55 resultados para Changing Manpower Supply


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We have studied, both experimentally and theoretically, the aggregation morphology of the ABA amphiphilic triblock copolymer in dilute solution by changing the solvent property. Experimental results showed that the micellar morphology changed from spheres to rods and then to vesicles by changing the common solvent from N-N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to dioxane and then to tetrahydrofuran (THF). These controllable aggregates were also obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The simulative results showed that the solvent property is a key factor that determines the copolymer aggregation morphology. The morphology changed from spheres to rods and then to vesicles by increasing the solvent solubility, corresponding to the change of stretched of the copolymer chains in the micellar cores. This result is in good agreement with the experimental one. Moreover, the simulative results revealed that the end-to-end distant of the ABA triblock copolymer in the vesicle was larger than that in the spheres and rods, indicating that the copolymer chains were more stretched in vesicles than in the spheres and rods. Furthermore, we gave the distribution of the fraction of the chain number with the end-to-end distance. The results indicated that the amount of folded chains is almost the same as that of stretched chains in the vesicle. Although most chains were folded, stretched chains could be found in the rod and sphere micelles.

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Benthic foraminiferal analysis of 29 samples in surface sediments from the southern Okinawa Trough is carried out. The results indicate that benthic foraminiferal abundance decreases rapidly with increasing water depth. Percentage frequencies of agglutinated foraminifera further confirm the modem shallow carbonate lysocline in the southern Okinawa Trough. From continental shelf edge to the bottom of Okinawa Trough, benthic foraminiferal fauna in the surface sediments can be divided into 5 assemblages: (1) Continental shelf break assemblage, dominated by Cibicides pseudoungerianus, corresponds to subsurface water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (2) upper continental slope assemblage, dominated by Cassidulina carinata, Globocassidulina subglobosa, corresponds to intermediate water mass of the Kuroshio Current; (3) intermediate continental slope assemblage, dominated by Uvigerina hispida, corresponds to the Okinawa Trough deep water mass above the carbonate lysocline; (4), lower continental slope - trough bottom assemblage, dominated by Pullenia bulloides, Epistominella exigua and Cibicidoides hyalinus, corresponds to deep water mass of the Okinawa Trough; and (5) trough bottom agglutinated assemblage, dominated by Rhabdammina spp., Bathysiphon flavidus, corresponds to I strongly dissolved environment of the trough bottom. The benthic foraminiferal fauna in the southern Okinawa Trough are controlled jointly by water masses and food supply. Water temperature, oxygen concentration and carbonate dissolution of the water masses are important controlling factors especially for the continental shelf break and trough bottom assemblages. The food supply also plays an important role in these benthic foraminiferal assemblages along the western slope. of the Okinawa Trough. Both the abundance and the 5 assemblages of benthic foraminifera correspond well to the organic matter supply along the continental slope and a lateral transport of TSM (total suspended matter) and POC (particulate organic carbon) from the shelf break to the deep water is also an important food supply for benthic fauna in this region.

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海水经济鱼类的养殖在我国已经形成第四次海水养殖浪潮,经济效益显著,有力地推动了我国海水养殖的产业结构调整和可持续发展。然而在海水养殖发展过程中也存在着诸多问题,尤其是早期发育阶段的高死亡率,严重制约了我国海水养殖产业的稳定和健康发展。 海水鱼类养殖的关键为高质量,高存活率苗种的生产和培育,由于鱼类种类繁多,生物多样性丰富,对应实际的繁育技术,尤其是新品种的开发,必须要做出相应的调整。这就要求我们必须对每一种鱼类早期发育有所了解,并将形态和组织上的数据用于指导生产。 本文通过显微观察和组织学研究,主要描述和研究了我国北方三种重要的海水经济鱼类(条斑星鲽、杂交鲆、条石鲷)的早期发育生物学,并结合实际生产进一步阐明关键期的产生原因,机理以及采用相应的对策。具体结果如下: 1.条斑星鲽:作为冷温性鲆鲽鱼类,条斑星鲽早期发育过程的特征主要有: ① 条斑星鲽受精卵无油球,卵子呈半浮性;不同步卵裂现象提前,发生在第三次卵裂;卵裂期裂球大小差异大。孵化过程较长,在水温8 ± 0.3℃,盐度33的条件下,经9 d孵化。条斑星鲽胚胎发育的不同时期对温度的敏感性不同,其中原肠期对温度比较敏感。 ②在8-10℃,盐度33的条件下,8-9 dph开口摄食。且开口时,其吻前端出现有一点状黑褐色素,构成了条斑星鲽仔鱼“开口期”的重要标志。卵黄囊于消失。在后期仔鱼末期,背鳍和臀鳍上形成特有的黑褐色条斑带。 ③杯状细胞首先出现在咽腔后部和食道前段,胃腺和幽门盲囊出现于29 dph,变态期始于30dph。在条斑星鲽早期发育过程中,观察到其直肠粘膜层细胞质出现大量嗜伊红颗粒,为仔鱼肠道上皮吸收的蛋白质。 ④首先淋巴化的免疫器官是头肾,然后是胸腺和脾脏,这与大部分硬骨鱼类不同。条斑星鲽除头肾和脾脏外,胸腺实质也形成MMCs。其中以脾脏形成MMCs最为丰富,形态多样。 2. 杂交鲆:为同属的牙鲆和夏鲆间的远缘杂交种,其发育过程的特点为: ① 在温度为15.4~16.0℃,杂交鲆胚胎从受精到孵化所需的时间为76 h左右,胚孔关闭前期,胚胎先出现视囊及克氏囊,而后形成体节。孵出前胚体在卵膜内环绕不到1周。 ② 孵化后消失。杂交鲆群体变态间隔长(34-60 dph),且变态高峰期出现的冠状幼鳍不明显(与母本牙鲆相比),数量为7-8根。 ③组织学观察发现,其消化系统中胃腺出现较晚,且胃腺发育过程缓慢(与母本牙鲆相比)。甲状腺滤泡增生不明显,颜色较浅,数量较少。杂交鲆在早期发育过程中,并没有出现鳔原基。 3. 条石鲷作为岩礁性的暖水性鱼类,早期发育过程也较为特殊,包括外形以及内部的器官结构。主要特点有: ① 受精卵:受精卵卵黄上具有龟裂结构,为鱼卵的分类特征之一。 ② 初孵仔鱼:初孵仔鱼背鳍膜上的黑色素,从体背面向背鳍膜边缘移动,到3dph仔鱼基本消失,此为本种仔鱼发育所特有的特点。 ③ 后期仔鱼和稚鱼:肠道肌肉层加厚明显,仔稚鱼胃肠排空率急剧上升,死亡率增加,通过改善常规的投饵方式部分解决了这个死亡高峰的问题。在幼鱼初期,牙齿融合为骨喙,为石鲷科鱼类的特征。 ④胸腺上皮分泌细胞:类似的现象同样在虹鳟鱼中发现,但是虹鳟鱼胸腺上皮分泌细胞不如条石鲷的丰富,同样也不如条石鲷的排列整齐,而是零星分布在胸腺上皮与咽腔接触的表面。除了正常的造血器官—脾脏和头肾外,肝脏、胰腺和鳔等多种组织等也出现MMCs,此现象在硬骨鱼类不多见,一般发生在软骨鱼类。

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The effects of temperature and food availability on the life history strategy of the planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus in the southern Yellow Sea in summer were studied in this paper. The fifth copepodite stage (CV) dominates the population in the central part of the southern Yellow Sea, where the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) occurs below the thermocline. Incubation experiments were conducted on CV C. sinicus caught from the YSCWM to examine the effects of temperature and food availability. Temperature at the surface (27degreesC) is lethal to CVs regardless of food availability. At the temperature in the middle of the thermocline (18degreesC), survival time of the specimens depends on food availability, being similar to20 days in treatments without extra food supply. At the temperature in the YSCWM (9degreesC), most animals survive at the end of 27 day incubation even in treatments without food supply. Developmental rate of CVs at 9degreesC without extra food supply is extremely low. The increase of either temperature or food supply promotes the developmental rate of CVs. According to these results, the surface layers with high temperature and low food abundance are detrimental for the survival and reproduction of C. sinicus. Low temperature and low food availability in the YSCWM help CV to maintain a much lower developmental rate and higher survival rate. The ecological trait of C. sinicus in the southern Yellow Sea in summer cannot be sufficiently explained solely by the effects of temperature.

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Geo-ecological transect studies in the pastures of the upper catchment of the HuangHe (99 degrees 30'-100 degrees 00'E/35 degrees 30'-35 degrees 40'N'; 3,000-4,000 in a.s.l., Qinghai province, China) revealed evidence that pastures replace forests. Plot-based vegetation records and fenced grazing exclosure experiments enabled the identification of grazing indicator plants for the first time. The mapping of vegetation patterns of pastures with isolated juniper and Spruce forests raise questions as to the origin of the grasslands, which arc widely classified as "natural" at present. Soil investigations and charcoal fragments of Juniperus (8,153 +/- 63 uncal BP) and Picea (6,665 +/- 59 uncal BP) provide evidence of the wider presence of forests. As temperatures and rainfall records undoubtedly represent a forest climate, it is assumed that the present pastures have replaced forests. Circumstantial evidence arising from investigations into the environmental history of the Holocene effectively substantiates this theory.

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Stable nitrogen isotope signatures of major sources of mineral nitrogen ( mineralization of soil organic nitrogen, biological N-2 fixation by legumes, annual precipitation and plant litter decomposition) were measured to relatively define their individual contribution to grass assimilation at the Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem, Qinghai, China. The results indicated that delta N-15 values (- 2.40 parts per thousand to 0.97 parts per thousand) of all grasses were much lower than those of soil organic matter (3.4 +/- 0.18 parts per thousand) and mineral nitrogen ( ammonium and nitrate together,7.8 +/- 0.57 parts per thousand). Based on the patterns of stable nitrogen isotopes, soil organic matter (3.4 +/- 0.18 parts per thousand), biological N-2 fixation (0 parts per thousand), and precipitation (- 6.34 +/- 0.24 parts per thousand) only contributed to a small fraction of nitrogen requirements of grasses, but plant litter decomposition (- 1.31 +/- 1.01 parts per thousand) accounted for 67%.

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供应链管理使企业在变化的市场环境中有效地与其它企业合作 ,取得集体竞争优势。本文首先讨论了后勤学与供应链管理的定义和之间的关系。本文认为供应链管理的核心是物流与信息流的控制。物流控制决策主要包括操作层次的库存补充和运输路径规划 ,以及战略层次的设施地点规划。信息流管理跨越部门与企业的界限将相关的应用集成起来。动态联盟协调各企业内部的生产经营活动 ,战略性地决定物流与信息流的构形。