线性低密度聚乙烯和聚苯乙烯共混物的原位增容及其形态/结构和性能

用反应挤出方法制备了线性低密度聚乙烯 /聚苯乙烯 (LLDPE/PS)合金材料。为了增加两相间的相容性 ,采用了 Al Cl3作为催化剂引发烷基化反应。由于在反应挤出过程中原位形成了 LLDPE-g-PS接枝共聚物 ,该合金材料的抗冲击性能和韧性得到很大的提高。当 m(LLDPE)∶m(PS)为 80∶ 2 0时 ,与相同组成的用简单物理共混的 LLDPE/PS相比 ,其悬臂梁冲击强度由 88.5 J/m增加到 40 1 .6J/m,断裂伸长率由 3 70 %提高到 790 %。对经四氢呋喃抽提后的接枝共聚物用拉曼光谱进行了表征 ,发现聚乙烯分子链接枝到聚苯乙烯的苯环对位上。用扫描电镜观察了反应共混体系和简单物理共混物的形态 ,前者分散相的尺寸小于 1 μm,后者分散相的尺寸则较大 ,一般为 3～ 4μm。对反应共混体系中聚乙烯的结晶行为的研究结果表明 ,该体系中的 LLDPE产生了分步结晶现象 ,这可以解释为体系中接枝共聚物的存在对 LLDPE的结晶有抑制作用

AN EXPERIMENTAL-STUDY ON MEMBRANE DISTILLATION CRYSTALLIZATION FOR TREATING WASTE-WATER IN TAURINE PRODUCTION

The solution of non-volatile solutes can be concentrated to saturation by membrane distillation. If the solute is easy to crystalize, the membrane distillation-crystallization phenomenon will appear during the membrane distillation of saturated solutions. It is possible that crystalline products are separated from concentrated solutions by a membrane process. In this work the PVDF capillary membrane, which was improved on hydrophobicity by using LiCl instead of a water-soluble polymer as an additive, has been used for treating the waste water of taurine. The crystalline product has been obtained from the waste water by the membrane distillation-crystallization technique. The results have shown good prospects for a membrane distillation application for treatment of industrial waste water.

氯磺化聚乙烯的γ-辐射交联

氯磺化聚乙烯(简称CSM)由于存在SO_2Cl基团很容易通过金属氧化物进行化学交联,但至今未见其辐射交联的详细报道.本文探讨氯含量对CSM辐射交联的影响. 所用CSM系吉林化工公司产品:20型(含氯量29～33％,下同),40型(33～37％)和30型(40～45％).将CSM和防老D按一定比例混炼均匀,再在140℃左右热压成形.试样用3.33×10~(15)Bg ~(60)Co于室温限量空气下进行辐照.辐照过的试样于80℃处理2小时以消除俘陷自由基.在氮气保护下先后用二甲苯和无水乙醇,加热回流48小时和8小时,测定凝胶含量.

基于交叉抚育的雄性根田鼠对异性同胞尿气味的识别

通过交叉抚育建立室内繁殖种群,在断奶后(80日龄)分别取这些供体的新鲜尿气味作刺激物,在行为观察箱中观察和记录雄性根田鼠对雌鼠气味的行为反应,以研究根田鼠同胞识别的化学通讯机制.结果表明:①在不同的发育时期(2～70日龄),雄性同巢同胞与异巢同胞的体重没有显著差异.②雄性根田鼠对雌性同巢非同胞气味的接近潜伏期显著长于对异巢非同胞的接近潜伏期(P＜0.05),其对异巢非同胞气味的访问时间和嗅舔时间都显著高于同巢非同胞气味(P＜0.05).③雄性根田鼠对雌性异巢同胞和异巢非同胞气味的不存在明显偏好.其对两者的接近潜伏期、访问频次、访问时间、嗅舔频次和嗅舔时间等行为响应均无显著差异(P＜0.05).这些结果表明,80日龄时,雄性根田鼠能够识别熟悉和陌生的无亲属关系雌性尿气味,但不能区分陌生的亲属和非亲属,因此,其异性同胞识别的机制为共生熟悉模式.`

国产6种点地梅属植物的核型及其系统学意义

报道了点地梅属6种12个居群的染色体数目和核型。它们的染色体数目（2n）、核型公式（KF）、染色体相对长度组成（CRL）、核型不对称性系数（A. sK％）和核型类型（KT）分别为：点地梅在南京的2个居群都是2n=2x=20，KF=18m+2sm, CRL=2L+6M_2+10M_1+2S，核型KT属于1A型，但核型不对称性系数As. K％分别是55.04％和56.71％；北点地梅在内蒙古锡林郭勒和白音锡勒居群的2n=2x=20，KF分别为16m+2sm+2st+1b和16m+2sm+2st+4b，染色体相对长度组成分别是14M_2+4M_1+2S+1b和12M_2+6M_1+2S+4b，核型不对称性系数As. K％分别是57.65％和58.86％，属2A型和2B型；高原点地梅在青海玛沁县昌马河居群和兴海县温泉居群都是2n=2x=20，KF=10m+8sm+2st。但相对长度组成分别为12M_2+8M_1和4L+6M_2+6M_1+4S, As. K％分别是60.35％和62.57％，属2A型和2B型；雅江点地梅在青海玛多县巴颜喀拉山居群和大通县达坡山居群分别为2n=4x=40和20n=6x=60，KF=36m+2sm+2st和KF=46m+10sm+4st+2b, CRL=2l+20M_2+14M_1+4S和GRL=6L+30M_2+16M_1+8S+2b, As.K％分别为55.62％和58.31％，核型均属于2B；巴颜喀拉山北坡的鳞叶点地梅2n=40、60、80。西藏点地梅青湖居群中有2种细胞型：①2n=2x=24, KF=12m+6sm+6st+4b, CRL=6L+2M_2+8M_1+4S+4b, As. K％＝65.74％，核型属2B；②2n=2x=22,KF=14m+4sm(2SAT)+4st, CRL=4L+6M_2+8M_1(2SAT)+4S,As. K％=63.40％，核型也属于2B。西宁西山湾居群也有2种细胞型；①2n=3x=36, KF=36m,CRL=4L+12M_2+20M_1, As. K％=54.82％，核型属1A；②2n=3x=33,KF=33m, CRL=3L+12M_2+18M_1,As. K％=52.11％，核型属1A。点地梅属的染色体原始基数可能是x=10，在种间或种内观察到有3种核型变化：染色体非整倍性变化、多倍化和核型不对称性变化。将2倍体居群的核型和不对称性进行比较，可以看出点地梅是较对称的核型。因此，在研究的种中应是比较原始的类群。北点地梅的核型不对称性和进化程度高于点地梅而低于高原点地梅和西藏点地梅。染色体多倍化的雅江点地梅、鳞叶点地梅和西藏点地梅等在核型上也许是最进化的类群。

自动化制造系统的产生与发展

探讨了自动化与制造业的产生和互促发展过程 ,论述了自动化制造系统的形成和不同发展阶段的内涵及重大作用 ,指出自动化技术与制造技术是驱动自动化制造系统发展的两个轮子 ,不能忽视任何一个侧面 ,自动化研究与制造技术研究相结合是发展先进制造技术的必由之路

利用“p100/q100”律对胶东地区金矿资源潜力估计

利用幂函数分布在高端截尾 (uppertruncation)条件下具有分形性质 ,即尺度不变的特征 ,证明了统计量q具有分形性质 ,即它与尺度参数k无关。在总体的随机变量X服从幂函数分布条件下 ,从“p10 0 /q10 0”律的概率形式推出“p10 0 /q10 0”律的分形形式 ;“80 /2 0”律是“p10 0 /q10 0”律的一种特殊分形形式。当a =1.16,p =0 .2 0时 ,q =0 .80 ;将“p10 0 /q10 0”律应用于山东胶东地区金矿床储量数据 ,得到了该地区大中小型金矿床的“p10 0 /q10 0”律表达式和相应的百分数。比较理论计算的结果与样本观察值计算的结果大小 ,可预测该地区可能存在 1个或 2个大型金矿床.

湖泊生态系统铁同位素与硫同位素地球化学研究--以红枫湖、阿哈湖为例

湖泊生态系统是陆地水体生态系统的重要组成部分。随着社会经济的不断发展，各种人为因素对湖泊生态系统的影响日益突出，打破了其自然演变规律，诸如 “二次污染”、水体富营养化、重金属污染等环境问题接踵而来。而铁是水生生态系统初级生产力所必需的重要微量营养元素之一，在一定的条件下可以控制和影响浮游藻类的生长速度和种类；而且，铁的氧化还原敏感性很强，其价态的改变往往会影响其它相关重金属的迁移和转化。因此，湖泊生态系统中铁的生物地球化学循环研究具有非常重要的意义。近年来的研究显示，铁同位素分析技术可以用于各种生物作用和非生物作用过程的研究，在海洋和河流生态系统中已有广泛的应用，而对湖泊生态系统的研究则鲜见报导。乌江流域中等富营养化的湖泊――红枫湖和贵阳西南郊矿化程度较高的湖泊――阿哈湖是研究湖泊生态系统中铁生物地球化学循环的理想场所。本文选取这两个性质不同的湖泊为研究对象，运用硫同位素、铁同位素及重金属和营养盐等地球化学方法手段，对两湖流域内硫酸盐的来源、硫同位素的季节和剖面变化特征、铁的来源及铁同位素组成的季节和剖面变化特征及其控制和影响因素等进行了研究和探讨，进一步完善了铁同位素分馏机理，为深化理解和研究湖泊生态系统中铁和硫的生物地球化学循环提供一定的科学依据。论文所获的主要认识总结如下： 两湖流域内湖水与河水的硫酸盐硫同位素地球化学 （1）阿哈湖流域和红枫湖流域水体的硫酸盐浓度和δ34S值均有较宽的分布范围。各入湖支流中，受煤矿废水或煤矸石淋溶液污染的河水的δ34S值相对较低（-8.10‰～-14.92‰），而受生活污水影响严重的河水则具有相对较高的δ34S值（-5.68‰～+0.88‰）。相比而言，阿哈湖流域水体纳入了大量的煤矿废水和煤矸石淋溶液，硫污染程度较红枫湖流域更为严重。因此，阿哈湖湖水具有相对较高的硫酸根浓度（平均为2.30 mmol.L-1）和相对较低的δ34S值（平均为-8.10‰），而红枫湖则具有相对较低的硫酸根浓度（平均为0.96 mmol.L-1）和相对较高的δ34S值（平均为-6.80‰）。 （2）阿哈湖湖水中的硫酸盐主要受煤矿废水、煤矸石淋溶液以及雨水等的控制；红枫湖湖水的硫酸盐主要来源于煤中黄铁矿的氧化和雨水输入，土壤硫化物的氧化和蒸发岩的溶解对湖水硫酸盐硫同位素组成的贡献较小。相比之下，雨水对红枫湖湖水硫同位素的影响更为明显。 （3）红枫湖和阿哈湖湖水的硫酸盐的δ34S值均具有明显的剖面变化特征，而且两湖的变化趋势相似，总体表现为，夏秋季节表层湖水和底层湖水的δ34S值相对较高，而冬春季节湖水剖面上下几乎没有变化。湖水硫酸盐浓度也呈现类似的变化特征，这主要与季节性厌氧湖泊夏季分层冬季混和的典型特点有关。夏季湖水分层期间，大量降雨在湖泊表层的滞留使得δ34S值升高而硫酸盐浓度降低，湖泊底部水层中硫酸盐细菌的还原作用使得底层湖水的硫酸盐浓度降低，而δ34S值升高。 两湖流域内铁同位素地球化学 （1）阿哈湖流域各类样品的δ56Fe值分布在-2.03‰～+0.12‰之间，分布范围较宽。其中湖水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值在-1.36‰～-0.03‰之间，整体相对偏负。湖周各支流河水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值在-0.88‰～+0.07‰之间，也相对富集轻的铁同位素；湖底沉积物和孔隙水的δ56Fe值的分布范围分别为-1.75‰～-0.59‰和-2.03‰～+0.12‰；大气颗粒物和浮游藻类的δ56Fe值分别为+0.06±0.02‰和+0.08‰。与阿哈湖相比，红枫湖流域各类样品的δ56Fe值的分布范围相对较窄，在-0.92‰～+0.36‰之间。湖水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值在-0.85‰～+0.14‰之间，河水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成变化范围为-0.89‰～+0.10‰，二者的变化范围相似。红枫湖沉积物的δ56Fe值在-0.18‰～+0.08‰之间，明显比阿哈湖沉积物的铁同位素组成偏正；而对应孔隙水的铁同位素组成的变化范围为-0.59‰～-0.24‰，均要比对应沉积物的铁同位素值要低。藻类和鲫鱼鱼肉的δ56Fe值分别为+0.36‰和-0.92‰。 （2）通过对两湖研究区湖水悬浮颗粒物与各输入端员环境样品的铁同位素值的研究表明，湖水悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值不仅受各输入端员的控制和影响，湖泊内部相关的生物地球化学过程也对湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成变化产生了重要影响。两湖研究区内湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成均存在季节变化特征，但受湖泊自身特点的影响，主要控制因素方面存在一定差异。夏季阿哈湖湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素值变幅较大，其变化主要表现在表层和底层。表层因受陆源输入的有机结合态铁的影响而具有较负的δ56Fe值，而大气沉降颗粒物和湖泊表层的浮游藻类的影响并不显著。夏季湖水分层期间，“Ferrous Wheel”铁循环对于界面附近铁同位素的重分配起到了主要的控制和影响作用，湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素值在氧化－还原界面附近达到了极负值。水－沉积物界面附近滞水层中亚铁类硫化物的生成可能也是水－沉积物界面附近水层内颗粒物的δ56Fe值偏负的原因之一。而冬季湖水混和时期，阿哈湖湖水剖面悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值的变幅明显减小。与阿哈湖不同，藻类的吸附作用可能在夏季红枫湖上层水体中占有主导地位，其湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成随叶绿素水平的降低而逐渐降低。下层湖水悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素组成变化也受“Ferrous Wheel”铁循环的影响，在红枫湖后五剖面 20m 处达到-0.18‰，大坝剖面底层约为-0.46‰，其变幅没有阿哈湖悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值大，可能是受到了湖水中大量有机物质的影响。冬季红枫湖后五剖面的变化趋势与夏季相似，上层和下层水体悬浮颗粒物分别受不同影响因素的控制。上层水体悬浮颗粒物的铁同位素变化不明显，与Fe、Al、Mn、Zn、Co等元素的含量呈现良好的正相关关系；而底层水体悬浮颗粒物的δ56Fe值变幅比夏季要大，HW采样点20m处可达-0.85‰，与Fe、Al、Zn、Co等呈现良好的负相关关系，具体影响因素还有待于进一步研究。

Gas phase derivatization of endohedral metallofullerenes R@C-82 and R-2@C-80 (R = Nd, Ce)

Endohedral metallofullerenes Ce@C-82, Ce-2@C-80, Nd@C-82 and Nd-2@C-80 undergo gas phase ion/molecule reactions with the ion system from self-chemical ionization of vinyl acetate, and exohedral derivatives are thus generated, A new heterocycle is formed from metallofullerenes and a C2H3O+ cation, Endohedral metallofullerenes show much higher reactivities than empty fullerenes during the association and the charge and proton transfer processes, The strong electron-donating character of endohedral metallofullerenes is due to their unique super-atom-like electronic structures. (C) 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

TeO2-Nb2O5-YF3玻璃系统的形成区及性质研究

制备了一种新型的氧卤碲酸盐玻璃：TeO2-Nb2O5-YF3,给出并研究了TeO2-Nb2O5-YF3三元系统的玻璃形成范围。测试了玻璃的密度、折射率、差热(DTA)、拉曼光谱、红外透射光谱以及紫外吸收光谱,通过光谱分析研究了组分含量的变化对玻璃结构及红外透射特性的影响。实验结果表明,TeO2-Nb2O5-YF3玻璃系统具有优良的成玻璃性能和热稳定性等特性,而且在2.8～3.3 μm区域内无明显的[OH]基团吸收,在中红外3～5 μm区域具有优良透射性能,因此在中红外透射方面具有潜在应用价值。

Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)及其联合胁迫对伊乐藻的生长及POD和SOD活性的影响

利用水族箱实验研究了伊乐藻的现存量以及POD和SOD活性在Hg2+、Cd2+及其联合胁迫下的响应特点.结果表明:Hg2+和Cd2+对伊乐藻的联合毒性大于单一的毒性;在Hg2+20μmol.L-1,或Cd2+80μmol.L-1,或Hg2++Cd2+50μmol.L-1([Hg2+]/[Cd2+]=1/4)时,植物现存量增加的百分比与金属离子浓度负相关;高于上述浓度时,植物现存量减少的速率明显降低.POD和SOD活性的变化趋势相似,在6 h时,其活性在低于40μmol.L-1的Hg2+、或160μmol.L

The role of glutathione metabolism in tolerance of tobacco BY-2 suspension cells to microcystin-RR

This study was undertaken to investigate the role of the glutathione-involved detoxifying mechanism in defending the tobacco BY-2 suspension cells against microcystin-RR (MC-RR). Analysis showed that exposure of the cells to different concentrations of MC-RR (0.1, 1 and 10 mu g/mL) for 0-6 days resulted in a time and concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and total glutathione (tGSH) content as well as glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities significantly increased after 3-4 days exposure in the highest two concentration treated groups, while decreased until reaching the control values except for GPX at day 6. Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) content markedly increased compared with control in high concentration MC-RR treated group after 6 days exposure. The GSH/GSSG ratio was much higher than control in 10 mu g/mL MC-RR treated group at day 4, but after 6 days exposure, the ratios in all treated groups were lower than that of the control group.

Microcystin-RR-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and alteration of antioxidant systems in tobacco BY-2 cells

Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide hepatoxins produced by cyanobacteria. It has been shown that microcystins have adverse effects on animals and on plants as well. Previous researches also indicated that microcystins were capable of inducing oxidative damage in animals both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, tobacco BY-2 suspension cell line was applied to examine the effects of microcystin-RR on plant cells. Cell viability and five biochemical parameters including reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxide (GPX) and peroxide dismutase (POD) were investigated when cells were exposed to 50 mg/L microcystin-RR. Results showed that microcystin-RR evoked decline of the cell viability to approximately 80% after treating for 144 h. ROS levels, POD and GPX activities of the treated cells were gradually increased with a time dependent manner. Changes of SOD and CAT activities were also detected in BY-2 cells. After 168 h recovery, ROS contents, POD, GPX and CAT activities returned to normal levels. These results suggest that the microcystin-RR can cause the increase of ROS contents in plant cells and these changes led to oxidant stress, at the same time, the plant cells would improve their antioxidant abilities to combat mirocystin-RR induced oxidative injury. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

High-performance 2 mm gate width GaNHEMTs on 6H-SiC with output power of 22.4 W @ 8 GHz

Optimized AlGaN/AlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) structures were grown on 2-in semi-insulating (SI) 6H-SiC substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The 2-in. HEMT wafer exhibited a low average sheet resistance of 305.3 Omega/sq with a uniformity of 3.85%. The fabricated large periphery device with a dimension of 0.35 pm x 2 nun demonstrated high performance, with a maximum DC current density of 1360 mA/mm, a transconductance of 460 mS/mm, a breakdown voltage larger than 80 V, a current gain cut-off frequency of 24 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency of 34 GHz. Under the condition of continuous-wave (CW) at 9 GHz, the device achieved 18.1 W output power with a power density of 9.05 W/mm and power-added-efficiency (PAE) of 36.4%. While the corresponding results of pulse condition at 8 GHz are 22.4 W output power with 11.2 W/mm power density and 45.3% PAE. These are the state-of-the-art power performance ever reported for this physical dimension of GaN HEMTs based on SiC substrate at 8 GHz. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of polarization field on formation of two-dimensional electron gas in (0001) and (11(2)over-bar0) plane AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

Photoluminescence (PL) and temperature-dependent Hall effect measurements were carried out in (0001) and (11 (2) over bar0) AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown on sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. There are strong spontaneous and piezoelectric electric fields (SPF) along the growth orientation of the (0001) AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. At the same time there are no corresponding SPF along that of the (1120) AlGaN/GaN. A strong PL peak related to the recombination between two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and photoexcited holes was observed at 3.258 eV at room temperature in (0001) AlGaN/GaN heterointerfaces while no corresponding PL peak was observed in (11 (2) over bar0). The existence of a 2DEG was observed in (0001) AlGaN/GaN multi-layers with a mobility saturated at 6000 cm(2)/V s below 80 K, whereas a much lower mobility was measured in (11 (2) over bar0). These results indicated that the SPF was the main element to cause the high mobility and high sheet-electron-density 2DEG in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.