草鱼、中华鳖淋巴细胞扫描电镜结构特征及其绵羊红细胞受体(CD_2)的检测

草鱼淋巴细胞表面扫描电镜结构特征为有孔穴且较为光滑、具短小细锥状突起 ;中华鳖淋巴细胞、胸腺细胞表面扫描电镜结构特征为凹凸不平、较为光滑 ;它们均以表面凹凸不平特征的占大多数。E花环试验的光镜和扫描电镜观察显示 :草鱼淋巴细胞E花环形成不明显 ,而中华鳖淋巴细胞、胸腺细胞的成花率分别为 2 5 %～ 34%和 36 %～ 47% ,能形成花环的淋巴细胞、胸腺细胞以表面结构特征凹凸不平 (类似哺乳动物T淋巴细胞 )的为主。草鱼、中华鳖血液淋巴细胞和中华鳖胸腺细胞与抗人CD2 单克隆抗体交叉反应的免疫组化检测

微囊藻栅藻资源竞争的动力学过程Ⅰ.光能和磷营养的半饱和参数及其生长率动态

以Tilman提出的“资源竞争机制学说”为依据 ,在单因子 (光、磷 )限制条件下 ,测定并计算铜绿微囊藻 (Microcystisaeruginosa)和斜生栅藻 (Scenedesmusobliquus)的半饱和常数 ,以双因子交互作用模型预测它们的生长动态 .结果表明 :在光强为 10 .0～ 17.1μE和磷浓度为 3.10～ 2 0 .0 μmol的范围内 ,微囊藻的生长率大于栅藻的生长率 .说明磷的增加是微囊藻成为水华的充分条件 ,但不是必要条件 ,至少低光强是一个重要的作用因子 .

荧光物质浸泡标记稀有鮈鲫和彭泽鲫仔、稚鱼

研究了茜素络合物和盐酸四环素对稀有鮈鲫和彭泽鲫仔、稚鱼进行浸泡标记的方法和效果。茜素络合物在浸泡浓度５０—１００ｍｇ／Ｌ，浸泡时间持续６—２４ｈ的范围内，对两种鱼都有很好的标记效果；盐酸四环素在浸泡浓度１５０—２５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，浸泡时间１２—２４ｈ的范围内，对彭泽鲫有较好的标记效果，但对稀有　鲫有极高的致死率。在荧光显微镜下观察，茜素络合物呈橘红色、盐酸四环素标记区呈金黄色荧光反应。

白鱀豚哨叫声的研究

于1996年1月，在中国科学院水生生物研究所白暨豚馆人工饲养池和湖北省石首市天鹅洲长江故道，使用频响范围分别为0－100kHz和0－16kHz的磁带记录系统，记录了一头成年雄性和一头成年雌性白暨豚的哨叫声。采用计算机信号分析系统详细分析了哨叫声的结构和声谱图，并与其它鲸类哨叫声进行比较。结果表明，白暨豚哨叫声的最大和最小频率平均值分别为5841Hz和4975Hz，频率变化幅度一般小于1000Hz。哨叫声平均持续时间为907ms。频率随时间变化不连续，且较平缓，起伏很少，有部分重叠现象。白暨豚哨叫声的结构与

湖光微生物饲料添加剂研究Ⅱ．光合细菌生产性培养的主要技术参数研究

湖光微生物饲料添加剂主要由红假单胞菌属（Ｒｈｏｄｏｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ）和红螺菌属（Ｒｈｏｄｏ－ｓｐｉｒｌｌｕｍ）的菌株组成。其生产性培养的主要技术参数研究包括培养基、光照、ｐＨ、温度和通气条件以及接种量等。在适宜条件下，培养３—５ｄ培养液呈深红色，细胞数可达１０￣９ｍｌ。本品在室温下保存半年后施用仍效果良好；在４０℃黑暗条件下存放１５ｄ，大部份细胞仍可存活。本文还提供了培养物质量检测指标。

红鲫血型的血清学研究

运用经典血清学方法首次在红鯽中证明了一种与金枪鱼中的A-B-O血型及人类的ABO血型模式相似的红细胞抗原系统,命名为S血型系统。该系统有四种血型表型:S~1,S~2,S~2S~2和S~0,推测它由S~1、S~2和S~0三个复等位基因决定。

Temporal Coherence of Chlorophyll a during a Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir, China

Algal bloom phenomenon was defined as "the rapid growth of one or more phytoplankton species which leads to a rapid increase in the biomass of phytoplankton", yet most estimates of temporal coherence are based on yearly or monthly sampling frequencies and little is known of how synchrony varies among phytoplankton or of the causes of temporal coherence during spring algal bloom. In this study, data of chlorophyll a and related environmental parameters were weekly gathered at 15 sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China) to evaluate patterns of temporal coherence for phytoplankton during spring bloom and test if spatial heterogeneity of nutrient and inorganic suspended particles within a single ecosystem influences synchrony of spring phytoplankton dynamics. There is a clear spatial and temporal variation in chlorophyll a across Xiangxi Bay. The degree of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a between pairs of sites located in Xiangxi Bay ranged from -0.367 to 0.952 with mean and median values of 0.349 and 0.321, respectively. Low levels of temporal coherence were often detected among the three stretches of the bay (Down reach, middle reach and upper reach), while high levels of temporal coherence were often found within the same reach of the bay. The relative difference of DIN between pair sites was the strong predictor of temporal coherence for chlorophyll a in down and middle reach of the bay, while the relative difference in Anorganic Suspended Solids was the important factor regulating temporal coherence in middle and upper reach. Contrary to many studies, these results illustrate that, in a small geographic area (a single reservoir bay of approximately 25 km), spatial heterogeneity influence synchrony of phytoplankton dynamics during spring bloom and local processes may override the effects of regional processes or dispersal.

Comparative responses in rare minnow exposed to 17 beta-estradiol during different life stages

Present in the excrement of humans and animals, 17 beta-estradiol (E-2) has been detected in the aquatic environment in a range from several nanograms to several hundred nanograms per liter. In this study, the sensitivities of rare minnows during different life stages to E-2 at environmentally relevant (5, 25, and 100 ng l(-1)) and high (1000 ng l(-1)) concentrations were compared using vitellogenin (VTG) and gonad development as biomarkers under semistatic conditions. After 21 days of exposure, VTG concentrations in whole-body homogenates were analyzed; the results indicated that the lowest observed effective concentration for VTG induction was 25 ng l(-1) E-2 in the adult stage, but 100 ng l(-1) E-2 in the larval and juvenile stages. After exposure in the early life stage, the larval and juvenile fish were transferred to clean water until gonad maturation. No significant difference in VTG induction was found between the exposure and control groups in the adults. However, a markedly increased proportion of females and appearance of hermaphrodism were observed in the juvenile-stage group exposed to 25 ng l(-1) E-2. These results showed that VTG induction in the adult stage is more sensitive than in larval and juvenile stages following exposure to E-2. The juvenile stage may be the critical period of gonad development. Sex ratio could be a sensitive biomarker indicating exposure to xenoestrogens in early-life-stage subchronic exposure tests. The results of this study provide useful information for selecting sensitive biomarkers properly in aquatic toxicology testing.

Toxicological Research on Environmental Endocrine Disruptors

Most evidence in terms of endocrine dsiruptors (EDs) mainly originates from studies on reproductive organs. However, in veterbrates, the ability to attain reproductive and development success relays on the intact organization of a complex endocrine system. Disturbances in the regulation of the key hormones and receptors functioning along this system may cause detrimental effects on reproduction and development. Here we reviewed recent studies of EDs on endocrine system. EDs may act on key hormones and receptors along with the hypothalarnic-pituitary-gonald (HPG) axis and lead to reproductive failure. Thyroid disruption may be caused at different levels, for example, the synthesis, transport, binding and cellular uptake along with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Knowledge of model of action EDs is largely via receptors-mediated pathway and alternatively may affect on steroid hormone synthesis. Aquatic hypoxia can influence fish reproduction and thus it is also an endocrine disruptor. Molecular techniques, such as toxicomics, transgenic fish will be employed as powerful tools for environmental EDs risk assessment, as well as in elucidating mechanisms of model action.

Community structure of small fishes in a shallow macrophytic lake (Niushan Lake) along the middle reach of the Yangtze River, China

This study describes the current status of the small fish community in Niushan Lake in China, and examines the spatial and seasonal variations of the community in relation to key environmental factors. Based on macrophyte cover conditions, the lake was divided into three major habitat types: (1) Potamogeton maackianus habitat, (2) Potamogeton maackianus and Myriophyllum spicatum habitat, and (3) uncovered or less-covered habitat. Fish were sampled quantitatively in the three habitat types by block nets seasonally from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 10 469 individuals from 27 fish species were caught, among which 20 species were considered as small fishes. Rhodeus ocellatus, Paracheilognathus imberbis, Pseudorasbora parva, Micropercops swinhonis and Cultrichthys erythropterus were recognized as dominant small fishes according to their abundance and occurrence. It was noted that (1) small fishes predominated the total number of fish species in the lake, which reflected to some degree the size diminution phenomenon of fish resources; (2) many small fishes had plant detritus as their food item, which was consistent with the abundance of macrophyte detritus in the lake and implied the importance of detritus in supporting small fish secondary production. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that the spatial distributions of most small fishes were associated with complex macrophyte cover conditions. Macrophyte biomass was positively correlated with species richness, diversity index and the catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of the fish community. Water depth had no significant effects on species diversity and distribution of the small fishes. Correspondence analysis revealed a higher occurrence of the small fishes and higher abundance of individuals in summer and autumn. Seasonal length-frequency distributions of several species indicated that more larval and juvenile individuals appeared in spring and summer. This study provides some baseline information which will be essential to long-term monitoring of small fish communities in the Yangtze lakes.

Land-cover changes in an urban lake watershed in a mega-city, Central China

Urbanization can exert a profound influence on land covers and landscape characteristics. In this study, we characterize the impact of urbanization on land cover and lacustrine landscape and their consequences in a large urban lake watershed, Donghu Lake watershed (the largest urban lake in China), Central China, by using Landsat TM satellite images of three periods of 1987, 1993 and 1999 and ground-based information. We grouped the land covers into six categories: water body, vegetable land, forested land, shrub-grass land, open area and urban land, and calculated patch-related landscape indices to analyze the effects of urbanization on landscape features. We overlaid the land cover maps of the three periods to track the land cover change processes. The results indicated that urban land continuously expanded from 9.1% of the total watershed area in 1987, to 19.4% in 1993, and to 29.6% in 1999. The vegetable land increased from 7.0% in 1987, 11.9% in 1993, to 13.9% in 1999 to sustain the demands of vegetable for increased urban population. Concurrently, continuous reduction of other land cover types occurred between 1987 and 1999: water body decreased from 30.4% to 23.8%, and forested land from 33.6% to 24.3%. We found that the expansion of urban land has at least in part caused a decrease in relatively wild habitats, such as urban forest and lake water area. These alterations had resulted in significant negative environmental consequences, including decline of lakes, deterioration of water and air quality, and loss of biodiversity.

Inhibition of progesterone receptor activity in recombinant yeast by soot from fossil fuel combustion emissions and air particulate materials

Numerous environmental pollutants have been detected for estrogenic activity by interacting with the estrogen receptor, but little information is available about their interactions with the progesterone receptor. In this study, emission samples generated by fossil fuel combustion (FFC) and air particulate material (APM) collected from an urban location near a traffic line in a big city of China were evaluated to interact with the human progesterone receptor (hPR) signaling pathway by examining their ability to interact with the activity of hPR expressed in yeast. The results showed that the soot of a petroleum-fired vehicle possessed the most potent anti-progesteronic activity, that of coal-fired stove and diesel fired agrimotor emissions took the second place, and soot samples of coal-fired heating work and electric power station had lesser progesterone inhibition activity. The anti-progesteronic activity of APM was between that of soot from petroleum-fired vehicle and soot from coal-fired establishments and diesel fired agrimotor. Since there was no other large pollution source near the APM sampling sites, the endocrine disrupters were most likely from vehicle emissions, tire attrition and house heating sources. The correlation analysis showed that a strong relationship existed between estrogenic activity and anti-progesteronic activity in emissions of fossil fuel combustion. The discoveries that some environmental pollutants with estrogenic activity can also inhibit OR activity indicate that further studies are required to investigate potential mechanisms for the reported estrogenic activities of these pollutants. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cloning and expression analysis in mature individuals of two chicken type-II GnRH (cGnRH-II) genes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a conservative neurodecapeptide family, which plays a crucial role in regulating the gonad development and in controlling the final sexual maturation in vertebrate. Two differing cGnRH-II cDNAs of common carp, namely cGnRH-II cDNA1 and cDNA2, were firstly cloned from the brain by rapid amplification of cDNA end (RACE) and reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The length of cGnRH-II cDNA1 and cDNA2 was 622 and 578 base pairs (bp), respectively. The cGnRH-II precursors encoded by two cDNAs consisted of 86 amino acids, including a signal peptide, cGnRH-II decapeptide and a GnRH-associated peptide (GAP) linked by a Gly-Lys-Arg proteolytic site. The results of intron trapping and Southern blot showed that two differing cGnRH-II genes in common carp genome were further identified, and that two genes might exist as a single copy. The multi-gene coding of common carp cGnRH-II gene offered novel evidence for gene duplication hypothesis. Using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, expression and relative expression levels of cGnRH-II genes were detected in five dissected brain regions, pituitary and gonad of common carp. With the exception of no mRNA2 in ovary, two cGnRH-II genes could be expressed in all the detected tissues. However, expression levels showed an apparent difference in different brain regions, pituitary and gonad. According to the expression characterization of cGnRH-II genes in brain areas, it was presumed that cGnRH-II might mainly work as the neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and also operate in the regulation for the GnRH releasing. Then, the expression of cGnRH-II genes in pituitary and gonad suggested that cGnRH-II might act as the autocrine or paracrine regulator.

The reproductive strategies of an endemic Tibetan fish, Gymnocypris selincuoensis

The reproductive traits of Gymnocypris selincuoensis from Selincuo Lake and its tributaries were investigated in 1997 and 1998. The youngest mature male was age 7 with a standard length (SL) of 172.0 mm, and the youngest mature female was age 8 with a SL of 194.0 mm. The L(50)s Of SL and age at first maturity were respectively 250.32 mm and age 9 for males and 224.71 mm and age 8 for females. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) significantly changed with seasons for mature individuals but not for immature individuals. GSIs of mature females at stages IV and V of ovary development increased with SL and reached a maximum value at the SL range from 370 mm to 390 mm; the GSIs of mature males were negatively correlated with SL. The breeding season lasted from early April to early August. Egg size did not significantly change with SL but increased with the delay of spawning. The individual absolute fecundity varied from 1,341 to 28,002 eggs (mean 12,607+/-7,349), and the individual relative fecundity varied from 6.4 to 42.0 eggs.g(-1) (mean 25.5+/-9.7). The individual fecundity increased with total body weight; it also increased with SL for those of SL less than 370 mm. There was a rest of spawning for mature individuals.

Long-term (1956-1999) dynamics of phosphorus in a shallow, subtropical Chinese lake with the possible effects of cyanobacterial blooms

This paper describes the long-term dynamics of phosphorus concentrations in both the lake water and the sediment in a subtropical Chinese lake, Lake Donghu. The total phosphorus (TP) concentration in the lake water experienced an upward trend from the 1950s, and peaked in 1983/1984, but declined obviously afterwards. From the 1950s to the 1990s, TP content in the upper 10 cm sediment of the lake increased steadily from 0.307 to 1.68 mg Pg DW-1 at Station I and from 0.151 to 0.89 mg Pg DW-1 at Station II, respectively. The TP increase in the lake water before mid-1980s was mainly attributed to the massive input of sewage P. The outbreak of cyanobacterial blooms coincided with the peaks of TP and Orthophosphate (PO4-P) in the water in mid-1980s, and the maximum TP of the water reached as high as 1.349 mg/1 at Station I and 0.757 mg/l at Station II (in 1984), respectively. The declines of TP and PO4-P in the water after mid-1980s was coincident with the disappearance of cyanobacterial bloom. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.