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随着全球生态环境的恶化,各国日益重视对水体中各种污染物的治理。利用藻类的吸收、富集和降解作用,可以去除污水中的营养物质、重金属离子和有机污染物,与其他物理、化学及工程的方法相比,该技术具有以下优点:成本低、能耗小、治理效果较好,对环境污染小,有利于资源化,有利于整体生态环境的改善,是治理水质污染的新途径。 本文利用几种大型海藻对富营养化海水进行处理,结果发现孔石莼、刚毛藻均有很强的吸收N、P的能力,吸收能力依次为褶曲刚毛藻>束生刚毛藻>孔石莼。水体中褶曲刚毛藻3 g/L含量,在3~5小时之内,可把中等以上富营养化海水中的N、P降低至一类海水水平。利用刚毛藻处理富营养化地下海水和养殖废水,进行海参和大菱鲆养殖试验,探索藻类净化水质和废水循环利用的新模式,使水体保持较低的营养盐状态,减轻养殖废水对环境的影响,实现了海水养殖业与环境的可持续发展。 刚毛藻在我国近海滩涂分布广泛,利用它来处理富营养化水体,并和水产养殖业相结合,既净化水体,使养殖废水能循环利用,满足水产养殖的需求,又改善水产业生态环境。同时,将回收藻体生产优质饲料、食品和药物等,实现藻类资源的高值利用。刚毛藻营养丰富,用其替代鼠尾藻作海参饲料,资源丰富,成本低,效果好,是一种值得加以开发利用的宝贵资源,具有广泛的应用前景。 生物吸附法是一种经济有效的移除废水中有害重金属离子的方法。由于藻类细胞壁中的多聚糖可提供吸附重金属的位点,廉价而蕴藏丰富的海藻对多种重金属表现出很强的吸附能力。所以本文通过分批实验,研究了非活体刚毛藻对水体中重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附影响因子、吸附热力学、吸附动力学及吸附机理,得到了平衡等温线及动力学数据。吸附过程的最佳pH值为5.0,吸附量随温度的升高而增加,水体中常见的Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+阳离子及Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、C2O42-等阴离子的存在对吸附的影响并不显著。EDTA存在时,吸附百分率大大降低。吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程。刚毛藻对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附容量很高,25℃时,对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附容量分别为1.61 mmol/g0.96 mmol/g0.98 mmol/g,且吸附过程为吸热反应。刚毛藻对重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附过程为化学吸附,在吸附过程中藻体表面的官能团可能与金属离子发生了螯合作用。吸附动力学过程符合pseudo-二级动力学模型,在初始的30min内,吸附速率很快,随后速率逐渐降低。解吸试验表明,用EDTA可以对重金属进行回收,刚毛藻可以循环利用。实验结果表明刚毛藻是一种高效、经济实用的生物吸附材料,可用来吸附回收水体中的重金属Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+等。 通过非活体刚毛藻对重金属Cr6+的吸附影响因子、吸附动力学、吸附机理的研究发现,刚毛藻对Cr6+具有很强的还原能力,对电镀废水中的Cr6+的还原去除提供了非常好的方法。吸附过程的最佳pH值为2~3,实际电镀废水通常在此pH范围,因此处理实际废水时,首先在原酸性条件下,对Cr6+进行还原去除,然后调废水pH至5.0,继续进行吸附,去除其他二价离子及被还原的三价Cr离子,实现了利用同一材料还原Cr6+为Cr3+,并将Cr3+和其他重金属离子同时去除。通过对机理的讨论,认为刚毛藻对Cr6+的生物吸附过程不是一个简单的“离子交换过程”,而是一个“吸附还原过程”。在海藻量足够的前提下,只要时间足够长,Cr6+可被彻底还原去除。 利用工业废弃物褐藻渣,对水体中重金属离子Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+及Cr6+的生物吸附特性分别进行了讨论,结果表明褐藻渣对重金属离子的吸附特性与刚毛藻一致,吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich方程,在25℃时,pH为5.0时,由Langmuir方程求出褐藻渣对Cu2+、Pb2+和Cd2+的最大吸附容量分别为4.20 mmol/g、3.13 mmol/g和2.97 mmol/g。褐藻渣对低、高浓度的重金属Cr6+都具有很强的吸附能力,且移除效果比较彻底。实际应用结果表明,褐藻渣是一种高效、经济实用的生物吸附材料,可用来吸附回收水体中的重金属离子,具有广泛的应用前景。

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A series of experiments were conducted to identify the factors that affected the growth and survival of the settling flounder larvae Paralichthys olivaceus. Settling larvae 24 days after hatching (DAH) were reared in 10-l experimental tanks up to 40 DAH, and two of the following factors were changed as controlled factors in each experiment: light regime (24L:0D or 12L:12D), prey density (1500, 3000, or 5000 Artemia l(-1)), shelter (sand or no sand) and stocking density (5, 10, or 15 fish l(-1)). Early settling larvae (24-35 DAH) experienced little mortality (less than 10% of the overall mortality) that was not significantly affected by above factors. In contrast, late settling larvae (36-40 DAH) suffered high cannibalistic mortality which was significantly influenced by each of the above factors. Larvae experienced significantly lower mortality at 10 fish l(-1) level than at other densities. Larvae at 15 fish l(-1) level had higher mortality than at 5 fish l(-1) when all other factors were identical. Larvae at 3000 and 5000 Artemia l(-1) treatments survived significantly better than at 1500 Artemia l(-1), but no significant differences in larval mortality were found between the two higher densities. Larvae suffered higher mortality at low prey density or at the absence of sand when they were exposed to longer photoperiod. Low stocking density significantly improved the growth of the settling larvae. The average daily instantaneous growth rate (G) at 5 and 15 fish l(-1) treatments were 0.050 and 0.034, with the coefficient of variation (CV) in final length at 16.4 and 23.5, respectively. Daily instantaneous growth rate increased significantly from 0.033 in the 1500 Artemia l(-1) to 0.041 and 0.045 in the 3000 and 5000 Artennia l(-1), respectively, but no significant difference in larval growth existed between the two higher prey densities. These findings suggested that the optimal prey density for growth and survival of the settling flounder larvae at a stocking density of 5 - 15 fish l(-1) was around 3000 Artemia l(-1) . Larvae that were exposed to 24L showed 20% increase in growth ( G = 0.046, CV = 18.7) than those exposed to 12L ( G = 0.037, CV = 20.5). Longer exposure to light significantly improved larval growth, provided sufficient food was available. Sand substrate did not show significant effects on larval growth, possibly because the larvae spent most of the time swimming or feeding in the water column during this stage. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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目的:建立慢肝解郁胶囊质量标准。方法:采用TLC法鉴别方中丹参、当归、白芍、延胡索;用HPLC法测定白芍中芍药苷的含量。结果:在TLC色谱中可检出丹参、当归、白芍、延胡索的特征斑点;芍药苷在00982μg-0.4910μg范围内呈线性关系,r=0.9999(n=5),平均加样回收率为98.5%,RSD=0.5%。结论:所建鉴别方法专属性强,定量方法简便、准确,能有效地控制该制剂的质量。

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[目的]研究碱性蛋白酶降解骨胶原的工艺条件,探索其应用于骨料制备明胶的可行性.[方法]采用碱性蛋白酶降解骨胶原制备食品明胶,通过正交试验L_9(3~4)得出酶解制备食品明胶的最佳工艺参数.[结果]结果表明:最佳工艺参数为20万U/g碱性蛋白酶用量为干骨质量的0.005%,酶解温度60℃,酶解pH值为8,酶解时问5 h,升温灭酶,提胶一次2 h;获得食品明胶指标值分别为:得胶率20.0%,黏度3.1 mPa•s,冻力193 Bloomg.[结论]该研究为获得品质和产量俱佳的食品明胶提供了试验依据.

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上世纪八十年代,科学家们发现在北美和北欧一些远离汞污染源的湖泊中,某些鱼汞含量远远超过了世界卫生组织建议的食用水产品汞含量标准,这一现象引起了人们对水环境系统中汞的生物地球化学循环的极大关注。因此本论文对贵州红枫湖和加拿大安大略省3个小湖中汞的形态与分布特征进行了详细的研究,并对红枫湖整个汞的生物地球化学循环做了较为完整深入的探讨。本论文主要包括以下4方面的研究内容:(1)沉积物甲基汞分析方法的建立;(2)红枫湖水体、沉积物、鱼体中各种汞形态的含量、分布特征以及水体富营养化对其影响的研究;(3)红枫湖汞形态转化、输入输出通量及其质量平衡的估算;(4)红枫湖的对比研究点—加拿大安大略省的Mary、St. George和Philips湖中不同形态汞分布特征的初步研究。通过本论文的研究,得出以下主要结论: 1. 建立了硝酸和硫酸铜溶液浸提,CH2Cl2萃取并结合水相乙基化和GC-CVAFS测定沉积物及土壤中甲基汞的方法。该方法平均回收率为 97.8%,相对标准偏差≤10.2%,方法检出限为0.6pg/g,具有所需试剂少、不用连续萃取、简捷易行、回收率高以及精密度好等特点。 2. 2004年红枫湖湖水总汞浓度在2.5-14 ng/L之间,平均值为6.9 ng/L;溶解态汞浓度范围在1.2-8.0 ng/L之间,平均为3.9 ng/L。不管是红枫湖水体汞浓度的空间分布,还是季节变化都严重受到人为污染源的干扰。湖水汞在颗粒态和溶解态之间的分配,主要受内源有机质以及氧化还原条件的影响。2004年春季后五由于水华现象大量繁殖的藻类,吸附了大量的汞,从而改变了汞在水库中的分配和迁移。这些藻类的生长对水体中溶解气态汞浓度分布也有显著的影响。湖水中活性汞分布特征主要受Hg2+的光致还原过程、Hg2+的甲基化过程以及人为源的输入等过程控制。 3. 红枫湖夏季下层滞水带中,甲基汞含量显著升高,特别是在后五缺氧层,最高值达0.92ng/L。夏季总甲基汞和溶解态甲基汞在水体剖面上的分布表明:在富营养化较严重的后五,水体中升高的甲基汞主要来自水体中汞的甲基化过程;而在富营养化特征不明显的大坝,水体中升高的甲基汞主要来自沉积物甲基汞的释放。红枫湖水体中各种汞形态的分布特征表明,富营养化对汞的迁移转化影响显著,尤其是汞的甲基化过程。水体富营养化为汞的甲基化提供了有利条件,给水生生态环境及人体健康带来了潜在的威胁。 4. 红枫湖沉积物总汞浓度为0.392 ± 0.070 μg/g,高于世界其它背景区汞浓度,也高于处于同一流域的乌江渡水库和东风水库,表明红枫湖受到了一定程度的汞污染。两个采样点总汞无明显的季节变化,但其剖面分布都有在上层富集的趋势。沉积物甲基汞浓度的季节变化和剖面最大峰值分布,主要受氧化还原带的季节性迁移所控制。沉积物甲基汞浓度在春季最高,其余季节则没有明显差异,甲基汞峰值出现在表层0~8cm以内,与红枫湖沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌活动区域一致。 5. 红枫湖总汞在孔隙水中的浓度及在固/液之间的分配系数主要和温度有关,与沉积物中总汞相关性不大,而孔隙水中甲基汞浓度则和沉积物甲基汞浓度存在着极显著的相关性(r=0.70, p<0.001)。沉积物和孔隙水甲基汞浓度除受到固/液分配系数影响外,主要还受到甲基汞产生过程控制。 6. 由于本次研究所采集的鱼类多为红枫湖人工饲养鱼,生长速度快,食物链短,故总汞含量(32ng/g)和甲基汞含量(12ng/g)都远远低于国家食用标准。汞含量在不同鱼种中的分布趋势为:肉食性鱼类>杂食性鱼类>草食性鱼类,这表明鱼体中汞含量主要和鱼的摄食习惯有关。 7. 红枫湖总汞质量平衡模型的估算结果表明,红枫湖水体中汞的总源为30066 g.a-1,总汇为31010g.a-1。水体中总汞最大的源来自于河流输入(82%),而最大的汇是水体颗粒态汞的沉降(78%)。甲基汞质量平衡模型的估算结果表明河流输出是水体甲基汞一个重要的汇,占总汇的45%, 比河流输入占总源的比例高30%,表明水库是下游水体甲基汞的源。 8. 红枫湖汞在水-沉积物界面的迁移通量表明,沉积物是水体中汞和甲基汞一个巨大的汇,而沉积物对上覆水体总汞和甲基汞的贡献却很有限。红枫湖汞在水-气界面的迁移通量表明,大气汞沉降特别是干沉降是红枫湖水体总汞一个重要的污染源,其对红枫湖汞的贡献远大于水体向大气释放的汞,大气沉降每年向红枫湖净贡献汞量为3364 g.a-1。 9. 在对比研究的湖泊中,水体中甲基汞的剖面分布表明,斜温层颗粒态甲基汞的沉降、沉积物甲基汞的释放以及水体汞的甲基化过程都是下层水体高甲基汞的重要来源。在这些湖泊中近代汞的沉积通量为22.1 μg m-2 a-1,远低于红枫湖中汞的沉积通量(714 μg m-2 a-1)。与红枫湖以及一些典型的沉积物甲基汞的垂直剖面分布相比,这些小湖中甲基汞的产生不仅发生在沉积物表层,在较深的沉积物中可能也有汞的甲基化过程,而且这个过程和有机质的含量密切相关。

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北欧和北美的研究发现水库是典型的汞敏感生态系统,新建水库而引起的鱼的甲基汞污染问题已经受到科学家的高度重视,而我国在这方面的研究比较薄弱。本论文以乌江流域上游的东风水库为研究对象,于夏季(2007 年8月)、冬季(2007 年12 月)和春季(2008年4月)分别对水库不同深度分层水体、沉积物间隙水、沉积柱剖面中不同形态汞的含量、分布特征以及迁移转化规律进行了详细的研究。研究结果发现: 1.东风水库水体中各种形态汞浓度均表现出季节性变化。总汞(THg)浓度变化范 围为1.1-2.3ng/L,平均为1.6ng/L;溶解态汞(THg)浓度变化范围为0.3-1.3ng/L,平均为0.6ng/L;颗粒态汞(PHg)浓度范围为0.3-1.5ng/L,平均为0.8ng/L;活性汞(RHg)浓度范围为0.2-0.6ng/L,平均为0.4ng/L;总甲基汞(TMHg)浓度变化范 围为0.04-1.01ng/L,平均为0.27ng/L;溶解态甲基汞(DMHg)浓度变化范围为0.03-0.48ng/L,平均为0.12ng/L;颗粒态甲基汞汞(PMHg)浓度范围为0.01-0.7ng/L,平均为0.16ng/L。 2.东风水库水体颗粒态总汞与总汞呈极显著相关,说明东风水库水体的颗粒态汞强烈影响着总汞迁移和分布。水库水体总甲基汞与溶解态甲基汞汞和颗粒态甲基汞之间存在极显著正线性相关,证明水库水体中的甲基汞的产生和迁移与溶解态甲基汞和颗粒态甲基汞均有着密切的关系。但是,水体甲基汞与总汞之间并不存在相关性。 3.东风水库水体夏季溶解态汞、活性汞、溶解态甲基汞浓度均远高于冬春两季,除了外源异重径流输入的影响外,很大程度与夏季水库底部缺氧环境密不可分。沉积物释放大量吸附的汞进入水体,造成水体溶解态汞、活性汞、溶解态甲基汞的升高。 4.东风水库沉积物间隙水中总汞和甲基汞浓度出现明显的季节性变化,夏季大于冬春两季。沉积物甲基汞的浓度分布与沉积物中有机质含量相关性明显(r=0.219*,n=133)。东风水库沉积物中甲基汞的含量随沉积物深度增加浓度梯度不明显。 5.东风水库沉积物总汞含量基本没有季节变化,浓度变化范围为97-354ng/g,平均为180ng/g。东风水库沉积物中总汞含量大大高于其他未受污染地区水库沉积物中总汞含量。甲基汞含量变化范围为0.1-5.5ng/g,平均为2.1ng/g 。 6.东风水库沉积物间隙水中总汞、甲基汞浓度均显著高于其上覆水体的总汞和甲基汞的浓度,二者之间存在显著的浓度梯度,沉积物中总汞和甲基汞的释放是水库水体的重要来源。

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通过对贵州大方高岭土(GZK-1)、苏州高岭土(JSK)、新疆伊宁高岭土(XJK-6)和新疆尉犁水黑云母及其酸活化处理样矿物学特征的系统研究,得出如下讨论:(1)GZK-1、JSK、和XJK-6的微活指数依次为 29%, 13%和0%,在微活指数上埃洛石>高岭石>地开石;(2)高岭土的微活指数仅与杂质铁(Fe_2O_3+FeO)的含量有一定的正相关关系;(3)高岭土的微活指数与其孔体积和比表面积有正相关关系;(4)高岭土的微活指数主要与矿物成分有关,其结构羟基的特性是活性的根源;(5)XJK-6的比表面积小(9 m~2/g)、孔体积小(0.026 ml/g)、大孔多、热稳定性好、几乎无活性;(6)在一定的实验条件下,可获得即具大的比表面积、孔径和孔体积,又尽可能保持原有晶体结构的酸活化产物;(7)活化样品中K_2O、Fe_2O_3、MgO的含量可指示其比表面积的变化;(8)水黑云母含金云母晶层的矿物晶体结构决定了其比蛭石晶层耐酸腐蚀,在较为苛刻的条件下金云母晶层仍然保持;(9)酸活化产物的特点:结构中含一定量的镁;Na_2O含量低,K_2O的含量高;比表面积大(130 m~2/g);孔体积高(0.119 ml/g),中孔多;微活指数低 (4.7%).

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We investigate the fluorescence spectrum in a nearly degenerate atomic system of a F-e = 0 -> F-g = 1 transition by analytically solving Schrodinger equations. An ultranarrow fluorescence spectral line in between the two coherent population trapping windows has been found. Our analytic solutions clearly show the origin of the ultranarrow spectral line. Due to quantum interference effects between two coherent population trapping states, the width and intensity of the central spectral line can be controlled by an external magnetic field. Such an effect may be used to detect a magnetic field.

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Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) is an intriguing candidate for applications in many electronic devices such as multi-layer capacitors, electro-mechanical transducers etc. because of its high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and high strain near the Curie temperature. As an extension of our previous work on Ta-doped PMNT-PT aimed at optimizing the performance and reducing the cost, this paper focuses on the effect of Pb volatilization on the dielectric properties of 0.77Pb(Mg1/3(Nb0.9Ta0.1)2/3)O3-0.23PbTiO3. The dielectric constant and loss of the samples are measured at different frequencies and different temperatures. The phase purity of this compound is determined by X-ray diffraction pattern. It is found that the volatilization during sintering does influence the phase formation and dielectric properties. The best condition is sintering with 0.5 g extra PbO around a 4 g PMNT-PT sample.

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Bulk metallic glasses of Nd65Al10Fe25-xCox (x=0,5,10) have been prepared in the form of 3 mm diam rods. Results of differential scanning calrimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and x-ray diffraction are presented for these alloys. It is shown that the glass transition and crystallization have been observed by DMTA. The reduced glass transition temperature of these glasses, defined as the ratio between the glass transition temperature T-g and the melting temperature T-l is in the range from 0.55 to 0.62. All these glasses have a large supercooled liquid region (SLR), ranging from 80 to 130 K. The high value of reduced glass transition temperature and wide SLR agree with their good glass formation ability.

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The g-jitter influence on thermocapillary convection and critical Marangoni number in a liquid bridge of half-floating rone was discussed in the low frequency range of 0.4 to 1.5 Hz in a previous paper. This paper extended the experiments to the intermediate frequency range of 2 to 18 Hz, which htrs often been recorded as vibration environment of spacecrafts. The experiment was completed on the deck of a vibration machine, which gave a periodical applied acceleration to simulate the effects of g-jitter. The experimental results in the intermediate frequency range are different from that in the low frequency range. The velocity field and the shape of the free surface have periodical fluctuations in response to g-jitter. The amplitude of the periodical varying part of the temperature response decreases obviously with increasing frequency of g-jitter and vanishes almost when the frequency of g-jitter is high enough. The critical Marangoni number is defined to describe the transition from a periodical convection in response to g-jitter to an oscillatory convection due to internal instability, and will increase with increasing g-jitter frequency. According to the spectral analysis, it can be found that the oscillatory part of temperature is a superposition of two harmonic waves if the Marangoni number is larger than a critical value.

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Optimized trial functions are used in quantum Monte Carlo and variational Monte Carlo calculations of the Li2(X 1&Sigma;+g) potential curve. The trial functions used are a product of a Slater determinant of molecular orbitals multiplied by correlation functions of electron—nuclear and electron—electron separation. The parameters of the determinant and correlation functions are optimized simultaneously by reducing the deviations of the local energEL (EL  Ψ−1THΨT, where ΨT denotes a trial function) over a fixed sample. At the equilibrium separation, the variational Monte Carlo and quantum Monte Carlo methods recover 68% and 98% of the correlation energy, respectively. At other points on the curves, these methods yield similar accuracies.

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G-M制冷机是回热式的小型低温制冷机,它利用绝热放气膨胀原理(又称为西蒙膨胀法)获得低温,具有振动小、运行稳定、寿命长、操作方便等特点,在对效率、重量、尺寸等没有太高要求的场合应用非常广泛。在八十年代末,G-M制冷机已经突破了液氦温度,非常适合在液氦温区为超导器件或电子元件提供冷量,在低温真空泵、MRI超导磁体冷却系统、SQUID再冷凝系统等方面有良好的应用前景,推广其应用已属当务之急。本文围绕着探索氦温区G-M制冷机工作机理、提高低温蓄冷器性能及新型结构G-M制冷机的研制等方面,进行了系统地理论分析和纳归纳,以及初步地实验研究:一. 首次比较完善地建立了液氦温区G-M型制冷机整机数值模拟方法,数值模拟方法给出了制冷机内工质参数瞬态分布及动态变化曲线,为分析制冷机独特的循环特性提供了直观的依据,为探讨运行及结构参数对制冷性能的影响机理提供了强有力的工具。模型中考虑了制冷机中的阻力、实际进排气角、物性变化及蓄冷器内空隙率的存在等多种实际因素:解决了一、二级耦合及部件交界处物性变化不连续对计算影响等问题;采取网格非均匀化、牛顿迭代法以及负反馈原理等措施,提高了计算精度和收敛性。在微机上成功地模拟了液氦温区G-M制冷机的工作过程,程序采用模块化编程,具有一定通用性。二. 运用液氦温区整套机数值模拟方法,计算了制冷机内工质参数(氦流温度、压力、流速等)周期性变化和空间分布,采用一级蓄冷器与低温蓄冷器工作特性对比法,从整机内工质参数动态变化规律分析的角度,验证了液氦温区G-M制冷机工质氦的循环主要分为两部分:常规循环、低温循环。并详细地讨论了运行参数(频率、工作压力)及一级制冷机结构参数对整机内工数动态变化的影响规律以及制冷机性能的影响机理。三. 首次建立了较完善的液氦温区多层混合填料型低温蓄冷器的数值模拟方法,运用数值模拟方法,首次详细地研究了常用填料的不同组合、一定组合下填料比例以及蓄冷器结构对制冷机性能的影响机理,提出了不同填料的最佳节组合及一定组合下填料最佳比例的确定和低温蓄冷器结构和填料优化的原则,为合理有效地设计高性能液氦温区低温蓄冷器提供了依据。四. 提出并设计、加工了一种新型结构的液氦温区双级G-M型制冷机,该机结构在国内外属于首创。其具有以下主要结构特点:一、二级分别独立驱动;一、二级之间通过热桥连接;二级蓄冷器外置于汽缸等。同时建立了新型结构液氦温区双级G-M型制冷机实验系统,为今后整机性能和内部动态过程的研究奠定了基础。五. 新型结构双级G-M型制冷机二级单机动转频率为0.6Hz时,制冷温度为13.6K,且在20K时有4.4W的制冷量;制冷机已达到液氦温区,f = 0.4Hz时,最低温度为4.6K;f = 1Hz,制冷温度为10K时,制冷量大于6W,上述结果目前均未见有文献报道。在新型G-M制冷机上,初步进行了低温蓄冷器性能测试实验及运行参数对制冷机性能影响的实验研究。