228 resultados para HUMAN CU,ZN-SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
Resumo:
土壤是人类赖以生存的自然环境和农业生产的重要资源,世界面临的粮食、资源和环境问题与土壤密切相关,目前危害土壤的主要因素是干旱和重金属污染。杨树具有适应性强、生长快和丰产等特性,本论文以青杨组杨树为模式植物,采用植物生态、生理及生物化学等方法,研究杨树对土壤干旱和锰胁迫的生态生理反应以及种群间差异,研究成果可为我国干旱半干旱地区营造人工林、防止沙漠化提供理论依据,也为恢复与重建重金属污染地区退化生态系统提供科学指导。主要研究结果如下: 1. 青海杨不同种群对干旱胁迫的响应差异 干旱胁迫显著降低了两个青海杨种群(干旱种群和湿润种群)生物量积累,包括株高、基径、干物质积累等,通过植物结构的调整,有更多的生物量向根部分配。干旱胁迫还显著降低了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增加了游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸含量。另一方面,干旱胁迫诱导了活性氧的积累,作为第二信使,激活了抗氧化系统,包括抗坏血酸(ASA)含量和酶系统如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX),抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)。这样,杨树既有避旱机制又有耐旱机制,使其在干旱胁迫下有相当程度的可塑性。与湿润种群相比,干旱种群杨树有更多的生物量分配到根部,积累了更多的游离脯氨酸和总氨基酸来进行渗透调节,并且有更有效的抗氧化系统,包括更高含量的ASA 和更高活性的APX 和GR,这些使得干旱种群杨树比湿润种群杨树对干旱有更好的耐性。 2. 喷施硝普钠(SNP)对青海杨阿坝种群干旱胁迫耐性的影响 干旱胁迫显著的降低了青海杨阿坝种群的生长和生物量积累以及叶片相对含水量,还诱导了脯氨酸的合成以进行渗透调节。干旱胁迫下过氧化氢(H2O2)显著累积从而造成对膜脂和蛋白的伤害,使得丙二醛和蛋白羰基含量升高。干旱胁迫下喷施SNP可以减轻干旱胁迫造成的伤害,包括增加叶片的相对含水量,增加脯氨酸和总氨基酸的积累,并激活抗氧化酶系统如SOD,GPX和APX,从而减少丙二醛(MDA)和蛋白羰基(C=O)的积累,但是在水分良好情况下SNP的效果不显著。 3. 青杨不同种群对锰胁迫的生长与形态响应差异 在同一锰浓度下,干旱种群的耐性指数都要高于湿润种群,这表明青杨对干旱和高锰胁迫具有交叉耐性。两个种群的株高,生物量和叶绿素含量都随锰浓度的升高而逐渐下降。就累积浓度而言,0 和0.1 mM 锰胁迫下,干旱种群积累的锰浓度要高于湿润种群,而在高浓度锰胁迫下(0.5 和1 mM),湿润种群要高于干旱种群。在0,0.1 和0.5 mM下,锰大多积累在根中,叶片次之,茎中最少。而在1 mM,锰更多的积累在叶片中。就累积总量而言,在各个锰浓度胁迫下,根,茎和叶相比,两个种群青杨都是叶片累积的锰总量要高于根和茎。两个种群间比较,对照中没有显著区别,0.1 mM 锰胁迫下,湿润种群根中累积的锰要高于干旱种群,而在地上部中,干旱种群要高于湿润种群。而0.5 和1 mM 锰胁迫下,根、叶、茎+叶、根+茎+叶中,锰累积总量都是湿润种群高于干旱种群。锰胁迫下,青杨叶片数和叶面积包括总叶面积和平均叶面积都显著降低。叶片横切面的光学显微观察结果表明未经锰胁迫的栅栏组织的细胞饱满,海绵组织发达、清晰;胁迫后杨树叶片栅栏组织细胞出现不同程度的皱缩,海绵组织几乎不可见,此外还发现输导组织在胁迫下密度变小和分生组织严重割裂等现象。 4. 青杨不同种群对锰胁迫的生理与生化响应差异 青杨两个种群脱落酸(ABA)含量在锰胁迫下都显著增加,干旱种群的增幅更大。三种多胺含量在锰胁迫下显示了不同的响应趋势:腐胺在两个种群的各个锰处理下都增加,亚精胺只在干旱种群中显著增加,而精胺除了干旱种群在1 mM 下有所增加外,在锰胁迫下变化很小。谷胱甘肽含量随锰浓度升高而增加,在0.5 mM 锰时达到最高值,1mM 时有所下降。植物络合素(PCs)含量与非蛋白巯基(NP-SH)趋势相似,随锰浓度的升高而增加,且干旱种群中含量要高于湿润种群。锰处理还引起氧化胁迫,表现为过氧化氢和丙二醛含量增加。SOD 活性在湿润种群中,在0 到0.5 mM 锰胁迫下活性升高,但在1 mM 锰胁迫时,其活性有所下降。而在干旱种群中,SOD 活性变化较小,并始终维持在一个较高的水平。APX 活性在两个种群中都随锰浓度的升高而增加,干旱种群活性要高于湿润种群。锰胁迫还显著增加了酚类物质的含量,同时GPX 和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性也随锰浓度的升高而增加。干旱种群的酚类含量和GPX 与PPO 活性都要高于湿润种群。锰胁迫还改变了氨基酸的含量和构成,根据锰胁迫下浓度变化的不同,可以将游离氨基酸分为三组:第一组包括,谷氨酸,丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸,这一组氨基酸含量在锰胁迫下有所下降。第二组包括缬氨酸,亮氨酸和苏氨酸含量在锰胁迫下基本不变化或变化很小。剩下的氨基酸为第三组,这组氨基酸含量在锰胁迫下显著增加,而根据增加的幅度又可以将它们分为两个亚组,丝氨酸,酪氨酸,苯丙氨酸,组氨酸和脯氨酸,在1 mM 下的含量是对照的4 倍以上。异亮氨酸,赖氨酸,精氨酸和甘氨酸含量在1 mM 下是对照含量的2 倍以下。同时,同一锰浓度下,干旱种群比湿润种群积累的氨基酸含量要高。 Soil is the indispensable environment for human survival and important resource foragriculture development. Food and environmental problems facing the world are all closelyrelated to soil and nowadays it is threatened by many factors, among which drought stress andheavy metal pollution are the most serious ones. Poplars (Populus spp.) are importantcomponents of ecosystem and suitable as a source of fuel, fiber and lumber due to their fastgrowth. In this study, different populations of Section Tacamahaca spach were used as modelplants to investigate the adaptability to drought stress and manganese toxicity and differencesbetween populations from dry and wet climate regions. Our results can provide theoreticalevidence for the afforestation and prevention of desertification in the arid and semi-arid areas,and also can supply scientific direction for the reconstruction and rehalibitation of ecosystemscontaminated by heavy metals. The results are as follows: 1. Differences in ecophysiological responses to drought stress in two contrastingpopulations of Populus przewalskii Drought stress not only significantly affected dry mass accumulation and allocation, butalso significantly decreased chlorophyll pigment contents and accumulated free proline andtotal amino acids. On the other hand, drought also significantly increased the levels ofabscisic acid and reactive oxygen species, as secondary messengers, to induce the entire set ofantioxidative systems including the increase of reduced ascorbic acid content and the activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathioneredutase. Thus the combination of drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms conferredpoplar a high degree of plasticity in response to drought stress. Compared with the wetclimate population, the dry climate population showed lower dry matter accumulation andallocated more biomass to root systems, and accumulated more free proline and total aminoacids for osmotic adjustment. The dry climate population also showed more efficientantioxidant systems with higher content of ascorbic acid and higher activities of ascorbateperoxidase and glutathione redutase than the wet climate population. All these made the dryclimate population superior in adaptation to drought stress than the wet climate population. 2. Effect of exogenous applied SNP on drought tolerance in Populus przewalskii Drought stress significantly increased hydrogen peroxide content and caused oxidativestress to lipids and proteins assessed by the increase in malondialdehyde and total carbonylcontents, respectively. The cuttings of P. przewalskii accumulated proline and other aminoacids for osmotic adjustment to lower water potential, and activated the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase to maintain thebalance of generation and quenching of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, exogenous SNPapplication significantly heightened the growth performance of P. przewalskii cuttings underdrought treatment by promotion of proline accumulation and activation of antioxidant enzymeactivities, while under well-watered treatment the effect of SNP application was very little. 3. Morphological responses to manganese toxicity in the two contrasting populations ofPopulus cathayana High concentration of manganese caused significant decrease in shoot height andbiomass accumulation. The tolerance index of the dry climate population was significantlyhigher than that of the wet climate population, suggesting the superior Mn tolerance in theformer and the existence of cross-tolerance of drought stress and high Mn toxicity. Injuries tothe leaf anatomical features were also found as the reduced thickness in palisade and spongyparenchyma, the decreased density in the conducting tissue and the collapse and split in themeristematic tissue in the central vein. As for the Mn concentrations in the plant tissues, under0, 0.1 and 0.5 mM, most of the Mn accumulated in the roots, then leaves, and stem the least, while under 1 mM, most of the Mn accumulated in the leaves. As far as the total amounts ofMn extraction are concerned, the leaf extracted more Mn than the root and stem in the twopopulations under various Mn concentrations. There is no difference between the twopopulations under control. Under 0.1 mM, the wet climate population extracted higher Mn inthe root than the dry climate population, while in the shoot, the dry climate populationextracted much more Mn. Under 0.5 and 1 mM, the wet climate population translocated moreMn both in the root and the shoot than the dry climate population. 4. Physiological and biochemical responses to manganese toxicity in the two contrastingpopulations of Populus cathayana Mn treatment resulted in oxidative stress indicated by the oxidation to lipids, proteinsand DNA. A regulated network of defence strategies was employed for the chelation,detoxification and tolerance of Mn including the enhanced synthesis of ABA and polyamines,the accumulation of free amino acids, especially His and Pro, and the activation of theenzymes superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase. Contents of non-protein thiol,reduced glutathione, phytochelatins and phenolics compounds and activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase also increased significantly forantioxidant or chelation functions. The wet climate population not only accumulated lessabscisic acid, free amino acids, phytochelatins and phenolics compounds, but also exhibitedlower activities of superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase thusresulting in more serious oxidative damage and more curtained growth.
Resumo:
光是植物赖以生存的重要环境因子,但是植物在获得光的同时不可避免的会受到紫外辐射的伤害。尤其是近年来,人类向大气中排放的大量氮氧化合物和氟氯烃类化合物(CFC’s)引起臭氧分子的分解,导致到达地球表面的紫外辐射增加,特别是UV-B辐射增强。而另一方面,植物对UV-B辐射反应的敏感性在种间和品种间存在差异,主要受植物基因型,生态型和生活型的控制。本项目分别以粗枝云杉和青杨组杨树为模式植物,从形态和生理生化方面分别研究了来自不同水分背景下的粗枝云杉种群和来自不同UV-B背景下的青杨种群在增强UV-B下的反应及其反应差异,并探讨了干旱、喷施外源脱落酸(ABA)对它们抗UV-B能力的影响。研究成果可为生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据和科学指导。主要研究结果如下: 1. 粗枝云杉的两个种群,湿润种群(来自四川黑水)和干旱种群(来自甘肃迭部)在水分良好和干旱状况下表现出对增强UV-B的不同响应。同时,干旱对粗枝云杉抗UV-B能力的影响也得到研究:两种胁迫共同作用时,干旱表现出在一定程度上减弱了增强UV-B对粗枝云杉的生理特性的影响。 干旱胁迫显著降低了两个粗枝云杉种群的光合同化速率(A), 气孔导度(gs)和PSII的有效光量子产量(Y), 同时,提高了非光化学猝灭效率(qN)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。与湿润种群相比,干旱种群抗旱性更强,表现为干旱种群拥有更高的SOD和干旱进一步加剧了UV-B的胁迫效应。 本研究中,干旱胁迫单独作用时,显著降低了青杨两个种群的生物量积累和气体交换,具体包括A、gs、蒸腾速率(E)和光合氮利用效率(PNUE),提高了两个种群的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、长期水分利用效率(WUET)、碳同位素组分(δ13C)和氮含量(N)。同时,UV吸收物质和ABA含量也得到积累。另一方面,增强UV-B对青杨两个种群各个指标的影响,同干旱所引起的效应有着相似的趋势。同低海拔种群相比,高海拔种群有着更强的抗旱和抗UV-B能力,具体表现在高海拔种群有着更多的生物量积累,更强的气体交换和水分利用效率及更高水平的ABA和UV吸收物质含量。相比干旱诱导的生物量积累和气体交换的降低,在干旱和增强UV-B两个胁迫同时作用于青杨时,这种降低表现的更为明显。显著的干旱和UV-B的交互作用还表现在WUEi, WUET, δ13C, 可溶性蛋白含量, UV吸收物质含量, ABA, 叶片和茎中的N含量以及C/N比中。 3. 经过一个生长季的试验观察,增强UV-B、外源ABA及两因子共同作用对青杨的生物量积累、气体交换、内源ABA和UV吸收物质含量、抗氧化系统以及碳、氮含量和碳/氮比均产生显著影响。本试验中,青杨的两个种群分别来自中国西南部的不同海拔地区,高海拔种群来自青海大通而低海拔种群来自四川九寨。外源ABA的胁迫为直接喷施ABA到青杨叶片,而增强UV-B胁迫是利用平方波系统分别保证青杨苗暴露于外界UV-B强度和两倍于外界UV-B强度下。 研究结果显示,增强UV-B显著的降低了两个青杨种群的株高、基茎、总叶面积和总生物量等生长指标,同时也导致其A、gs、E和叶片中碳含量的减少。而显著增加了SOD和过氧化物酶(GPx)活性水平,诱导了过氧化氢(H2O2)和MDA的显著增加,促进了UV吸收物质和不同器官中内源ABA含量的显著积累。另一方面,外源ABA引起了青杨光合同化速率的下降,SOD和GPx酶活性的增强,H2O2 和 MDA含量也表现出显著增加,同时,内源ABA含量得到显著累积。同低海拔种群相比,高海拔种群具有更加抗UV-B和外源ABA的特性。显著的UV-B和ABA的交互作用表现在A, E, SOD和GPx活性,以及叶片和根部的内源ABA等一系列指标中。在所有胁迫下,叶片中的碳和氮含量同其在茎和根中的含量显著相关,另外,叶片和茎中的氮含量同茎中的碳含量显著相关。 Sunlight is an indispensable environment factor for plants survival and development. Meanwhile, photosynthetic organisms need sunlight and are thus, inevitably, exposed to UV radiation. Especially for recent years, ultraviolet radiation, especially UV-B reaching the Earth’s surface increased because of depletion of ozone layer resulted from emission of NxO and CFC’s from human activities. On the other hand, the sensitivity of plants to UV-B radiation depends on the species, developmental stage and experimental conditions. In this experiment, two populations of Picea asperata Mast from different water background and two populations of Populus cathayana Rehder from different altitude background were selected as model plants to assess the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation. Morphological and physiological traits induced by enhanced UV-B in each plant species were observed and the different responses were discussed, furthermore the influences of drought and exogenous ABA on responses induced by enhanced UV-B were studied. The study could provide a strong theoretical evidence and scientific direction for the afforestation and rehabilitation of ecosystem. The results are as follows: 1. Different responses of two contrasting Picea asperata Mast. populations to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation under well-watered and drought conditions were investigated. And the effects of enhanced UV-B on tolerance of drought were also observed in our study that the UV-B exposure may have alleviated some of the damage induced by drought. Two contrasting populations, originating from a wet and dry climate region in China, respectively, were employed in our study. Drought significantly decreased CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and effective PSII quantum yield (Y), while it significantly increased non-photochemical quenching (qN) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in both populations. Compared with the wet climate population, the dry climate population was more acclimated to drought stress and showed much higher activities of SOD and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and much lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage. On the other hand, enhanced UV-B radiation also induced a significant decrease in the chlorophyll (Chl) content in both populations under well-watered conditions, and a significant increase in UV-absorbing compounds in the wet climate population. After one growing season of exposure to different UV-B levels and watering regimes, the increases in MDA and electrolyte leakage, as induced by drought, were less pronounced under the combination of UV-B and drought. In addition, an additive effect of drought and UV-B on A and gs was observed in the wet climate population, and on the activity of APX and qN in the dry climate population. 2. The significant effects of drought, enhanced UV-B radiation and their combination on Populus cathayana Rehd. growth and physiological traits were investigated in two populations, originating from high and low altitudes in south-west China. Our results showed that UV-B acts as an important signal allowing P. cathayana seedlings to respond to drought and that the combination of drought and UV-B may cause synergistically detrimental effects on plant growth in both populations. In both populations, drought significantly decreased biomass accumulation and gas exchange parameters, including A, gs, E and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). However, instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi), transpiration efficiency (WUET), carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and nitrogen (N) content, as well as the accumulation of soluble protein, UV-absorbing compounds and abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly increased by drought. On the other hand, cuttings from both populations, when kept under enhanced UV-B radiation conditions, showed very similar changes in all above-mentioned parameters, as induced by drought. Compared with the low altitude population, the high altitude population was more tolerant to drought and enhanced UV-B, as indicated by the higher level of biomass accumulation, gas exchange, water-use efficiency, ABA concentration and UV-absorbing compounds. After one growing season of exposure to different UV-B levels and watering regimes, the decrease in biomass accumulation and gas exchange, induced by drought, was more pronounced under the combination of UV-B and drought. Significant interactions between drought and UV-B were observed in WUEi, WUET, δ13C, soluble protein, UV-absorbing compounds, ABA and in the leaf and stem N, as well as in the leaf and stem C/N ratio. 3. During one growing season, significant effects induced by enhanced UV-B radiation, exogenous ABA and their combination on biomass accumulation, gas exchange, endogenous ABA and UV-absorbing compounds concentrations, antioxidant system as well as carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N) content and C/N ratio were investigated in two contrasting Populus cathayana populations, originating from high and low altitudes in south-west China. Exogenous ABA was sprayed to the leaves and enhanced UV-B treatment was using a square-wave system to make the seedlings under ambient (1×) or twice ambient (2×) doses of biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-BBE). Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly decreased height, basal diameter, total leaf area, total biomass, A, gs, E and carbon (C) content in leaves, and significantly increased activities of SOD and guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content as well as the accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds and endogenous ABA concentrations among different organs in both populations. In contrast, exogenous ABA showed significant decrease in A and significant increases in activities of SOD and GPx, H2O2, MDA content and the endogenous ABA concentrations. Compared with the low altitude population, the high altitude population was more tolerant to enhanced UV-B and exogenous ABA. Significant interactions between UV-B and ABA were observed in A, E, activities of SOD and GPx, as well as in endogenous ABA in leaves and roots of both populations. Across all treatments, C and N content in leaves was strongly correlated with those were in stems and roots, respectively. Additionally, leaf and stem N content were significant correlated with stem C content.
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人类活动引起全球大气中温室气体(CO2、CH4、NOx)浓度不断增加,致使地球表面温度在过去的100 年中已经增长了0.74 ± 0.18℃,预计到本世纪末将会增加1.1-6.4℃。此外,氮沉降也是当今社会的重要环境问题,随着经济发展的全球化, 高氮沉降也呈现出全球化趋势。全球气候变暖和氮沉降给陆地生态系统的地上、地下生物学和生物地球化学过程所带来巨大影响越来越引起人们的关注。 本文以川西亚高山针叶林的两个重要树种云杉和油松幼苗为研究对象,采用红外辐射增温(空气增温2.1℃,土壤增温2.6℃)和根部施氮(施氮量25 g N m-2yr-1)的方法,从生长形态、光合作用、抗氧化能力和矿质营养等方面研究这两种幼苗对气候变暖和氮沉降的响应。该实验为室外控制实验,包括四个处理:(1)不增温+不施氮(UU);(2) 不增温+施氮(UF);(3) 增温+不施氮(WU);(4) 增温+施氮(WF)。本研究旨在从生理生化、物质代谢 、生长及形态等不同水平上研究模拟增温和施氮对两种树苗的联合效应,提高我们对全球变化下亚高山针叶林早期更新过程的理解,同时也为森林管理提供科学依据。具体研究结果如下: 单独增温处理显著提高了云杉和油松幼苗的地茎、叶重、茎重、根重以及总生物量;单独施氮处理也增加了两种幼苗的株高和总生物量。而增温和施氮联合作用对两种幼苗生长的影响并不相同,联合作用对云杉幼苗生长指标的正效应显著低于单独施氮处理,但是联合作用比单独增温或施氮更大程度的促进了油松幼苗生物量的积累。 单独增温和施氮都有利于提高云杉和油松叶片中叶绿素含量、净光合速率(A)、最大净光合速率(Amax)、表观量子效率(Φ)、最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)和量子产量(Y)。与对两种幼苗生长指标的影响相似,加氮和增温共同作用下油松幼苗的以上光合指标比在单独增温或施氮处理下有更大程度的提高;而联合作用下云杉幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率、最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、最大光能转化效率以及量子产量比单独施氮处理明显地降低。 增温和施氮都显著地降低了云杉和油松幼苗针叶组织中活性氧和丙二醛的积累。交互作用降低了云杉幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性、脯氨酸和ASA 的含量,却显著提高了油松幼苗SOD、POD、APX 等抗氧化酶的活性,并且对油松幼苗脯氨酸和ASA 积累的促进作用比单一因子更加明显。因此,增温和施氮共同作用下油松幼苗叶片中O2-产生速率、H2O2 及MDA 含量明显降低,而云杉叶片中只有O2-产生速率出现降低趋势。 增温和施氮都降低了云杉体内的P、Ca、Mg 元素的含量,增加了Cu、Zn、Mn 在各器官内的积累。对油松幼苗而言,增温和加氮单独作用也显著降低了Ca 含量增加了Cu、Zn、Mn 的积累,但是不同于云杉幼苗的是P、Mg 也显著增加。增温和施氮联合作用对云杉幼苗体内元素的影响与单一施氮处理或增温处理相似,不同的是比单一因子作用更为明显降低了P、Ca、Mg 含量,增加了植株中N、Cu、Zn、Mn 的含量,但是油松矿质元素含量在联合作用下并没有产生类似于云杉幼苗的双因子叠加效应。 总之,尽管单独增温或者施氮都有利于云杉和油松幼苗生长指标、光合能力以及抗氧化能力的提高。但是,增温和施氮对云杉幼苗生长生理的促进效应非但没有在交互作用下有更大的提高,反而低于单独氮处理。与此不同的是,增温和施氮联合作用比单因子作用更有利于油松幼苗生长及生理指标的提高。 With the continued increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (CO2、CH4、NOx), the mean global surface temperature has increased by about 0.74 ± 0.18℃ over the past century and is predicted to rise by as much as 6.4℃ during this century. Besides global warming, nitrogen deposition is another serious environmental problem caused by human activities, and high nitrogen load has become globalization as a result of global economy development. Global climate warming and nitrogen deposition have induced dramatic alternations in above - and below- ground biology and biogeochemistry process in terrestrial ecosystems, and more and more attention has been invited to those problems. This experiment mainly studies two important species Picea asperata and Pinus tabulaeformis in subalpine coniferous forest of western Sichuan, China. Infared heaters are induced to increase both air and soil temperature by 2.1℃ and 2.6 ℃, respectively. Ammonium nitrate solution (for a total equivalent to 25 g N m-2 year-1) is added to soil surface. There are four treatments in this study: (1) unwarmed unfertilized (UU); (2) unwarmed fertilized (UF); (3) warmed unfertilized (WU); (4) warmed fertilized (WF). This study is conducted to determine the influences of experimental warming and nitrogen fertilization on physiolchemistry, nutrition metabolism, growth and morphology in the two coniferous species seedlings. The current study is favorable for increasing our understanding on the early phase of regeneration behavior in subalpine coniferous forest, and it also provide scientific direction for forest management under future global changes. The results are as follows: Artificial warming alone significantly increased basal diameter, leaf mass, stem mass, root mass and total biomass for Picea asperata and Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, and single nitrogen fertilization are also favorable for growth of the two species and stimulate plant hight and total biomass. The two species seedlings respond differently to the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen addition. Warming combined with nitrogen fertilization weakens the positive effects of nitrogen addition for growth of Picea asperata seedlings. However, the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen fertilization further increase biomass accumulation of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. Both elevated temperature alone and nitrogen fertilization alone can increase photosynthetic pigments contents, net photosynthetic rate (A), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Amax), apparent quantity yield (Φ), maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield (Y). Similarly with growth parameters, the combination of warming and nitrogen addition induced more increment of these above photosynthetic parameters for Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. However, these photosynthetic parameters of Picea asperata seedlings under the combination of warming and nitrogen addition are lower than those under nitrogen fertilization alone. The levels of active oxygen species (AOS) and malodiadehyde (MDA) in needles of the two coniferous species seedling are obviously decreased by experimental warming or additional nitrogen. Warming combined with nitrogen fertilizer reduces the activities of SOD, CAT and APX, and the contents of proline and ASA of Picea asperata seedlings, but the combination significantly increases activities of these antioxidant enzymes in needlels of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings and further improves the accumulation of proline and ASA compared to either artificial warming or nitrogen addition. Therefore, the rate of O2 - production, the contents of H2O2 and MDA in needles of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings are remarkably reduced by the combination of warming and nitrogen addition, but the combination only significantly decreased the rate of O2 - production of Picea asperata seedlings. Elevated temperature or nitrogen fertilization decrease the contents of P, Ca, Mg but increase Cu, Zn, Mn contents for Picea asperata seedlings. For Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, elevated temperature alone and nitrogen fertilization alone decreased Ca, but increased P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn contents. The effects of the combination of warming and nitrogen addition on these element contents in needles of Picea asperata seedlings are added or multiplied the effects of warming and nitrogen addition alone, resulting in less contens of P, Ca, Mg and more contents of Cu, Zn, Mn than either elevated temperature or nitrogen fertilization. Howere, these adding or multipluing single-factor effects on contents of these elements are not observed in the case of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. In conclusion, growth parameters, photosynthetic capacities and antioxidant abilities of Picea tasperata and Pinus abulaeformis seedlings are improved by experimental warming or nitrogen fertilization. Interestingly, the positive effects of warming and nitrogen addition on growth and physiological performances are not multiplied by the combination of elevated temperature and nitrogen fertilization, even dempened for Picea asperata seedlings. However, for Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, growth and physiological performances are further improved by the combination.
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Geochemical processes in estuarine and coastal waters often occur on temporally and spatially small scales, resulting in variability of metal speciation and dissolved concentrations. Thus, surveys, which are aimed to improve our understanding of metal behaviour in such systems, benefit from high-resolution, interactive sampling campaigns. The present paper discusses a high-resolution approach to coastal monitoring, with the application of an automated voltammetric metal analyser for on-line measurements of dissolved trace metals in the Gulf of Cadiz, south-west Spain. This coastal sea receives metal-rich inputs from a metalliferous mining area, mainly via the Huelva estuary. On-line measurements of dissolved Cu, Zn, Ni and Co were carried out on-board ship during an eight-day sampling campaign in the study area in June 1997. A pumping system operated continuously underway and provided sampled water from a depth of ca. 4 m. Total dissolved metal concentrations measured on-line in the Gulf of Cadiz ranged between <5 nM Cu (<3 nM Ni) ca. 50 km off-shore and 60–90 nM Cu (5–13 nM Ni) in the vicinity of the Huelva estuary. The survey revealed steep gradients and strong tidal variability in the dissolved metal plume extending from the Huelva estuary into the Gulf of Cadiz. Further on-line measurements were carried out with the automatic metal monitor from the bank of the Odiel estuary over a full tidal cycle, at dissolved metal concentrations in the μM range. The application confirmed the suitability of the automated metal monitor for coastal sampling, and demonstrated its adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions in the dynamic waters of estuaries and coastal seas. The near-real time acquisition of dissolved metal concentrations at high resolution enabled an interactive sampling campaign and therefore the close investigation of tidal variability in the development of the Huelva estuary metal plume.
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Antioxidant amperometric sensors based on iron-containing complexes and protein modified electrodes were developed. Indium tin oxide glass was printed with TiO2 nanoparticles, onto which iron-containing compounds and protein were adsorbed. When applied with negative potentials, the dissolved oxygen is reduced to H2O2 at the electrode surface, and the H2O2 generated in situ oxidizes Fe-II to Fe-III, and then electrochemical reduction of Fe-III therefore gives rise to a catalytic current. In the presence of antioxidants, H2O2 was scavenged, the catalytic current was reduced, and the decreased current signal was proportional to the quantity of existing antioxidants. A kinetic model was proposed to quantify the H2O2 scavenging capacities of the antioxidants. With the use of the sensor developed here, antioxidant measurements can be done quite simply: put the sensor into the sample solutions (in aerobic atmosphere), perform a cathodic polarization scan, and then read the antioxidant activity values. The present work can be complementary to the previous studies of antioxidant sensor techniques based on OH radicals and superoxide ions scavenging methods, but the sensor developed here is much easier to fabricate and use.
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Thermodynamics of the displacive mechanism of plate-shaped phase alpha(1) was analyzed in beta'Cu-Zn alloys. It was proposed that the displacive transformation of the alpha(1) plate took place in the solute-depleted region formed in the parent phase during the incubation period. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the driving force of alpha(1) transformation, Delta G, increased with the reduction of x(d), the solute concentration of the depleted region. And, Delta G could overcome-the transformation barrier with solute depletion to a certain degree. In addition, x(d) was higher than the equilibrium concentration in the phase diagram. Therefore, the shear formation of alpha(1) plate in the solute-depleted region was thermodynamically supported.
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果实为开花植物所特有的发育器官,在种子的成熟和传播过程中发挥着重要作用。同时,肉质果实中含有丰富的营养物质,包括纤维素、维生素、抗氧化剂等,成为人们饮食的重要组成部分。由于果实的成熟衰老和抗病性直接影响果品的质量和市场价值,因此,研究果实成熟衰老和抗病性的调控机制具有重要的理论意义和应用前景。本文主要利用蛋白质组学的方法,探讨外源化学物质抑制果实成熟衰老和诱导抗病性的调控机制。 1. 硅对果实的抗病性诱导:用硅酸钠(1%)处理采后的甜樱桃果实,再接种褐腐病原菌(Molinilia fracticola),置于20C下,观测贮藏期间果实的发病率,并分析硅处理后诱导的主要蛋白质及调控机制。研究结果表明:硅酸钠处理可显著抑制贮藏期间褐腐病的发生,其抑病机理与硅诱导PR-蛋白的表达,提高果实的抗氧化水平,减轻由病原菌侵染造成的氧化胁迫相关。同时,硅处理还能保护细胞骨架结构,有利于增强果实对病原菌入侵的抵抗力。 2. 水杨酸对果实的抗病性诱导:用水杨酸(SA,2mM)在果园处理三种成熟度的甜樱桃果实,然后接种青霉病原菌(Penicillium expansum)观察其发病情况,并取样分析参与抗病性应答的主要蛋白质及调控机制。试验结果表明:SA处理能显著降低青霉病的发病率和抑制病斑扩展,而且SA对低成熟度甜樱桃果实的抗性诱导效果更好。在八成熟的果实中,有5个热激蛋白和4个脱氢酶蛋白被SA诱导,这些蛋白参与了糖酵解和三羧酸循环。抗氧化蛋白和PR蛋白主要参与较低成熟度果实的抗性应答,而热激蛋白和脱氢酶在较高成熟度果实的抗性应答中更明显,SA诱导的抗性与代谢途径相关。 3. 草酸对果实的抗性诱导:用5mM的草酸处理冬枣果实后,接种青霉菌(P. expansum),观察果实发病情况,测定果实相关的生理指标,分析参与果实抗性应答的主要蛋白质及调控机制。结果表明:草酸能明显延缓冬枣果实的衰老,提高果实对青霉菌的抗性。草酸处理能抑制果实乙烯的释放量和呼吸强度,延缓叶绿素的降解,减少乙醇积累。利用蛋白质组学的研究方法证实了在25个参与了草酸处理应答的蛋白中,胱硫醚-β-合酶结构域包含蛋白(CBB domain-containing protein)和3个与光合作用相关蛋白[二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶(Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase, chloroplast precursor),二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基结合蛋白(RuBisCO large subunit-binding protein subunit beta, chloroplast precursor),植物光系统Ⅱ放氧复合蛋白2(PSII oxygen-evolving complex protein 2)]的表达量上调,乙醇脱氢酶的表达量出现下调。草酸处理还提高了与乙烯合成前体相关蛋白的表达,抑制了ACC合成酶的活性。草酸提高果实抗病的机制与延缓果实成熟衰老和保持果实抗性有关。 4. 果实衰老的调控机制:采用高氧(100%)和低氧(2-3%)处理苹果果实,观察果实衰老的进程,并基于蛋白质组学的研究方法,探讨苹果果实衰老与线粒体蛋白质组的关系。结果表明,在苹果衰老过程中有22个蛋白的表达量发生变化,这些蛋白主要参与了三羧酸循环,电子传递,碳代谢和胁迫应答。高氧处理能诱导氧化胁迫,加速了果实的衰老。质谱鉴定结果证明:在高氧胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶(manganese superoxide dismutase,MnSOD)和线粒体外膜通道蛋白(porin) 的表达量降低,MnSOD的活性受到抑制,由此提高了线粒体中超氧阴离子的含量,增加了蛋白质的氧化损伤。 此外,高氧处理改变了porin的功能,导致了线粒体膜的透势发生变化,从而引起外膜损伤。由此阐明了活性氧在果实的成熟衰老调控中的重要作用。
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本文通过对北京郊区的一个经皆伐以后,自然发育二十多年的次生灌木生态系统的定量研究,结果如下: 1)该生态系统年中最高生物量可达20.30 t/ha,但没有明显的年净增加,从而推出该系统可能进入一种比较稳定的平衡状态,生物量最高出现于秋季(生长季末);最低为春季(生长季始),这主要是由于从秋季到春季经历了凋落和休眠的过程。另外,灌木的地下部分生物量与地上之比接近1,这也是对灌木生长发育特征的反映。 2)植物各个部位--侧根,主根,主枝,侧枝,叶---有不同的烧失量,但三种植物几乎有相似的顺序,即:主枝>侧枝><主根>侧根>叶(荆条的叶与侧根有相反的顺序)。烧失量反映了有机物质在植物各个部位的含量。 3)十种元素(N,K,Ca,Mg,Na,Cu,Zn,Fe,Al,Mn)在同一种植物,同种元素在不同植物,植物的不同部位,都有不同的含量,并且随着季节的变化而变化。 4)降水中所含的元素是生态系统营养的重要来源,尤其是一些大量元素如K, Na, Ca, Mg等。一般地冠流中的元素含量要高于降水中的,冠流中元素浓度与降水中的比值,不同的元素是不相同的,其中K为2-7倍,Na为1-3倍,Ca, Mg为1-2倍,对同一元素,比值的大小降水的时间有一定的关系,也即有时间性的变化。 5)土壤的水分含量不仅由于雨季和旱季而发生变化,还随土壤的不同的而异,而这种变化又随着季节性而不同。 6)营养元素输入--输出预算表明,各个元素基本上没有明显的存留,甚至有微量的亏损,但仍可以判断,该生态系统基本上处于一种较稳定的平衡状态。
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l、有机质和全N在草甸土壤的不同层次之间呈现明显的差异,表现力随着土壤深度的增加,含量逐渐降低。无机N包括NH4+-N和No3--N在土层之闻的差异并没有象全N和有机质那么显著。NH4+-在表面30Cm的土壤中明显高于NO3--N的。全P在各层土壤中的含量差异并不显著,但有效p在三层土壤中表现出明显的差异,表现为随土壤深度的增加而降低。 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe和AI等6种金属元素的可交换成分在革甸土壤中的含量除K表现出明显的土层间的差异外,在表层30cm的土壤中并没有明显的随土壤深度变化的趋势。 有机质和全N在东灵山地区主要森林土壤中的含量以0~lOcm土层中的显著高于10~20cm的土层中的。20cm的土层中无机N中也以NH4+-为主,这与草甸土壤中的一致。全p和有效P在两个土层之间的差异并不十分显著,而以0^lOcm土层略高于10~20Cm土层的。 K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe和AI等6种金属元素的可交换成分在不同土层间的差异以K和Ca较为明显,K和Ca在O—1Ocm的土层中要高于lO-20cm的。 森林土壤中的有机质、全N(包括NH4+-N)、全p(包括有效P)都表现为低于亚高山草甸土壤中的,主要原因是亚高山革甸分布于海拔1800cm至2300m,而主要森林类型则基本分布在海拔120m至1500m,亚高山草甸较为恶劣的气候条件明显不利于有机质的矿化,因而分解速率较低,积聚了较多的有机质.而森林土壤中较低的NH4+-N和有效P则可能是由于森林中旺盛的生命活动,尤其是微生物的活动,而大量被植物和微生物固持,因而,即使在森林土壤中有较高的矿化速率,但仍具有较低的NH4+-N和有效p的含量. 不同类型的森林土壤之间各化学成分并没有发现有明显的变化趋势,即使森林类型差异较大的落叶阔叶林和针叶林之间也并没有发现十分显著的差异,这说明各森林类型土壤之间养分特征的一致性。两种针叶林均为人工林,林龄不超过30,而在这之前推测也是以落叶阔叶林为主,森林土壤在这30年间并没有发生十分明显的变化。 在l100m至I500m之间的各种森林类型的土壤也没有表现出十分明显的与海拔高度的相关性。同一森林土壤在不同时间的采样之间,各化学成分也没有表现出明显的差异。 2、降水引起的树干茎流水分中全N的含量在降水季节的初期的含量略高于大量降水期间的。而在降水季节后期,随着每次降雨量的减少,降水间隔时间的增加,树干茎流中N的含量明显地有很大幅度的升高。NO3-N在树干茎流中的含量也同样受到了降水量的影响,表现在后期也发生显著的升高,但升高的幅度没有全N的大。受到降水量影响的元素还有S。 全p在树干茎流水分中含量随降水时间的变化,在各个树种之间有很大的差异。 其它几种元素的可交换态在茎流水分中的含量以K的含量为最高;其次是S、ca、Mg,AI在所有分析的元素中含量最低。不过,AI在降水初期(6月22日)的取样中,含量在几个树种的茎流水分样品中普遍较高,Ca和Mg也被发现有类似的情形。 穿透雨中全N的含量在降水初期略高于降水中期的,而至降水末期时又略有升高,这种格局与树干茎流水分中的具有一致性。全P、K、Ca、Mg、S.AI等包括全N及其无视成分与树干茎流中的含量的差异并不显著. 地表径流中的全N含量在去除枯枝落叶层的径流场的变化格局与树干茎流和穿透雨中的较为一致.表明这三者之间存在一定的相关性.但与未去除枯枝落叶层的径流场的径流水分中全N和NO3-N的含量并不十分一致,全N和NO3-N的含量有时较高. 取自马牙石沟流水堰口的集水区水样中全N和NO3-N的含量均变化在l~3mg/L之间;而取自南沟流水堰口的集水区水样中的全N和N03-N的含量均在l~2mg/L之间,但在这两者之间并没有十分显著的差异,说明取自两个集水区溪流水分中的全N和N03-N的含量基本一致。 3、通过对三个森林立地乔木层生物量的两次调查(相隔6年),发现尽管以辽东栎为主要优势树种的暖温带落叶阔叶混交林(91- 03)第一次调查的生物量低于辽东栋林(91 - 02)和桦木林(91 - 04)的,但在生长6年后,该立地的乔木层生物量已明显超过桦木林的,其增长速率在三个样地中为最高。 根据两次调查的结果,三个样地中出现的11种乔木树种胸径的增加可以分成两组,第一组包括北京花楸、糠椴、白桦和辽东栎,另一组则由山杨、五角枫、棘皮桦、大叶白蜡、蒙椴、黄花柳和沙涞组成。6年中,第一组树种的胸径增加量在1.O~l.4em之间,而第二组的增量在0.2~O.9cm之间,两者之间具有显著的差异。 常用的生物量预测模型包括两个因子,即胸径(D)和树高(H)。D通常可以实测得到,但H大部分只能估计得到。本研究通过比较6年前后两次树高的实际估测结果,证明用D和H共同建立的模型预测结果可能会产生较大的人为误差,建议改用D的单因子预测模型。 无论是实测结果还是树木年轮分析结果,都表明处于目前径级水平的暖温带地区分布的这几个树种还处在不断生长的过程中,随着年龄的增加,表现为胸径还有很大程度的增加,因为这些树种目前的大径级个体的年平均增加速率大于小径级的. 树木年龄与胸径的相互关系的分析结果表明,树木年龄和胸径可以很好地用饱和模型Y=a-be-cx来拟合. 4、通过近5年对辽东栎枝条( D<0.5cm)和叶片凋落物分解的观察和分析,发现辽东栎枝条的总失重率达到了43%,分解速率常数k为2.713x10-3/周,而叶的总失重率则可以达到70%,分解速率常数k为6.234xl0-3/周. 枝条分解过程中的有机质含量变化可以分为三种类型,一种是单调上升型的,如蛋白质,其含量从3.5%增加到约6%;-种是单调下降型的,如半纤维素,约从15%降低至7%;另一种则是相对变化不大,如粗纤维(包括纤维素和木质素),粗纤维的含量变化在58%±3%,木质素变化在56%±2.5%,纤维素则变化在1%~3%之间。 用Olson指数方程拟合,结果表明粗纤维、木质素和半纤维素三者的分解以半纤维素为最快,分解速率常数为5.693xl0-3/周,其次是木质素和粗纤维,分别为2.461x10-3/周和2.352xl0-3/周.而蛋白质和纤维素的拟合结果较差或根本无法拟合. 用Olson指数方程拟合的结果表明,有些元素在凋落物分解过程中可以很好地用该方程拟合,如K,Na、Mn和C,p和N,Mg,Zn,而一些元素如Ca和Cu没有取得很好的拟合效果。 几种元素在叶片凋落物分解过程过程的丢失速率也以K为最快,其它元素的顺序为,e,N,p,Na,Mn,Mg和Ca(Ca的拟合效果较差),而Cu、Zn也不能很好地用Olson指数方程拟合。 5、根据对东灵山地区6年(199l~1997)的气象观测结果,可得到该地区的年平均降水量和总降水量,用1994年分析的降水中养分含量的数据可以近似计算得东灵山地区每年通过降水进入该暖温带落叶阔叶林生态系统的几种养分输入量。同理可以计算降水输入养分在树干茎流和穿透雨中的分配,还可以计算养分从地表径流中的输出。通过对这几个水分循环的主要环节中养分输入或输出量的计算,发现每年通过降水而进入系统的养分,大部分将积累在系统中,而输出份额只占很小的一部分。 K和Mg两种养分元素在降水通过林冠和树干表面时,将产生大量的淋溶,而Ca的淋溶较小.N、P和AI则产生少量的吸附或吸收。对于S来说,淋溶和吸收或吸附作用相当,或两者都很小。 通过生物量的年平均增量和生物量中的养分含量可以计算得到每年积累在生物量中的养分量即存留量,同理可以计算年凋落物中的养分量、归还量及生物系统从土壤中吸收的养分量,每年养分的存留率.通过以上计算,发现该落叶阔叶林对养分的存留率较低,这可能是由于该落叶阔叶林森林生态系统每年具有较高的养分归还量,对于一些元素来说,还具有较高的淋溶量,尤其是K和Mg.
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三峡水利枢纽工程的调度运行导致水库水位的涨落,从而在三峡水库周边水陆交错带形成周期性淹没与出露于水面的一段特殊区域,被称为三峡水库消落带。三峡水库消落带生态系统的健康是库岸稳定和水库安全运行的重要保障。土壤养分是三峡库区消落带土壤生态系统的重要组成部分。三峡水库蓄水以来,土壤理化性状发生改变,水土流失日益加剧。土壤是植物的基础,因此,对三峡水库消落带土壤性状的研究对消落带植被恢复有一定的指导意义,也为研究水库消落带水土流失提供依据,为研究水库消落带土壤污染与水体污染提供基础。 本文首先通过对重庆忠县石宝寨水库消落带不同水位、不同时期的表层土壤分析,研究了消落带不同水位土壤容重、酸碱度、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、氨态氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量变化。实验结果表明:(1)消落带土壤淹水前各测定指标在不同海拔高程之间的差异均不显著(P>0.05);(2)三峡水库淹水后消落带土壤由微碱性变为碱性,养分平均含量普遍下降,土壤养分缺乏,淹水易造成养分流失;(3)不同淹水强度下,土壤pH 值、有机质、全氮、全磷、氨态氮、速效钾平均含量差异显著(P<0.001),经过淹水土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量进一步降低;(4)不同淹水时期,土壤全钾、硝态氮、氨态氮平均含量差异显著(P<0.001),速效氮含量随季节变化较大,与土壤水分有密切关系;(5)干湿交替更容易造成氮、磷解吸释放入水体,从而增加富营养化的风险。 其次,通过对石宝寨消落带5 个时间段6个水位的表层土壤分析,研究了消落带不同时期、不同淹水强度土壤酸碱度及Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr 的含量变化。结果表明(1)淹水土壤pH 显著高于未淹水土壤,长期淹水土壤重金属含量显著高于短期淹水土壤与未淹水土壤,146m 土壤重金属含量最高;(2)经过淹水土壤,pH 先升高后下降,铜含量、锌含量都下降,铬含量先上升后下降,铅含量随着土壤暴露先稍微上升,后又下降,但在08 年9 月达到最大值;(3)各土壤重金属之间均存在显著相关关系,表明三峡消落带土壤存在重金属复合污染隐患;( 4 ) 以三峡水库土壤背景值为评价标准, 消落带土壤污染程度具有Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr 的特征,其中,铜污染相对最为严重,消落带土壤随着淹水强度的加大与淹水时间的延长,污染程度加重,消落带综合污染指数达到1.24,属于轻度污染级。
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本文研究了重金属离子Cd++、Pb++、Cu++、Zn++对高等植物(菠菜)离体叶绿体两个光系统光合电子传递功能的影响,以Cd++为代表重点研究了它对光系统II(PSII)的影响,首重讨论了Cd++在PSII的作用部位及作用方式。 Cd++、Pb++、Cu++、Zn++对高等植物叶绿体光合电子传递具有抑制作用,其中对PSII电子传递的抑制作用更为显著。PSII制剂的放氧活性比叶绿体的放氧活性对Cd++的毒害作用更加敏感。不同浓度的Cd++处理后,叶绿体全电子链的电子传递活性比放氧活性的降低速率快。这暗示着PSII氧化侧不是Cd++唯一的作用部位,在PSII电子传递链上还存在一个对Cd~(++)敏感的部位。 Cd++使叶绿体和PSII制剂的DCIP光还原活性降低;可变光受到抑制。加入PSII人工电子供体DPC仅使被抑制的DCIP光还原活性稍有恢复;而加入NH2OH对被抑制的可变荧光无影响。因此我们认为Ca++除了作用于PSII氧化侧外,还直接作用于PSII反应中心。这与Bazzaz和Govindje等提出的Cd++仅作用于PSII氧化侧的观点不同。我们认为可能是Cd++改变了叶绿体或PSII制剂类囊体膜的构型或内环境,使较多的PSII反应中心不易被光活化或使其钝化的缘故。 低温(-196℃)荧光发射光谱表明,Cd++使叶绿体的F686/F736及 F696/F736比值降低。另外,Cd++还可使叶绿体和PSII制剂的低温(-196℃)荧光激发光谱的F480/F436比值下降,使叶绿体表观吸收光谱变平。 温和的SDS-PAGE分析表明,Cd++处理后,叶绿体类囊体膜与PSII制剂类囊体膜中色素蛋白复合物LHC-II的部分寡聚体解聚成单聚体,叶绿体中LHC-II总量减少。进一步用梯度胶分析叶绿体类囊体膜的多肽组成。发现Cd++使属于LHC-II的多肽减少。表明Cd++引起了LHC-II的重新分配或它本身的解离。通过比较Cd++与Mg++对PSII活性的不同影响,我们认为Cd++使激发能不利于向PSII分配,从而破坏了两个光系统的协调合作。这或许是导致PSII电子传递活性显著降低的因素之一。
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水稻既是我国三大粮食作物之一,又是基因组学研究的模式材料,在生产实践和科学研究中都占有极其重要的地位。基因组学研究取得的巨大成就以前所未有的深度和广度推动了生命科学各个研究领域的飞速发展。水稻基因组的破译是水稻科学研究的重要里程碑,同时也宣告了功能基因组学时代的到来。蛋白质组学是研究细胞内全部蛋白质的动态表达及其相互关系的新兴学科,是功能基因组学研究的重要组成部分和战略制高点。 本论文采用高分辨率的蛋白质双向电泳分离技术和高通量的蛋白质质谱分析技术以及生物信息学等手段,开展水稻灌浆期茎蛋白质组表达模式和水稻幼苗脱黄化过程的比较蛋白质组学研究,探讨茎生长发育规律和水稻应答光信号相关蛋白质及其网络调控机制,是学科前沿与实际应用的有机结合,在科研和生产实践中都具有重要的意义。 首先,分别构建了灌浆期水稻顶端茎段和水稻黄化幼苗的蛋白质组表达谱。并对其中185个目的蛋白点进行了MALDI-TOF/MS分析和数据库检索鉴定。共有149个蛋白质得到了鉴定,蛋白质鉴定的成功率为80.5%。这些被鉴定的蛋白质分属118个基因的表达产物,根据它们功能可以分为13种不同的类别,其中绝大多数为能量产生和代谢以及抗性相关的蛋白质。 在水稻灌浆期顶端茎段表达的蛋白质中,与能量和物质代谢相关的蛋白质例如ATPase、磷酸丙糖异构酶,6-磷酸葡萄糖异构酶等占有很高比例,说明茎段组织中具有很强的代谢活动。与生长发育相关的蛋白质包括beta-tubulins、无机焦磷酸酶(inorganic pyrophosphatase)、液泡质子ATP酶(vacuolar proton-ATPase)以及UDP葡萄糖焦磷酸酶等的大量累积,显示出顶端茎段细胞分裂和生长迅速;同时,贮存多糖和结构多糖也在旺盛合成。G蛋白、GDP释放抑制因子等信号传导蛋白以及苯丙氨酸氨解酶、谷胱苷肽S转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)、抗坏血酸过氧化酶(ascorbate peroxidase,APX)以及超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)等抗性相关蛋白质在该时期丰度表达,表明在灌浆期水稻顶端茎段能够迅速感受并传递外界信号,从而使得其在遭受胁迫时能够立刻启动抗逆防御系统,最大限度地降低不利环境对种子发育的影响。 在黑暗中萌发和生长的水稻黄化幼苗随着光照时间(0~24小时)的延长,能通过双向电泳后检测到的蛋白质逐渐变少,24小时后趋于稳定,相当于正常光照条件下生长的水稻幼苗蛋白质组表达谱。进一步分析表明,在黄化苗中,分解代谢及能量产生相关的蛋白如丙糖磷酸异构酶、琥珀酰辅酶A连接酶、异戊酰辅酶A脱氢酶与ATPase等的表达量比较丰富;另外,还可能启动了脂肪酸的α氧化分解途径,以供黑暗中生长所需的物质和能量。当黄化幼苗光照后,与光合作用及物质合成相关的一些蛋白质表达量增加,而那些分解代谢相关酶类则有所下降。同时,鸟核苷酸结合蛋白β亚基类似蛋白、20S proteasome以及Bowman Birk trypsin inhibitor等信号传递及抗性相关蛋白随着光照时间的延长而减少,说明黑暗胁迫条件下水稻幼苗启动了相关的抗逆途径。叶绿素合成途径中的蛋白酶胆色素原脱氨基酶和金属鳌合酶在脱黄化过程中表达量有所下降,可能是因为叶绿素合成产物具有反馈抑制作用。 本研究首次利用蛋白质组学方法来解析水稻灌浆期茎蛋白质组表达模式和水稻黄化幼苗响应光因子的蛋白质组变化情况,鉴定了一些有价值的蛋白质,并得到了它们的表达特点和相关数据,为更好地理解水稻顶端茎秆的生长特点和功效、水稻应答黑暗胁迫和光形态建成以及光合作用机理等提供了分子证据。
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渤海湾沿岸人口密集,工农、航运发达,渤海自身净化能力非常有限。因此,渤海湾 环境污染的压力越来越大,主要污染物包括重金属和持久性有机污染物的。四角蛤蜊广泛 分布于渤海湾海域,是一种重要的经济贝类,对污染物具有较强的富集能力。为了研究不 同站点渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量,选择大港油田、高沙岭码头、涧河村三个断面 进行研究,对不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行了分析和讨论,最后对水生动物的 POPs 毒理调控通道进行了探索性研究,得到以下结果: 1. 通过比较渤海不同站点四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量分布特征和方差分析,发现四 角蛤蜊软体部必需重金属元素含量较高,而非必需重金属元素含量较低,这是由于必需重 金属元素具有重要的生理功能作用。侧重比较A、B 两个断面各站位间四角蛤蜊软体部重 金属含量,发现虽然各站位间分布规律不明显,但各站位间差异显著。 2. 利用简单相关回归分析金属元素间及其与生物学性状间的关系,发现Mn 与Zn 之 间,Cu 与Zn 间均存在显著正相关,Se 与As、Cd 间存在显著正相关。另外,A 断面,BL 与Cd 含量显著负相关其回归方程为:Y(Cd)=-1395.97+88.34(BL);R=0.633;在B 断面,利用BW 和BH 分别与Cd 和As 显著负相关和显著正相关,其回归方程分别为:BW 和Cd 的回归方程为:Y(Cd)=-1968.80+220.72(BW);R=0.656。BH 和As 的回归方 程为:Y(As)=1496.86+227.82(BH);R=0.656。 3. 利用PLS(偏最小二乘分析)方法分析,发现五个生物学性状都与Co、As 呈正相 关,而与Cr、Pb、Se 呈负相关,而与必须重金属元素相关不明显。进一步分析表明表明 渤海湾海域中Co、As 含量低于四角蛤蜊正常生长发育的需要,而Cr、Pb、Se 的含量超过 四角蛤蜊正常生长发育所需的量。最后,通过PLS-DA 分析方法,发现C 站点样品能与A、 B 两个断面的站点区分开,而A、B 间未能区分开,反映了渤海湾三个断面的实际污染状 况。 4. 四角蛤蜊软体部重金属含量进行风险评价,首先,利用单因子污染指数法比较分析, 发现从1997 年-2008 年,渤海湾四角蛤蜊软体部Cd 的污染水平在不断降低,现在其含量 已低于《海洋生物质量标准》(第二类)标准。而Cr、As 有污染的趋势,需要引起重视。 然后,利用金属污染指数法进行比较研究,发现B 断面>A 断面>C 断面。最后,利用《人 体消费卫生标准》进行比较分析,发现Cd、Ni 存在轻度污染,因此需要加强其污染源的 控制。 5. 渤海湾污染物除了重金属外,还存在一些典型持久性有机污染物。为进一步揭示 二者间协同毒理机制,利用分子系统学方法,对芳香烃受体通道进行了探索性研究,发现 水生动物AhR通道基因在进化过程中发生了适应性进化,对进一步研究重金属和POPs对双 壳贝类的毒理机制具有参考价值。
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结果表明虫体所含元素与环境温度的变化及自身的生理活动密切相关。应用 对应因子分析法得到的结果是: 元素Fe、P对10、11月份幼虫组的贡献值显著; Na、Ca、Mg对8、9月份的贡 献值显著; Cu、Zn、Co、Cd、Si对4、5 月份的贡献 值显著。图2表2参8
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报道了白蜡虫马氏管胞内细胞质的绝大部分为两种矿质(尿酸结晶)所占据。一种为不 规则状结晶,占结晶总量的70%,大小不一,含有尿酸及Si、P、Cl、Fe、Cu、Zn和S等矿质元素。另一种为年轮状结晶,占结晶总量的30%,其体积较大,含尿酸及Cl、Ca、Al和Cu等矿质元素,起于线粒 体。结晶颗粒不排入管腔。因胞内存在大量结晶致使白蜡马氏管形 成以贮存排泄为主,溶质-水偶连排泄方式为辅的特有排泄方式。