序技术的普及为分子系统学家提供了大量数据,而序列分析技术则是探索数据发现知识的重要工具。在基因组时代,随着大量模式生物完整基因组序列的获得,分子系统学正面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。一方面,生命之树计划有助于确定新的模式生物和开展相应的基因组计划;另一方面,模式生物的基因组计划有助于阐明它们之间的进化关系和基因组的进化模式。更为重要的是,分子系统学序列分析技术已经发展成为探索与整合基因组数据的强有力工具,从而在生命科学中发挥重要作用。事实上,分子系统学和基因组学的相互渗透正在形成一门崭新的交叉学科——系统发育基因组学。 为了奠定分子系统学研究中信息管理和数据分析工作的坚实基础,我们建立了分子系统发育分析平台。该平台为研究人员提供专业数据库服务和数据分析技术支持,以及相关的网络资源。 分子系统发育分析平台包括了3个专业数据库。第一个是DNA凭证标本数据库。该数据库中的记录包括了7项字段:英文科名、中文科名、物种拉丁名、采集人、采集号、采集地和采集时间。用户可以通过设定单个或多个字段的取值进行检索。截止2004年6月1日,该数据库共包括3491条标本记录。第二个是引物数据库。PCR引物是分子系统学实验的重要条件之一。该数据库中的记录包括3项字段:引物名称、序列内容和退火温度。用户可以通过设定单个或多个字段的取值进行检索。截止2004年6月1日,该数据库共包括170条用于扩增植物细胞核、叶绿体和线粒体基因组DNA序列的引物记录。第三个是生物计算数据库。该数据库为研究人员提供传输和保存序列分析数据和结果文件的服务。 为了确保数据库的安全性和使用性,我们开发了数据库的接口和检索工具,以及系统管理员和用户资格认证程序。通过前者,使用者可以进行数据的上传、下载、管理和检索等操作。而后者则是对不同使用者身份和权限进行设定。管理员的权限高于用户,主要负责本系统的日常维护和管理工作,以及对新增管理员和用户进行资格认证。 分析技术支持旨在帮助用户快速掌握常用的系统发育分析方法,进行有效的数据分析,从复杂的统计学算法和计算机程序中解放出来,将精力集中于计算结果的生物学解释。在该部分中,我们首先简要介绍了常用的分析方法,并且针对分子系统学中的不同问题提供了相应的解决方案。这些问题包括:系统发育重建、替代速率和分歧时间的估计、祖先分布区的重建、性状进化假说的检验、以及密码子水平适应性进化的检测。我们特别强调了似然比检验和贝叶斯推测作为方法论上的重要进展在分子系统学中所发挥的关键作用。本部分还包括大量常用的分子系统学程序或软件包及其快速使用说明和命令模块。下载安装之后,用户即可按照说明使用命令模块进行数据分析。 此外,该平台还提供了一些常用的网络资源地址,如生物信息中心、分子进化和系统发育实验室、专业期刊和相关数据库等。 最后还给出了4个应用实例,即针对特定分子系统学问题的解决方案和初步的分析结果。 第一个例子说明系统发育重建方法的应用。为了确定杨梅科的系统学位置,对6种DNA序列和叶绿体trnL-F区内的间隔性状进行了分析。单个分析表明这6种序列之间在系统学信息上存在显著差异。叶绿体基因组序列的合并分析强烈支持杨梅科和(木麻黄科,(桦木科,核果桦科))的姐妹群关系,而间隔性状的存在能够充分提高其分辨率和支持率。 第二个例子说明如何推测历史生物地理学过程。我们对壳斗目8科25属植物叶绿体基因组的trnL-F、matK、rbcL和atpB的合并序列进行了最大简约分析,得到唯一的最大简约树。基于该系统树和25属植物的地理分布数据,采用扩散-替代分析方法重建了系统树每个节点上的祖先分布区,推测了壳斗目的分布历史。结果表明,壳斗目的历史生物地理学过程由3次替代事件和20次扩散事件组成。其中最重要的替代事件是由于冈瓦纳大陆和劳亚大陆分离所导致的南青冈科及其姐妹群之间的分化。另外,在壳斗科和核心高等金缕梅类中多次发生从欧亚大陆到北美洲、甚至南美洲的平行扩散事件。 第三个例子说明如何估计分歧时间。我们仍然使用扩散-替代分析中所用的最大简约树作为分析的依据,并根据等级制似然比检验确定的最优替代模型对该系统树的支长进行了最大似然优化。似然比检验表明,该系统树不服从分子钟假说。我们以冈瓦纳大陆和劳亚大陆分离的地质事件和5个属的最早化石记录作为标定点,采用罚分似然法在没有分子钟的条件下估计了壳斗目的科间分歧时间。结果表明,绝大多数科间分歧事件都发生在白垩纪。 第四个例子说明如何检测密码子水平的适应性进化。分支间可变选择压力模型的似然比检验表明SARS冠状病毒的S基因在跨种传播过程中发生了正选择。