111 resultados para Flush Speciation


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植物近缘物种系统发育和物种形成过程一直以来都是植物进化生物学研究中最基本的问题之一,是人们理解自然界物种多样性产生和变化的前提。近缘物种间通常形态相似,遗传和分子水平的分化很小且常受诸如渐渗杂交、谱系分选、种内重组等微观进化事件的影响,导致植物近缘物种间系统发育和物种形成过程研究极为困难。在过去十多年中,生物技术的革新和理论方法的发展极大地推动了进化生物学研究,促进了人们对一些重要模式生物与其近缘种间的系统发育关系和物种分化过程的认识,如人、果蝇、线虫、拟南芥和玉米等。然而,迄今在植物中,许多重要类群及其近缘种的系统发育和物种形成过程研究仍不多见,包括在具有特殊重要性的栽培作物中,如稻属(Oryza L.)。由于属内包含有重要粮食作物水稻,稻属向来都是禾本科内备受关注的一个类群。本研究中,我们通过多基因序列的方法,探讨了稻属C染色体组三个近缘二倍体物种的系统发育和物种形成过程,主要研究结果如下。 为选择适宜的实验策略和保证序列数据的真实性,我们利用不同聚合酶扩增自交的栽培稻Oryza sativa ssp. japonica和异交的O. longistaminata不同类型的基因片段,采用克隆测序的方法,评估聚合酶链式扩增反应(PCR)中产生的非真实变异的状况。我们使用exTaq、exTaq和Pfu混和酶和PfuUltraTM酶三种不同聚合酶扩增了Adh1、GPA1和Waxy三个基因片段。在检测到的非真实变异中,PCR 错误的类型主要为单碱基变异和不同等位基因间重组,其中以单碱基变异为主,且突变类型以转换占绝大多数。比较不同酶扩增错误的结果表明,高保真PfuUltraTM酶对PCR反应错误有显著的改善,在扩增产物的单克隆中几乎检测不到PCR噪音,错误率仅为0.0001%,而exTaq和混和酶的错误率分别为0.096%和0.073%。从不同物种比较结果来看,exTaq酶和Pfu酶混用时在自交的O. sativa ssp. japonica内对PCR错误也表现明显的改善,但在异交的O. longistaminata中改善效应不太明显。在三个不同基因位点上,PCR扩增错误出现频率随扩增区域增长而变大。在PfuUltraTM酶的扩增产物中发现重组最少,exTaq和混和酶重组较多,且混和酶对重组改善效果不明显。基于不同聚合酶扩增错误对比研究结果,我们认为,由于能保证序列变异的真实性且不遗漏等位基因,核基因的克隆测序较宜于分离杂合个体中不同的等位基因。 基于随机挑取4个叶绿体和10个核基因位点,利用12份Oryza officinalis、8份O. eichingeri和4份O. rhizomatis材料,对稻属C染色体组三个近缘二倍体物种的系统发育关系作了深入分析。利用不同的系统发育分析方法对单基因位点序列和合并序列数据作了分析,结果表明,稻属C染色体组三个近缘种间呈多歧分支。因此,三个二倍体C染色体组物种可能经快速辐射分化形成。在不同核基因和叶绿体基因的系统发育树中各分支枝长均很短,也表明C染色体组的三个物种可能在较短时期内分化出。不同基因间拓扑结构不一致主要受谱系随机分选的影响。此外,C染色体组不同物种间的种间渐渗和不同等位基因重组对系统发育树的冲突也有影响。值得注意的是,C染色体组三个物种的辐射分化不排除由于相邻两次物种形成事件间隔时间太近、目前数据量不够而无法分辨的可能。在本研究中,我们发现,对于系统发育重建困难的类群,利用等位基因构建物种谱系树有助于挖掘不同基因间结果不一致的因素。 基于10个随机选取的核基因序列数据,利用物种水平的取样方式和群体遗传学分析方法,我们研究了稻属C染色体组三个近缘物种O. officinalis、O. eichingeri和O. rhizomatis的核苷酸多态性,并根据多态性水平和式样,推测了三个近缘种分化的历史。结果表明,在C染色体组的三个近缘种中,仅分布于斯里兰卡的O. rhizomatis的核苷酸多态性水平相对最低(θsil = 0.0038),而间断分布于非洲和斯里兰卡的O. eichingeri最高(θsil = 0.0057)。与被子植物其他类群相比,稻属C染色体组三个物种的核苷酸多态性水平显得较低,O. eichingeri的核苷酸多态性仅约为玉米及其近缘野生种的23-46%和拟南芥的35%。C染色体组内三个野生种相对较低的核苷酸多态性水平可能起因于其较小的祖先有效群体。物种形成模型分析表明,O. officinalis和其近缘种从最近共同祖先分化开后可能经历了居群缩减的历史,且自最近共同祖先分开后,三个物种彼此间并无显著的基因交流。基于分子钟粗略估算了C染色体三个物种分化时间,结果表明,三个物种彼此在很短的时期内分开,约0.63-0.68 Myr。同时,O. eichingeri在非洲和斯里兰卡两个地理宗的分异时间约为0.37 Myr,且推测斯里兰卡的O. eichingeri主要由西非经长距离扩散传播到斯里兰卡。

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槽舌兰属为(Holcoglossum schltr.)兰科树兰亚科万代兰族指甲兰亚族植物,大部分种类为中国特有种,部分种类分布到越南、泰国、缅甸等国家和地区。本研究利用ITS、trnL-F和matK序列重建了槽舌兰属的系统树,在此基础上对其和植物地理进行了初步探讨并对该属植物的叶表皮特征演化进行了探讨。具体结果如下: 1.槽舌兰的分子系统学研究及分子植物地理学 对槽舌兰属的13个种的12个种进行了取样(H. quasipinifolium未包括),而横断山地区所有已知的槽舌兰属植物的居群进行了取样,共有25个取样代表了槽舌兰属。运用ITS、trnL-F和matK序列重建了槽舌兰属的系统树。槽舌兰属得到了很强的单系支持,并且分为了从南到北的三个分支,其中高山类群得到了很强的支持,尽管该类群内部系统关系没有得到解决。本研究推测槽舌兰属是从南部的热带地区向北部扩散,并在横断山地区辐射分化。槽舌兰高山类群的辐射分化和该地区的迅速隆起密切相关。 2.槽舌兰属的叶表皮演化 在光学显微镜下和电子显微镜下,观察了21个代表槽舌兰属8个种以及5个来自Vanda concolor和 Aerides ordorata的叶表皮样品的常规特征,包括表皮细胞的形状,密度,垂周壁式样,气孔类型,气孔指数,气孔长/宽(L/W), 气孔大小等等。槽舌兰属的气孔除H. omeiense外,其它上、下表皮均有气孔分布,是比较进化的类型。表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直或弓形。槽舌兰属的上表皮细胞都大于下表皮的细胞。与万代兰族的其它类群相似。结果表明,气孔类型和气孔指数与属的系统发育关系一致,可以作为一个很好的特征。 3.槽舌兰属高山组的物种形成初探 槽舌兰属高山组植物在形态上、传粉系统以及生境都有了很大的分化,但该类群在分子序列上却几乎没有区别,本文推测该类群是近期的辐射分化形成的。

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种间杂交在自然界中普遍存在。杂交可以为群体带来多方面的遗传改变,具有重要的进化生物学意义。越来越多的证据表明,同倍性杂交物种形成是一种重要物种形成途径,在动、植物物种进化中扮演着重要的角色。同倍性杂交物种形成意味着一个稳定的、可育的、与亲本种间形成生殖隔离的杂种群体建立起来,但不改变染色体的数目。这种生殖隔离被认为是通过快速的染色体重组、生态分化、或空间分离形成的。对于现存杂交种的对比分析和对同倍性杂交物种形成的理论模拟都表明,适应性分化和生态转变在同倍性杂交物种形成中起着至关重要的作用。来自于生态成种的研究也表明生态选择自身就可以导致生殖隔离的形成和新物种的形成。尽管如此,我们对同倍性杂交物种形成过程的研究仍然较多地关注于染色体重组及相应的遗传效应;对于自然选择,特别是生态选择在同倍性杂交成种过程中的作用模式缺乏全面地了解。 本研究以同倍性杂交种-高山松为研究对象,利用地理信息学技术、基于天然群体取样的性状对比分析和人工杂交手段,全面地定量描述了高山松及其亲本种间的生态分化、生态转变下的天然群体生殖适应性、以及生态选择下的形态变异和种间杂交可配性。以此探讨了高山松的杂交成种过程,生态转变和自然选择的重要性以及它们与杂交种适应性、形态变异和生殖隔离之间的关系。利用地理信息学手段,对高山松及其亲本种间的生态分化对比分析表明:高山松与其亲本种间形成了明显的生态转变;在自然选择的作用下,高山松已经具备了对于青藏高原东南缘横断山区高山地带独特的生态适应性;相对于亲本种,它的适应性特征体现为混合型,在某些性状上它高出亲本种的适应性,在另一些性状上,它体现出居中、较低或者类似于亲本种适应性;高山松适生区由于地形地貌的复杂性,往往不连续,呈间断状。基于四个反映结实效率的性状、小孢子母细胞减数分裂异常现象及花粉萌发率在种间的对比分析表明,这些反映生殖状态的指标,在三个种及群体间并没有显著差异;相对于亲本种的天然群体,居于青藏高原的高山松群体,表现出了正常的授粉效率和生殖适应性。高山松天然群体正常的生殖效率表明,它经历了生态转变过程中的选择作用,已经具备了在新生境下,繁殖发展下去的生殖适应性。 在大规模群体取样的基础上,通过对反映植物个体发育和营养状态的球果和针叶形态性状的对比分析,我们发现,高山松及其亲本种间的形态变异存在以下特征:第一,绝大多数性状,在种间和种内群体间都存在着显著的差异,并且大部分性状的差异主要体现在种间;第二,高山松在大部分形态性状上介于两个亲本种之间,少数性状表现为超亲分离、类似于某个亲本或无种间差别;第三,在多数性状上,和亲本种相比,高山松群体都拥有较大的变异幅度。第四,在临近亲本种的群体中,高山松的形态特征更类似于所临近的亲本种。上述形态变异特征及其与气象、土壤、经纬度、海拔等因子间普遍的相关性,意味着生态选择在高山松成种过程中起了重要作用。总的来说,形态性状变异的总体模式揭示出:高山松在选择作用下的遗传和表型的精炼过程中已经形成了自身适应于高原环境的、稳定而有效的形态发育模式和资源利用方式,甚至是恰当的防御机制。 本研究通过云南松×油松的单交实验和油松×高山松部分双列杂交实验,检验了高山松及其亲本种间的杂交可配性。结果表明,就平均水平而言,高山松及其亲本种间的种间杂交结实可配性低于种内杂交,但个别种间杂交组合的结实可配性可能高于种间杂交;高山松及其亲本种间正在或已经形成了部分的合子后生殖障碍;现存的高山松群体及其亲本种间的生态地理隔离可能是很有效的生殖隔离形式,一方面做为合子前生殖隔离,它能避免种间相互传粉、阻碍种间杂交的发生,另一方面做为合子后生殖隔离,它能清除掉可能存在的劣势回交产物。 综合已有的证据,我们提出了高山松同倍性杂交物种形成模型:高山松的同倍性杂交成种是与青藏高原隆升过程以及隆升过程中所产生的全新生态空间紧密相关的;青藏高原隆升导致了生态环境的剧变,创造了全新的生态位,在选择的作用下,拥有综合了双亲遗传基础的杂种基因型开始占领这个全新的生态位;在分化的生态选择的持续作用下,杂种基因型在新的生境下稳定下来,形成了独立于亲本种的资源利用方式、形态特征和繁育系统,具备了完善的生殖和生态适应性;此时,一个与亲本种间以生态隔离存在的同倍性杂交种-高山松形成了;随着分化的生态选择的持续进行,高山松与亲本种间的内在生殖隔离不断加强。

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水力结构就是植物在特定的自然环境条件下,为适应生存竞争的需要所形成的不同形态结构和水分运输供给策略,它对于植物物种的分布、抗逆能力等方面起关键性作用。喀斯特常绿阔叶林生长的特有植物种类以其独特的形态解剖特征和生理适应性,很好的适应了喀斯特地区独特的水分和土壤环境,以维持自身的生存和最适生长。植物的水分关系是喀斯特地区特有植物种类适应环境的核心生理生态学问题之一。贵州喀斯特地区石漠化正日益加剧,因此,对贵州植物水力结构和环境适应性进行研究具有重要的意义。 目前,国内外学者在“冲洗法”中使用的不同冲洗溶质可能对植物木质部水力结构的测定结果等产生较大影响,因此本文首先研究了三种溶质的冲洗溶液对毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)枝条的水力导度和抵抗空穴化能力的影响。实验结果表明: 相对于去离子水,用0.01 M 的草酸和0.03 M KCl溶液作为冲洗溶液,均导致毛白杨木质部导管和油松管胞的水力导度测定值的增大。KCl导致毛白杨和油松木质部抵抗空穴化能力的测定值提高,草酸导致杨树抵抗空穴化能力测定值增强但导致油松抗空穴化能力测定值显著(P<0.01)减弱。小枝水平上,毛白杨和油松的水分运输效率和抗空穴化能力之间没有显著相关性。另外,在截枝实验中发现毛白杨小枝木质部水力导度随长度增加变化不大,而油松枝条的木质部水力导度有逐渐增大的趋势。以上的实验结果表明不同溶质下毛白杨和油松枝条的木质部水力导度和抵抗空穴化能力不同,草酸和KCl可能对木质部管道系统及纹孔处的果胶等产生作用,从而使毛白杨和油松的水力结构发生变化。毛白杨与油松水力结构在去离子水、草酸和KCl的作用下的不同结果及两物种截枝试验下水力导度的不同变化趋势,表明导管运输系统和管胞运输系统可能具有不同的水分运输影响因素。 在贵州花江、普定、荔波等地选择当地森林中39种优势木本植物作为研究对象,对其枝条的水力结构进行研究,结果表明: 该地区优势木本植物的水力结构与其他森林类型相比,其木质部抗栓塞化能力介于热带雨林和热带干热森林之间,而水力导度高于各森林类型的平均值。在石漠化程度不同的地区,植物总体的水力导度和水分运输的安全性没有呈现出明显的规律,但是同种植物在较为干旱的严重石漠化地区,其木质部安全性较高,植物在周围环境的影响下木质部水力结构朝着更适应周围环境的方向发展。 贵州喀斯特地区常绿植物和落叶植物的水力结构差异较为明显(P<0.05)。落叶树种主要在夏季生长,其最大水力导度较高,而冬季依靠落叶等方式度过不利的生长环境,因此其木质部安全性较常绿树种更为脆弱。总体而言,贵州喀斯特森林优势木本植物的在水力导度与安全性之间存在权衡关系,说明在大尺度水平上随着水力导度的提高即水分运输效率的提高,植物木质部抗空穴化的能力降低。

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前人对横断山区特有植物的宏生态学研究已有一定的资料积累,对横断山区在全球生物多样性保护中的关键地位和特有现象已有基本共识:(1)横断山区是全球生物多样性关键地区和生物多样性优先重点保护的热点地区之一;(2)横断山区不仅是中国的三大特有植物分布中心之一,而且是新特有中心和物种分化中心,特有现象的生态成因大于历史成因。横断山区种子植物种类丰富,且具有较高的特有现象,其中既有古特有成分也有新特有成分但更多的是新特有成分。但目前,关于横断山区特有现象与生态特征、特有种分布与物种丰富度、特有种丰富度与海拔梯度以及植被的关系等仍缺乏深入的研究。针对上述问题,本论文初步研究了横断山区(1)特有种的生活型、种子散布方式、传粉方式和繁育系统等生态特征,各生态特征之间的相关关系,以及它们的进化地位;(2)特有种的水平分布格局及环境成因;和(3)特有种和生态特征沿海拔梯度的变化规律。主要结论如下: 1.横断山区含特有植物2396个分类群(包括种、亚种和变种),隶属于372属90科。特有类群在372个属中的分布非常不均匀,约一半的特有类群(50.2%)集中分布在较少的属中(占总属数的6%),含特有类群的属大小差异很大,重要的大属是:马先蒿属、乌头属、杜鹃花属、翠雀属、紫堇属、虎耳草属、报春花属、小檗属、黄芪属、凤毛菊属、蚤缀属、橐吾属、龙胆属、景天属、柳属、苔草属、香茶菜属、凤仙花属、紫菀属、鼠尾草属和蝇子草属等,这些属多以横断山为分布和分化中心,为新特有成分。另外,地面芽植物和隐芽植物等占有绝对优势,而矮高位芽植物、高位芽植物、地面芽植物等占有较低的比例,反映了该特有区系的高山、亚高山植物区系特点,但又不乏与热带植物区系的渊源。与世界其它高山地区相比,该特有区系中的地面芽植物、隐芽植物和一年生植物有较高的比例。 2.草本、风力散布种子、昆虫传粉和两性花等为该特有植物区系的优势生态特征。除传粉方式和生活型间无明显的相互作用外,其它生态特征间都存在明显的正相关关系。定量化研究结果表明该特有区系特有种的传粉方式进化可塑性很小,处于保守(或原始)的进化地位。相反,种子散布方式和繁育系统的进化可塑性较大,处于衍生(或进化)的进化地位,是不同种系在历史发育过程中不同阶段的产物。生活型的进化地位在种间有较大的分异,具较小或较大可塑性的各占有一定的比例,因此生活型中既保留处于保守(或原始)的进化地位也有处于衍生(或进化)的进化地位,两种进化状态的生活型在该特有区系中并存,该特征不但是种系在进化早期决定的,同时也是不同种系在进化过程中获得的。 3. 特有种的分布不均匀,较高比例的特有种局限分布在较少的几个地区,北纬28-29°线是特有种丰富度重要的南北分界线。聚类分析结果表明其分布可以划分为3个物种聚集群:(1)北纬28-29°以北、北纬34°以南的藏东川西北物种聚集群;(2)北纬28-29°以南、北纬26°以北的藏东南—滇西北—川西南物种聚集群;和(3)北纬26°以南、北纬25°以北的滇西北物种聚集群。其中,藏东南—滇西北—川西南物种聚集群特有种丰富度最高,是横断山区特有种分布的核心区;滇西北物种聚集群特有种丰富度最低,藏东川西北物种聚集群特有种丰富度居中。藏东南—滇西北—川西南物种聚集群之所以特有种类丰富很有可能与该小区具有高的物种丰富度和落叶阔叶林、常绿/落叶针叶林的分布有密切的联系。在区域尺度上,横断山区总物种的分布中心与特有中心存在分异。尽管两者都处于北纬28-29°以南、北纬26°以北的藏东南—滇西北—川西南小区,但特有中心具有较小的分布范围,而总物种的丰富度中心分布范围较大。因此,我们推测特有分布中心不但与落叶阔叶林和常绿/落叶针叶林有密切的联系,而且也与物种丰富度有关。特有种与植被类型尤其是与常绿阔叶林和落叶阔叶林的关系研究对揭示特有现象的发生、性质和特点有一定的意义,有关研究尚需进一步开展。此外,海拔高差、区系物种丰富度、地理位置和单元面积为特有种丰富度地理分布的总体变异提供了74.7%的解释。 4.研究地区的南缘和东南缘有高比例的木本特有植物,而草本特有植物的比例相对最低,反映出该横断山区南缘的特有植物与热带植物区系的渊源关系,其成分多为一些古老的特有成分;而高比例和较高比例的草本特有植物在研究地区普遍存在,包括研究区域南、北的大部分地区,显然草本特有植物是横断山的优势特有成分。这种以草本特有植物为特征的高山、亚高山特有植物区系有别于我国其它两大特有植物分布中心。该特有中心的成因的最终解释还需要从物种形成(speciation)、灭绝(extinction)和扩散(biogeographic dispersal)——这三个直接影响一个地区物种数量变化的过程来考虑。 5.特有种丰富度沿海拔梯度呈“单峰” 变化曲线,在中海拔段达到峰值。与中国特有种、世界广布种相比,特有种的峰值最高,最适海拔分布范围最窄。特有率随海拔上升而逐渐增高,但在海拔5000-5500 m左右突然上升,在海拔6000 m左右达到最高值。说明(1)物种分布区和丰富度存在着正相关,即特有种具有小的分布区,而广布种的分布区较大;(2)特有率的线性变化规律反映了物种丰富度和特有现象之间的关系,即物种丰富度最大峰值以上海拔段物种数量减少,但特有率增加,说明了该特有区系的高海拔性质。 6.特有种沿海拔梯度表现出大小明显不同的物种聚集群,可能与横断山区的山地垂直气候及相应的植被类型有关。在2600-4600 m海拔段特有种数量最多,这可能与该海拔段分布着落叶阔叶林和常绿/落叶针叶林有密切的联系。特有植物沿海拔梯度可分为四个不同海拔段的物种聚集群:(1)200-1000 m;(2)1000-2600 m; (3)2600-4600 m;和(4)4600-6400 m。在对应海拔段依次分布着干热河谷稀树灌草丛、常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和常绿/落叶针叶林、高山流石滩稀疏植丛。其中,分布在2600-4600 m海拔段的物种丰富度最高,1000-2600 m海拔段的物种丰富度次之,200-1000 m、4600-6400 m两个海拔段物种丰富度较低。 7.特有区系中占优势的生态特征包括草本、风力散布种子、虫媒传粉、两性花和克隆性等对海拔梯度的适应也呈“单峰” 变化曲线,但该主要特征与次要的生态特征(木本、动物散布种子、风媒传粉、单性花和非克隆性)相比,均具有较高的海拔峰值和较窄的最适分布范围,反映了主要生态特征对中、高海拔的适应特点。主要的生态特征与次要的生态特征并存构成了横断山区特有区系的基本生态特征。

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碳循环是影响地球环境中能量循环和物质流动的重要过程,而由于人类活动带来的大气CO2浓度升高对生态环境带来一系列的影响,如温室效应、海水酸化及全球灾害性气候增加等。海洋是地球上巨大的碳库,近海海域是连接陆地和海洋两大生态系统的关键环节,它接受着河流输入的大量陆源物质,并通过物理、化学和生物过程与大洋进行各种物质和能量交换。经过对海洋碳循环的多年研究,人们对碳在大洋中的迁移转化获得了比较清晰的认识,但对生物地球化学过程极为复杂的近海的研究还存在较多的不确定性。 元素的存在形态对其迁移转化有着重要影响,为研究近海不同形态无机碳,本文采用连续浸取方法,根据无机碳在沉积物中的结合强度,将无机碳分为交换态、弱碱结合态、强碱结合态、弱酸结合态和残渣态,分析了渤海湾、四十里湾附近海域、大亚湾和南海北部海域等中国典型近海海域表层及柱状沉积物中不同形态的无机碳含量,并讨论了其与各地球化学参数之间的关系,得到如下结论: 在各个研究区,沉积物中总无机碳的平均含量分别为:渤海湾6.16 mg/g,四十里湾附近海域7.51 mg/g,大亚湾3.08 mg/g,南海北部海域11.66 mg/g。渤海湾潮间带沉积物的无机碳含量普遍高于潮下带沉积物,四十里湾附近海域柱状样沉积物中无机碳含量一般随埋藏深度的增加而增加,大亚湾沉积物低的无机碳含量可能与低的陆源物质输入有关,南海北部海域表层沉积物无机碳含量分布表现出明显的近岸低深海高的分布特征,高的无机碳含量明显受生物活动影响。 渤海湾沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.63 mg/g、氨水相0.74 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.28 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相3.13 mg/g、残渣相1.38 mg/g。四十里湾附近海域沉积物柱状样各形态无机碳含量为氯化钠相0.54 mg/g、氨水相0.36 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.13 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相6.46 mg/g、残渣相0.02 mg/g。大亚湾沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.45 mg/g、氨水相0.50 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.46 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相1.51 mg/g、残渣相0.16 mg/g。南海北部沉积物中各相无机碳的平均含量为氯化钠相0.52 mg/g、氨水相0.30 mg/g、氢氧化钠相0.17 mg/g、盐酸羟胺相3.79 mg/g、残渣相6.88 mg/g。在所研究的大部分近海沉积物中,盐酸羟胺相是沉积物无机碳的主要形态,只有南海北部海域表层沉积物比较特殊。 渤海湾潮下带沉积物中,碱浸取相(氢氧化钠相和氨水相)无机碳与沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)之间存在较为紧密的联系;潮间带沉积物中,含水率、TOC、TN和粒度等地球化学参数与前3相及残渣相无机碳均有较紧密的联系。四十里湾附近海域柱状沉积物中,沉积物各参数对不同柱状样各形态无机碳的影响差异较大,位于芝罘岛附近的柱状样B主要受粒度影响,含水率、TOC和TN对离岸较近的柱状样D的前两相无机碳和崆峒岛北侧的柱状样E的氯化钠相无机碳有较大影响,沉积物各参数对崆峒岛南侧的柱状样C和离岸最远的柱状样S的影响相对较小。大亚湾沉积物各形态无机碳受环境影响的程度比其它海域弱。南海北部沉积物中,TOC对各形态无机碳影响较强,其中的氨水相无机碳与沉积物各参数间存在较为紧密的联系。 对比各海域的研究结果发现,不同无机碳形态之间,碱浸取相无机碳之间常存在正相关关系,氯化钠相作为比较活泼的无机碳形态,与其它各相之间的关系具有不确定性,弱酸浸取相无机碳与无机碳总量的关系较为紧密,残渣相与其它无机碳形态的关系一般较弱,说明此相无

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Chromosomal homologies have been established between the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, MRE, 2n = 46) and five ovine species: wild goat (Capra aegagrus, CAE, 2n = 60), argall (Ovis ammon, OAM, 2n = 56), snow sheep (Ovis nivicola, ONI, 2n = 52), red goral (Naemorhedus cranbrooki, NCR, 2n = 56) and Sumatra serow (Capricornis sumatraensis, CSU, 2n = 48) by chromosome painting with a set of chromosome-specific probes of the Chinese muntjac. In total, twenty-two Chinese muntjac autosomal painting probes detected thirty-five homologous segments in the genome of each species. The chromosome X probe hybridized to the whole X chromosomes of all ovine species while the chromosome Y probe gave no signal. Our results demonstrate that almost all homologous segments defined by comparative painting show a high degree of conservation in G-banding patterns and that each speciation event is accompanied by specific chromosomal rearrangements. The combined analysis of our results and previous cytogenetic and molecular systematic results enables us to map the chromosomal rearrangements onto a phylogenetic tree, thus providing new insights into the karyotypic evolution of these species.

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As an endangered animal group, musk deer (genus Moschus) are not only a great concern of wildlife conservation, but also of special interest to evolutionary studies due to long-standing arguments on the taxonomic and phylogenetic associations in this group. Using museum samples, we sequenced complete mitochondrial cytochrome b genes (1140 bp) of all suggested species of musk deer in order to reconstruct their phylogenetic history through molecular information. Our results showed that the cytochrome b gene tree is rather robust and concurred for all the algorithms employed (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance methods). Further, the relative rate test indicated a constant sequence substitution rate among all the species, permitting the dating of divergence events by molecular clock. According to the molecular topology, M. moschiferus branched off the earliest from a common ancestor of musk deer (about 700,000 years ago); then followed the bifurcation forming the M. berezouskii lineage and the lineage clustering M. fuscus, M. chrysogaster, and M. leucogaster (around 370,000 years before present), interestingly the most recent speciation event in musk deer happened rather recently (140,000 years ago), which might have resulted from the diversified habitats and geographic barriers in southwest China caused by gigantic movements of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in history. Combining the data of current distributions, fossil records, and molecular data of this study, we suggest that the historical dispersion of musk deer might be from north to south in China. Additionally, in our further analyses involving other pecora species, musk deer was strongly supported as a monophyletic group and a valid family in Artiodactyla, closely related to Cervidae. (C) 1999 Academic Press.

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We compared partial sequences (402 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene in 68 individuals of martens (Martes), weasels (Mustela) and their relatives from the Northern Hemisphere to identify the modes of geographic differentiation in each species. We then compared complete sequences (1140 bp) of the gene in 17 species of the family Mustelidae to know the spatial and temporal modes of speciation, constructing linearized trees with transversional substitutions for deeper lineage divergences and with transversions and transitions for younger lineages. Our data suggested that these lineages of Martes and Mustela differentiated in a stepwise fashion with five radiation stages from the generic divergences (stage I) to the intraspecific divergences (stage V), during the last 10 or 20 million years as the fossil evidence suggests. In the lineage of Martes, the first offshoots are of Martes flavigula, M. pennanti, and Gulo gulo (stage II), the second is M. foina (stage III), and the third are M. americana, M. martes, M. melampus, and M. zibellina (stage IV). The divergence of the lineages of Mustela is likely to have taken place concurrently with the radiations of the Martes. These divergence processes are attributable in part to the geographic allocation along the two continents, North America and Eurasia, as well as among peripheral insular domains, such as Taiwan and the Japanese Islands. In addition, the Eurasian continent itself was shown to have been involved in the species diversification in the martens and weasels.

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Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (1140 bp) and nuclear IRBP (1152 bp) genes were used to assess the evolutionary history of Apodemus, using the complete set of Asian species. Our results indicate that speciation in Asia involved three radiations, which supports an earlier study. The initial radiation yielded A. argenteus (Japanese endemic), A. gurkha (Nepalese endemic), and the ancestral lineage of the remaining Asian species. This lineage subsequently diverged into four groups: agrarius-chevrieri (agrarius group), draco-latronum-semotus (draco group), A. peninsulae, and A. speciosus (Japanese endemic). The final step consisted of divergence within two species groups as a consequence of the geography of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and Taiwan. The ecological ability of two Apodemus-species to inhabit one locality via niche partitioning likely drove the second radiation and shaped the basic geographical pattern seen today: A. argenteus and A. speciosus in Japan, A. agrarius and A. peninsulae in northern China, and the A. agrarius and A. draco groups in southern China. The three radiations are estimated to have occurred 7.5, 6.6, and 1.8-0.8 Mya respectively, using the IRBP clock, based on rat-mouse divergence 12 Mya. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London.

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In spite of several classification attempts among taxa of the genus Lepus, phylogenetic relationships still remain poorly understood. Here, we present molecular genetic evidence that may resolve some of the current incongruities in the phylogeny of the leporids. The complete mitochondrial cytb, 12S genes, and parts of ND4 and control region fragments were sequenced to examine phylogenetic relationships among Chinese hare taxa and other leporids throughout the World using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction approaches. Using reconstructed phylogenies, we observed that the Chinese hare is not a single monophyletic group as originally thought. Instead, the data infers that the genus Lepus is monophyletic with three unique species groups: North American, Eurasian, and African. Ancestral area analysis indicated that ancestral Lepus arose in North America and then dispersed into Eurasia via the Bering Land Bridge eventually extending to Africa. Brooks Parsimony analysis showed that dispersal events followed by subsequent speciation have occurred in other geographic areas as well and resulted in the rapid radiation and speciation of Lepus. A Bayesian relaxed molecular clock approach based on the continuous autocorrelation of evolutionary rates along branches estimated the divergence time between the three major groups within Lepus. The genus appears to have arisen approximately 10.76 MYA (+/- 0.86 MYA), with most speciation events occurring during the Pliocene epoch (5.65 +/- 1.15 MYA similar to 1.12 +/- 10.47 MYA). (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Pancreatic RNase genes implicated in the adaptation of the colobine monkeys to leaf eating have long intrigued evolutionary biologists since the identification of a duplicated RNASE1 gene with enhanced digestive efficiencies in Pygathrix nemaeus. The recent emergence of two contrasting hypotheses, that is, independent duplication and one-duplication event hypotheses, make it into focus again. Current understanding of Colobine RNASE1 gene evolution of colobine monkeys largely depends on the analyses of few colobine species. The present study with more intensive taxonomic and character sampling not only provides a clearer picture of Colobine RNASE1 gene evolution but also allows to have a more thorough understanding about the molecular basis underlying the adaptation of Colobinae to the unique leaf-feeding lifestyle. The present broader and detailed phylogenetic analyses yielded two important findings: 1) All trees based on the analyses of coding, noncoding, and both regions provided consistent evidence, indicating RNASE1 duplication occurred after Asian and African colobines speciation, that is, independent duplication hypothesis; 2) No obvious evidence of gene conversion in RNASE1 gene was found, favoring independent evolution of Colobine RNASE1 gene duplicates. The conclusion drawn from previous studies that gene conversion has played a significant role in the evolution of Colobine RNASE1 was not supported. Our selective constraint analyses also provided interesting insights, with significant evidence of positive selection detected on ancestor lineages leading to duplicated gene copies. The identification of a handful of new adaptive sites and amino acid changes that have not been characterized previously also provide a necessary foundation for further experimental investigations of RNASE1 functional evolution in Colobinae.

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Gaining insight into the mechanisms of chemoreception in aphids is of primary importance for both integrative studies on the evolution of host plant specialization and applied research in pest control management because aphids rely on their sense of smell

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A total of 62 variable osteological and external characters was found among the five currently recognized species of Epalzeorhynchos. When the genera Crossocheilus and Paracrossocheilus are combined as the outgroup, only 30 of these characters can be polarized. This includes six autapomorphies. The remaining 24 polarized characters form a data matrix which yields a single, 26-step tree with a Consistency Index (CI) of 1 and a Retention Index (RI) of 1, The analysis was also performed on a combined dataset in which the 32 unpolarized characters (characters for which the combined outgroup was dimorphic) were added and coded as missing data (i.e., "?"), Analyzing this data matrix with all multistate characters ordered generates the same single most-parsimonious tree with a length of 63 steps, a CI of 0.98 and a RI of 0.97, When either Crossocheilus or Paracrossocheilus is used as the sole outgroup, the same single most-parsimonious tree is produced although the numbers of informative characters and some of the polarities differ. Evidence is presented to support the following hypotheses: (1) E, kalopterus + E, frenatus + E. bicolor + E. munensis form a monophyletic group; (2) E. frenatus + E, bicolor + E, munensis form a monophyletic group with E, kalopterus as its sister group; this speciation event is congruent with the predictions of vicariant speciation mode I; and (3) E. bicolor and E. munensis are sister groups, again congruent with vicariant speciation mode I, Evidence presented here also supports the zoogeographical hypothesis that the faunas of the Indochinese region and the Greater Sundas are more closely related to each other than either of them is to the lower Salween basin fauna and that the lower Mekong, Chao Phraya, and Mac Khlong basin faunas are more closely related to each other than any of them is to the Greater Sundas, In addition, the monophyly of Epalzeorhynchos is also preliminarily discussed by including either Paracrossocheilus or Crossocheilus in the ingroup. It is demonstrated that E. bicornis clusters with Paracrossocheilus when Paracrossocheilus is included in the ingroup. It seems likely that the taxonomic position of E. bicornis will be resolved as more fishes of the Crossocheilus group are included in future studies.

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All Sinocrossocheilus species, except S. microstomatus, are reviewed. Four new species, S. labiata, S. papillolabra, S. nigrovittata, and S. longibulla, are described. The genus Sinocrossocheilus differs from other genera of Cyprinidae by the last simple dorsal fin ray being unserrated and unossified, the last unbranched anal fin ray being unserrated and unossified, the 5-branched anal fin rays, the mouth gap being inferior, the rostral cap covering the lower jaw and connecting directly with the lower lip, a row of fleshy lobes on the lower jaw, and a cloudy black spot above the pectoral fin. Sinocrossocheilus labiata is small and has 22 predorsal scales; S. longibulla has a very large air bladder; S. papillolabra possesses a well-developed ventral fin and a wide band covered by fleshy papillae on the lower lip; and S. nigrovittata possesses black longitudinal stripes along the lateral line. Crossocheilus bamaensis and Crossocheilus liuchengensis are transferred to the genus Sinocrossocheilus. Sinocrossocheilus species are endemic to the central and eastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China, where river systems are anfractuous, including seasonal rivers, cave rivers, underground rivers, and streamlets between mountains. These separated rivers probably provide conditions for the allopatric speciation of the Sinocrossocheilus.