EFFECT OF IRRADIATION ON CRYSTALLINITY AND MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) has been irradiated (0-40 Mrad) with a Co-60 source at room temperature under vacuum. The crystallinity has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The mechanical properties have been determined at room temperature. A significant increase of heat of fusion can be seen at low irradiation doses, which is attributed to crystallization, caused by chain scission during the process of irradiation. It is also observed that the thickness of the lamellae changes with irradiation dose. The Young's modulus has been improved significantly after irradiation at low doses. (C) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE AND THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF NYLON-1010

WAXD, SAXS, FTIR, DSC and density techniques have been used to investigate the crystal structure, crystal density rho(c), amorphous density rho(a), equilibrium heat of fusion DELTAH(m)degrees and equilibrium melting temperature T(m)degrees. By extrapolating the straight lines in the FTIR absorbance against density plot to zero intensity, rho(c) and rho(a) were estimated to be 1.098 and 1.003 g/cm3 respectively. The rho(c) obtained was too low in value. From X-ray diffraction patterns of uniaxially oriented fibres, the crystal structure of Nylon-1010 was determined. The Nylon-1010 crystallized in the triclinic system, with lattice dimensions: a = 4.9 angstrom, b = 5.4 angstrom, c = 27.8 angstrom, alpha = 49-degrees, beta = 77-degrees, gamma = 63.5-degrees. The unit cell contained one monomeric unit, the space group was P1BAR, and the correct value of rho(c) was 1.135 g/cm3. The degree of crystallinity of the polymer was determined as about 60% (at RT) using Ruland's method. SAXS has been used to investigate the crystalline lamellar thickness, long period, transition zone, the specific inner surface and the electron density difference between the crystalline and amorphous regions for Nylon-1010. The analysis of data was based upon a one-dimensional electron-density correlation function. DELTAH(m)degrees was estimated to be 244.0 J/g by extrapolation of DELTAH(m)degrees in the plot of heat of fusion against specific volume of semicrystalline specimens to the completely crystalline condition (V(sp)c = 1/rho(c)). Owing to the ease of recrystallization of melt-crystallized Nylon-1010 specimens, the well-known Hoffman's T(m)-T(c) method failed in determining T(m)degrees and a Kamide double extrapolation method was adopted. The T(m)degrees value so obtained was 487 K.

THERMODYNAMICS OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE)-POLY(VINYL ACETATE) BLENDS

Heat-of-mixing data, obtained on blends of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with whole and fractionated poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), were used to feed Patterson's theory of polymer-polymer miscibility. Negative values of mixing enthalpy, contact-energy term, interaction'' parameter and excess volume were obtained only for blends with the lowest molecular weight PVAc fraction. These results show that miscibility of PVAc with PEO strongly depends on its molecular weight. The calculated unfavourable excess volume term of the Patterson equation is small in comparison with the absolute value of the interaction term. Therefore, miscibility of PEO and low-molecular-weight PVAc is dictated by the weak specific interactions between different repeat units and by the entropic gain in the mixing process.

THE RADIATION STABILITY OF PERFLUOROALKOXY RESIN

By examining the changes in melting temperature, heat of fusion, tensile strength and ultimate elongation at 150-degrees-C, and weight loss, radiation effects on perfluoroalkoxy resins (PFA) were investigated. The results show that at the temperatures used here the predominant effect caused by radiation on PFA is degradation of the molecular weight. The radiation stability is much better than that of polytetrafluoroethylene, however.

Application of forecasting structural cracks technique of 3D move in Chengdao buried hill

3DMove software, based on the three-dimension structural model of geologic interpretation, can forecast reservoir cracks from the point of view of formation of the structural geology, and analyze the characteristics of the cracks. 3DMove software dominates in forecasting cracks. We forecast the developments and directions of the cracks in Chengbei buried hill with the application of forecasting technique in 3DMove software, and obtain the chart about strain distributing on top in buried hill and the chart about relative density and orientation and the chart about the analysis of crack unsealing. In Chengbei 30 buried hill zone, north-west and north-east and approximately east-west cracks in Cenozoic are very rich and the main directions in every fault block are different. Forecasting results that are also verified by those of drilling approximately accord with the data from well logging, the case of which shows that the technique has the better ability in forecasting cracks, and takes more effects on exploration and exploitation of crack reservoir beds in ancient buried hill reservoirs.

Laboratory study on cracks in saturated sands

It has been reported([1]) that when a loosely packed column of saturated sand in a vertical cylindrical container is shock loaded axially by dropping to the floor, large horizontal cracks initiate, grow and eventually fade away in the sand as it settles under gravity. This paper shows that a similar phenomenon can also be observed when shock loading is replaced by forcing water to percolate upward through the sand column. It is believed that our result sheds further light on the physics of formation of these cracks.

非晶Cu形成过程及其力学性能的微观机理研究

用分子动力学方法模拟了非晶Cu的形成过程,研究了非晶Cu力学性能的微观机理.用径向分布函数(RDF)和键对分析方法(PA),分析了快速冷却过程中系统内部结构的变化.非晶Cu径向分布函数第2个峰有明显的劈裂,键对分析表明,在快速降温过程中2331,2211和2101键对的增多是径向分布函数第2峰劈裂的原因.对非晶Cu进行拉伸、剪切加载模拟,结果表明,非晶Cu应力达到最大值之后,没有应力值的突降,宏观上出现类似塑性变形的行为.但是,非晶金属变形的微观机理不同于晶体.本文引入微观数密度统计分析,发现加载过程中微观密度呈现非均匀演化,这为理解宏观类似塑性行为的微观机理提供了线索和可能的分析方法.

助推-远程滑翔三维飞行的热流峰值分析

为简便分析助推-远程滑翔弹道三维情况下的热流特性,基于远程滑翔三维飞行动力学模型和热力学基本公式,根据助推-远程滑翔弹道的两类飞行弹道（平衡滑翔弹道和跳跃滑翔弹道）的特点,推导建立了两类弹道三维情况下平均热流和驻点热流计算的解析公式。详尽分析了再入角、再入速度、升阻比、滚转角和翼载荷对两类弹道热流峰值的影响规律。由分析可知在远程滑翔三维飞行情况下,滚转角对其热流峰值有显著影响;升阻比大于1,滚转角控制在60度以内,其热流峰值能够得到有效降低。

The Experimental and Numerical Studies on Gas Production from Hydrate Reservoir by Depressurization

A set of experimental system to study hydrate dissociation in porous media is built and some experiments on hydrate dissociation by depressurization are carried out. A mathematical model is developed to simulate the hydrate dissociation by depressurization in hydrate-bearing porous media. The model can be used to analyze the effects of the flow of multiphase fluids, the kinetic process and endothermic process of hydrate dissociation, ice-water phase equilibrium, the variation of permeability, convection and conduction on the hydrate dissociation, and gas and water productions. The numerical results agree well with the experimental results, which validate our mathematical model. For a 3-D hydrate reservoir of Class 3, the evolutions of pressure, temperature, and saturations are elucidated and the effects of some main parameters on gas and water rates are analyzed. Numerical results show that gas can be produced effectively from hydrate reservoir in the first stage of depressurization. Then, methods such as thermal stimulation or inhibitor injection should be considered due to the energy deficiency of formation energy. The numerical results for 3-D hydrate reservoir of Class 1 show that the overlying gas hydrate zone can apparently enhance gas rate and prolong life span of gas reservoir.

Size self-scaling effect in stacked InAs/InAlAs nanowire multilayers

Size self-scaling effect in stacked InAs/In0.52Al0.48As nanowires on InP substrates is revealed, i.e., the base width and height of the InAs nanowires have clear proportional dependence on thickness of the InAlAs spacer layer used in different samples. The photoluminescence wavelength from different samples, which varies between 1.3 and 1.9 mum, is also found closely correlated to the size self-scaling effect. This phenomenon can be well explained in the context of formation mechanism and growth features of the InAs/InAlAs nanowire arrays. The finding illustrates a degree of freedom to control the structural and optical properties of strained self-organized nanostructures. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Method for detecting concurrence without the structural physical approximation by local operations and classical communication

We present a modified method for detecting the concurrence in an arbitrary two-qubit quantum state rho(AB) with local operations and classical communication. In this method, it is not necessary for the two observers to prepare the quantum state rho(AB) by the structural physical approximation. Their main task is to measure four specific functions via two local quantum networks. With these functions they can determine the concurrence and then the entanglement of formation.

Twin and grain boundary in InP: A synchrotron radiation study

Experimentally observed X-ray reflectivity curves show bi-crystal(twin) characteristics. The study revealed that there was defect segregation at the twin boundary. Stress was relaxed at the edge of the boundary. Relaxation of the stress resulted in formation of twin and other defects. As a result of formation of such defects, a defect-free and stress-free zone or low defect density and small stress zone is created around the defects. So a twin model was proposed to explain the experimental results. Stress(mainly thermal stress), chemical stoichiometry deviation and impurities nonhomogeneous distributions are the key factors that cause twins in LEC InP crystal growth. Twins on (111) face in LEC InP crystal were studied. Experimental evidence of above mentioned twin model and suggestions on how to get twin-free LEC InP single crystals will be discussed.

氮气泡沫驱发泡剂优选及油层适应性室内实验

氮气泡沫驱是普通稠油开采后期的一种经济可行的接替技术,可以大幅度提高剩余油采收率。氮气泡沫驱取得效果的一个重要前提是选择发泡性能好,泡沫阻力大的发泡剂。采用静态和动态实验对几种初选的发泡剂进行了优选,选出了性能最优的发泡剂;并进行了可视化实验,对氮气泡沫驱油层适应性进行了研究,表明非均质模型泡沫驱效率均低于均质模型,但在残余油状态下,非均质模型泡沫驱增油效果要明显高于均质模型。储层非均质性越严重,水驱残余油状态下,泡沫驱油的增产效果越显著。对于非均质严重的储层,矿场泡沫驱油增产效果更好。

浅析沙漠化与沙尘暴对中国生态环境的影响

深入分析了沙漠化、沙尘暴形成的原因和沙漠化、沙尘暴对国民经济发展所造成的危害,并系统地提出了相应对策。

黄土高原土壤干层初步研究

在详细描述土壤干层现象和类型的基础上 ,分析了土壤干层的成因 ,即低降水高蒸发、水土流失、植被类型选择失当、群落生产力过高和群落密度过大等 ,指出土壤干层的危害主要表现为使局部小气候环境趋于旱化、土地退化、植被生长衰退、天然下种更新不良及加大造林难度等 ,最后提出了缓解土壤干层对黄土高原生态环境的恢复和重建的意义和重要性。