A thermal-elastic analysis on laser-induced reverse bulging and plugging in circular brass foil

A new failure mode is observed in circular brass foils induced by laser beam. The new failure is based on the following experimental facts : (1) the peripheries of the circular brass foils are fixed and the surfaces of the foils are radiated by laser beam ; (2) the laser beam used is considered to be non-Gaussian spatially, actually an approximately uniform distribution limited in a certain size spot ; (3) the pulse on time of laser beam should be 250 μs, i.e. so called long duration pulse laser. The failure process consists of three stages ; i.e. thermal bulging, localized shear deformation and perforation by plugging. The word reverse in reverse bulging and plugging mode means that bulging and plugging occur in the direction of incident laser beam. To study the newly-discovered type of failure quantitatively, analytical solutions for the axisymmetric temperature field and deflection curve are derived. The calculated results show that the newly discovered failure mode is attributed to the spatial structure effect of laser beam indeed.

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical behaviour in laser clad TiCp/Ni alloy coatings

Coatings of TiCp reinforced composite have been produced by laser cladding. Two kinds of coating with different TiCp origins were investigated, i.e. undissolved TiCp and in situ TiCp. For undissolved TiCp, epitaxial growth of TiC, precipitation of CrB, and a chemical reaction occur at phase interfaces, and nanoindentation loading curves show pop in marks caused by the plastic deformation associated with crack formation or debonding of TiCp from the matrix. As for in situ TiCp, no pop in mark appears. Meanwhile, in situ TiCp produces hardness and elastic modulus values that are higher than those produced by the coating that contains undissolved TiCp.

Investigation on Laser Cladding MOSi2 Powder on Steel

The feasibility of the fabrication of coatings for elevated-temperature structural applications by laser cladding MoSi2 powder on steel was investigated. A dense and crack-free fine coating, well-bonded with the substrate has been obtained by this technique. This coating consists of FeMoSi, Fe2Si and a small amount of Mo5Si3 due to dilution of the substrate in the coating. The microstruelure of the coating is characterized of typical fine dendrites. The dendrites are composed of FeMoSi primary phase, and the interdendritic areas are two eutectic phases of FeMoSi and Fe2Si. The hardness of the coating reaches 845 Hv(0.5), 3.7 times larger than that of the steel substrate (180Hv(0.5)).

An Extension of 2D Janbu’s Generalized Procedure of Slices for 3D Slope Stability Analysis II—Numerical Method and Applications

This paper provides a numerical approach on achieving the limit equilibrium method for 3D slope stability analysis proposed in the theoretical part of the previous paper. Some programming techniques are presented to ensure the maneuverability of the method. Three examples are introduced to illustrate the use of this method. The results are given in detail such as the local factor of safety and local potential sliding direction for a slope. As the method is an extension of 2D Janbu's generalized procedure of slices (GPS), the results obtained by GPS for the longitudinal sections of a slope are also given for comparison with the 3D results. A practical landslide in Yunyang, the Three Gorges, of China, is also analyzed by the present method. Moreover, the proposed method has the advantages and disadvantages of GPS. The problem frequently encountered in calculation process is still about the convergency, especially in analyzing the stability of a cutting corner. Some advice on discretization is given to ensure convergence when the present method is used. However, the problem about convergency still needs to be further explored based on the rigorous theoretical background.

3D simulation of the micro indentation process and relative problems research

In this paper the finite element method was used to simulate micro-scale indentation process. The several standard indenters were simulated with 3D finite element model. The emphasis of this paper was the differences between 2D axisymmetric cone model and

Characterization of a Laser-Discrete Quenched Steel Substrate/Chromium System by Dissolving Coatings

A laser-discrete quenched steel (LDQS) substrate/as-deposited chromium (top high-contraction (HC) and underlying low-contraction (LC) chromium) system was investigated by dissolving coatings in order to reveal the mechanism that the service life of the coated parts is largely improved using the hybrid technique of laser pre-quenching plus chromium post-depositing. It was found that the surface characteristics of the substrate, LC and HC chromium layer can be simultaneously revealed owing to the dissolution edge effect of chromium coatings. Moreover, the periodical gradient morphologies of the LDQS substrate are clearly shown: the surfaces of laser transformation-hardened regions are rather smooth; a lot of fine micro-holes exist in the transition zones; there are many micro-dimples in the original substrate. Furthermore, the novel method of dissolving coatings with sharp interfaces may be used to reveal the structural features of a substrate/coating system, explore the effect of the substrate on the initial microstructure and morphologies of coatings, and check the quality of the coated-parts.

Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Laser Clad gamma/Cr7C3/Tic Composite Coatings on gamma-TiA1 Intermetallic Alloy

In order to improve the wear resistance of the gamma-TiAl intermetallic alloy, microstructure, room- and high-temperature (600 degrees C) wear behaviors of laser clad gamma/Cr7C3/TiC composite coatings with different constitution of NiCr-Cr3C2 precursor-mixed powders have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), block-on-ring (room-temperature) and pin-on-disk (high-temperature) wear tests. The responding wear mechanisms are discussed in detail. Results show that microstructures of the laser clad composite coatings have non-equilibrium solidified microstructures consisting of primary hard Cr7C3 and TiC carbides and the inter-primary gamma/Cr7C3 eutectic matrix, about three to five times higher average microhardness compared with the TiAl alloy substrate. Higher wear resistance than the original TiAl alloy is achieved in the clad composite coatings under dry sliding wear conditions, which is closely related to the formation of non-equilibrium solidified reinforced Cr7C3 and TiC carbides and the positive contribution of the relatively ductile and tough gamma/Cr7C3 eutectics matrix and their stability under high-temperature exposure.

Research on the Temperature Field in Laser Hardening

Temperature field in the laser hardening process was numerically simulated by MSC.Marc software. The influence of energy density on laser hardening effect is analyzed. Simulation result is verified through the thermocouple temperature transducer measuring the specimen surface temperature under the laser irradiation. Experimental curves of temperature versus time are in agreement with simulation results. The simulation results can be regarded as a basis for choosing laser technological parameters.

Theermal Stress and Fracture in Transparent Optical Materials due to Laser Energy-Absorption by a Defect

利用热弹性理论分析了在光学材料中由于缺陷吸收激光能量引起的温度和热应力分布,并且针对一个简单的裂纹模型分析了热应力产生的应力强度因子,给出了一些主要参数对于应力强度因子的影响的规律。

Performance analyses of flowing chemical oxygen-iodine laser

A modified simplified rate-equation model that utilizes the Voigt profile function and another gain saturation model deduced from the kinetic equations are presented for performance analyses of a flowing chemical oxygen-iodine laser. Both models are adapted to both the condition of homogeneous broadening and that of inhomogeneous broadening being of importance and the condition of inhomogeneous broadening being predominant. Effects of temperature and iodine density on the output power and on variations of output power, optical intensity, and saturation intensity with flow distance are presented as well. There are differences between results of two models, but both qualitatively agree with known results.

Microstructure and mechanical properties at TiCp/Ni-alloy interfaces in laser-synthesized coatings

Titanium carbide particle (TiCp) reinforced Ni alloy composite coatings were synthesized by laser cladding using a cw 3 kW CO2 laser. Two kinds of coatings were present in terms of TiCp origins, i.e. undissolved and in situ reacted TiCp, respectively. The former came from the TiCp pre-coated on the sample, whereas the latter from in situ reaction between titanium and graphite in the molten pool during laser irradiation. Conventional and high-resolution transmission electron microscope observations showed the epitaxial growth of TiC, the precipitation of CrB, and the chemical reaction between Ti and B elements around phase interfaces of undissolved TiCp. The hardness, H, and elastic modulus, E, were measured by nanoindentation of the matrix near the TiCp interface. For undissolved TiCp, the loading curve revealed pop-in phenomena caused by the plastic deformation of the crack formation or debounding of TiCp from the matrix. As for in situ generated TiCp, no pop-in mark appears. On the other hand, in situ reacted TiCp led to much higher hardness and modulus than that in the case of undissolved TiCp. The coating reinforced by in situ generated TiCp displayed the highest impact wear resistance at both low and high impact conditions, as compared with coatings with undissolved TiCp and without TiCp. The impact wear resistance of the coating reinforced by undissolved TiCp increases at a low impact work but decreases at a high impact work, as compared with the single Ni alloy coating. The degree of wear for the composite coating depends primarily on the debonding removal of TiCp.

Numerical Investigation on Laser Transformation Hardening with Different Temporal Pulse Shapes

A 3-D numerical model for pulsed laser transformation hardening (LTH) is developed using the finite element method. In this model, laser spatial and temporal intensity distribution, temperature-dependent thermophysical properties of material, and multi-phase transformations are considered. The influence of laser temporal pulse shape on connectivity of hardened zone, maximum surface temperature of material and hardening depth is numerically investigated at different pulse energy levels. Results indicate that these hardening parameters are strongly dependent on the temporal pulse shape. For the rectangular temporal pulse shape, the temperature field obtained from this model is in excellent agreement with analytical solution, and the predicted hardening depth is favorably compared with experimental one. It should be pointed out that appropriate temporal pulse shape should be selected according to pulse energy level in order to achieve desirable hardening quality under certain laser spatial intensity distribution.

Numerical Simulation of 3D-Thermal Field with Phase Transformation

以激光熔凝表面强韧化处理为背景,应用空间的弹塑性有限单元和高精度的数值算法、同时考虑材料组织性能的变化来模拟材料的温度场。主要研究激光熔凝加工中瞬时温度场数值模拟,同时考虑相变潜热的影响,为第二步热应力场及残余应力的数值模拟做准备。最后用算例验证了模型的正确性,并给出了不同时刻温度场的分布。