113 resultados para Feedlot runoff


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Salt water intrusion occurred frequently during dry season in Modaomen waterway of the Pearl River Estuary. With the development of region's economy and urbanization, the salt tides affect the region's water supply more and more seriously in recent years. Regulation and allocation of freshwater resources of the upper rivers of the estuary to suppress the salt tides is becoming important measures for ensuring the water supply security of the region in dry season. The observation data analysis showed that the flow value at the Wuzhou hydrometric station on the upper Xijiang river had a good correlation with the salinity in Modaomen estuary. Thus the flow rate of Wuzhou has been used as a control variable for suppression of salt tides in Modaomen estuary. However, the runoff at Wuzhou mainly comes from the discharge of Longtan reservoir on the upper reaches of Xijiang river and the runoff in the interval open valley between Longtan and Wuzhou sections. As the long distance and many tributaries as well as the large non-controlled watershed between this two sections, the reservoir water scheduling has a need for reasonable considering of interaction between the reservoir regulating discharge and the runoff process of the interval open watershed while the deployment of suppression flow at Wuzhou requires longer lasting time and high precision for the salt tide cycles. For this purpose, this study established a runoff model for Longtan - Wuzhou interval drainage area and by model calculations and observation data analysis, helped to understand the response patterns of the flow rate at Wuzhou to the water discharge of Longtan under the interval water basin runoff participating conditions. On this basis, further discussions were taken on prediction methods of Longtan reservoir discharge scheduling scheme for saline intrusion suppression and provided scientific and typical implementation programs for effective suppression flow process at the Wuzhou section.

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Seagrasses, marine flowering plants, have a long evolutionary history but are now challenged with rapid environmental changes as a result of coastal human population pressures. Seagrasses provide key ecological services, including organic carbon production and export, nutrient cycling, sediment stabilization, enhanced biodiversity, and trophic transfers to adjacent habitats in tropical and temperate regions. They also serve as “coastal canaries,” global biological sentinels of increasing anthropogenic influences in coastal ecosystems, with large-scale losses reported worldwide. Multiple stressors, including sediment and nutrient runoff, physical disturbance, invasive species, disease, commercial fishing practices, aquaculture, overgrazing, algal blooms, and global warming, cause seagrass declines at scales of square meters to hundreds of square kilometers. Reported seagrass losses have led to increased awareness of the need for seagrass protection, monitoring, management, and restoration. However, seagrass science, which has rapidly grown, is disconnected from public awareness of seagrasses, which has lagged behind awareness of other coastal ecosystems. There is a critical need for a targeted global conservation effort that includes a reduction of watershed nutrient and sediment inputs to seagrass habitats and a targeted educational program informing regulators and the public of the value of seagrass meadows.

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Field plots observations indicate that applying polyacrylamide to soil can reduce surface runoff by 18 4%~46 8%,decrease soil erosion by 13%~55%,and increase soil organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphate,available potassium in different degrees compared with not application.In addition,applying polyacrylamide can also increase corn yield by 540 5kg·ha -1 ,and net income by 240 5ha.

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通过野外天然降雨产流及人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同植被对坡面土壤侵蚀及土壤铜元素流失的影响及降雨过程中铜元素的流失规律。结果表明:(1)紫花苜蓿、绿豆、荒草3种植被覆盖小区的年径流量为5183.8,5 366.2,3 867.3 m~3/km~2,比裸地减少33%,30.8%和50.1%;侵蚀模数为379.18.482.3,15.78 t/km~2,比裸地减少34.7%,16.4%和97.2%;全年全铜流失量为12.9,25.5,0.46 kg/km~2,有效铜流失量为6.22,11.01,0.15 kg/ km~2,分别比裸地减少67.3%,35.3%,98.8%和54.6%,19.6%,98.9%;(2)在模拟降雨过程中,农地小区的产流产沙强度过程呈现波动上升趋势,产沙过程波动较产流过程剧烈。铜元素流失强度过程与产流产沙强度过程相似,但其峰值多于产流产沙过程,且最高峰出现时间不同。有效铜流失强度变化率略高于全铜。

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根据安塞水土保持试验站1993~2002年林地径流小区的降雨产流产沙的定位观测资料及2002年土壤含水量资料,分析了不同树种对坡面尺度降雨产流产沙及土壤水分的影响。结果表明:场降雨径流小区的产流量、产沙量与降雨量具有较好的相关性;多元回归分析表明,场降雨产流量和产沙量与降雨量和最大30min雨强的乘积呈正相关,与植被覆盖度呈负相关,场降雨产沙量回归方程复相关系数为0.253,各处理场降雨产流量回归方程复相关系数的变化范围为0.465~0.723,均达到了极显著的水平(P<0.01)。同时,各树种均具有良好的减流减沙功能,与农地相比,年均产流量和产沙量分别减少4.8%~52.9%和26.8%~86.0%;沙棘纯林及其混交林的减流减沙效益优于油松纯林。同时,沙棘纯林及其各混交林在造林初期就表现出良好的减流减沙效益,随着树龄的增长,其作用更加明显;而油松纯林在造林初期作用不明显,甚至出现产流量和产沙量大于农地的现象,但随着树龄的增长,减流减沙作用逐渐呈现并增大。沙棘纯林及其混交林30cm以下土壤含水量在整个生长季中均呈递减趋势,生长季初(4月份)土壤含水量最高,而生长季末(10月份)降到最低值。2002年沙棘纯林的...

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通过不同降雨强度的模拟降雨试验,研究了15°时坡面坡长对黄土坡面侵蚀—搬运过程的影响。结果表明,坡面径流量随坡长的增加而增加,在50和75 mm/h降雨强度下,坡面径流量随坡长增加的幅度基本相同。在100 mm/h降雨强度下,当坡长小于5 m时,坡面径流量随坡长的增加幅度较小,而当坡长大于5 m时,坡面径流量随坡长增加的速率明显增大。在8 m坡长内,坡面侵蚀量随坡长变化呈波状起伏的交替变化;随坡长增加,坡面侵蚀现象呈现以侵蚀—搬运过程为主与以侵蚀—沉积过程为主的交替现象。

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综合国内外有关文献,论述了坡地土壤养分迁移与流失的影响因素,包括降雨特征、下垫面条件、土壤特征、管理措施等,表明坡地土壤养分迁移与流失是一个复杂的物理化学过程;坡地养分迁移与流失的形态和途径,主要为吸附于泥沙颗粒表面的养分随径流液(溶解态)和泥沙(结合态)流出坡地和部分养分的淋溶;强调了坡地养分流失对环境污染的严重影响,而且污染范围很广,在污染河流和地下水的同时导致水体富营养化,同时因反硝化过程所产生的氮氧化合物对大气也形成了污染。最后介绍了坡地养分流失的预测预报模型,并在此基础上,讨论了坡地养分迁移与流失研究存在的问题和发展趋势。

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采用延河甘谷驿水文站控制区1965-2002年降水量、径流量和输沙量资料,分析了人类活动对河流水沙变化的影响。与以往以年代为基准期的分段方法不同,本研究根据河流含沙量距平累计值变化特征,把延河水沙变化过程划分为5个时段,并以含沙量持续较高的时段Ⅰ(1965-1971年)为基期,分析了各时段径流量和输沙量的变化特征。以基期单位降水产沙量和产流量为参数,计算了各时段全年和汛期的计算输沙量和径流量。通过比较计算和实测的输沙量和径流量,分析了各时段人类活动对全年和汛期输沙量和径流量的影响。研究表明,根据含沙量距平累计值划分时段可以更好反映河流水沙变化特征:治理期人类活动平均减少年和汛期输沙量分别约50.3%和40.0%;而减少年和汛期径流量的幅度分别约为19.8%和34.2%。人类活动在时段Ⅱ(1971-1976年)和时段Ⅴ(1997-2001年)对水沙的影响较大,而在时段Ⅳ(1987-1996年)影响较小,且表现复杂。

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研究黄土高原沟壑区不同树种幼林的水土保持效益及其适应性。【方法】以草地为对照,对黄土高原沟壑区刺槐、油松、沙棘、侧柏纯林及其混交林径流小区的产流产沙情况、土壤水分状况及各树种的生理特性进行了分析。【结果】造林初期,各树种及其不同造林方式的水土保持效益均比较差,处于水土保持功能低下阶段,土壤侵蚀的差异主要是由植被的不同覆盖度引起的,二者呈二次多项式关系;回归分析表明,当覆盖度达53%时土壤侵蚀较为轻微。草地和各树种林下0~250 cm土层土壤水分变化较大,其中以刺槐消耗土壤水分最多,其次是侧柏,油松、沙棘和草地之间差异不明显;刺槐纯林与其混交林下土壤水分的差异比较明显,而其他树种不同造林方式下的土壤水分无明显差异。各树种叶片的水分利用效率表现为侧柏>油松≈沙棘>刺槐,油松与沙棘混交造林后两者的水分利用效率都有显著提高;各树种叶片的蒸腾速率表现为刺槐≈沙棘>油松>侧柏,沙棘与油松或刺槐混交后,油松与刺槐的蒸腾速率均有所降低,而沙棘变化不显著。【结论】综合考虑树种的水保效益及其适应性可以发现,沙棘与油松混交可能是黄土高原沟壑区较为适宜的一种造林方式。

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人工模拟放水冲刷试验研究结果表明 ,随放水冲刷强度的增大 ,不同土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质和全氮流失加剧 ,泥沙全氮和有机质富集程度减少 ;当给不同土壤施等量的硝酸铵时 ,发现随径流流失化肥的铵态氮和硝态氮分别占施入量的 0 .9%~ 3 .5 %和 8.2 %~ 19.7% ,硝酸铵主要随径流流失 ,以泥沙颗粒流失量甚微 ;土壤侵蚀、有机质和全氮流失量与 >2 0 μm团聚体相关系数分别为 -0 .893 5、-0 .792 8和 -0 .815 1,2 0 μm直径的团聚体是区分土壤有机质和全氮流失的标准

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在实测资料的基础上借助流域水沙耦合模型中的产流模式 ,将水土保持减水型措施和植被型措施在减流中的作用定量分割开来 ,为区域水土流失综合治理提供基础数据 .结果显示 ,高度综合治理的插财主沟和杨家沟小流域平均减水分别为 6 6 .2 %和 5 8.7% .其中减水型措施分别减水 42 .0 %和 19.8% ,植被型措施分别为 2 4.2 %和 38.9% .与未治理小流域相比 ,综合治理使小流域拦蓄水程度明显提高 ,减水型措施拦蓄径流作用显著高于植被型措施

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从流域产流规律及水土保持措施改变引起的土壤水分状况和流域蒸散发的变化等方面评价了黄土丘陵沟壑区泉家沟流域水土保持措施变化对流域水分生态环境的影响。结果表明:水土保持与生态建设过程改变了土地利用结构,对小流域水环境变迁具有很大的影响作用,主要表现在:减少地表径流量,径流模数1996~2000年平均较1980~1985年减少了36.1%;不同治理措施土壤水分状况不同,灌木林地、人工草地和乔木林地均存在深度和厚度不等的土壤"干层";不同地貌部位土壤储水差异很大,阴坡的水分环境优于阳坡,沟底优于峁顶,缓坡优于陡坡;林草措施对流域总蒸散量起着决定性作用,1991~1995年流域林草地面积达到最大,总蒸散量也达到最大,与治理初期相比,总蒸散量累计增加了56.3mm。

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黄土高塬沟壑区沟头溯源侵蚀非常普遍,已经对塬面地区的土地、农田、村庄民居、道路和工厂造成了严重的威胁。通过对董志塬的调查发现,影响溯源侵蚀的因素为自然和人为因素两类。自然因素主要包括降雨径流、地形地貌和土质。总结出溯源侵蚀的发生类型为水力冲刷型、陷穴诱发型、裂缝诱发型和人为诱发型。溯源侵蚀的过程从时间顺序上可分为3个阶段,主要分为水力冲刷阶段、水力和重力共同作用阶段、重力侵蚀阶段。最后,根据不同类型的沟头侵蚀与活动特点,提出了沟头的主要防护措施。

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通过人工模拟降雨试验研究了谷子地不同留茬高度及不同坡度的水土保持效应。结果表明,15cm留茬高度相对于未留茬处理径流量减少了18.6%,留茬5cm与10cm无显著减少径流作用;留茬能够减小产沙量14.36%~19.47%;5,10,及15cm留茬高度对产流时间没有显著影响,坡度的变化对产流时间无显著影响;坡度为10°时,径流对土壤的侵蚀最明显;留茬高度为15cm的处理水土保持效应最佳。