Effects of aniracetam on extracellular levels of transmitter amino acids in the hippocampus of the conscious gerbils: an intracranial microdialysis study

The effects of aniracetam on extracellular amino acid levels in the hippocampus of conscious gerbils, with or without transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, were measured by microdialysis and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. Increased extracellular levels of aspartate and glutamate that were observed in the hippocampus of conscious gerbils during transient global forebrain ischemia were reversed by aniracetam. In contrast, the level of extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid was increased, while taurine was maintained at a higher level than other amino acids by administration of aniracetam (100 mg/kg, p.o.) 60 min before ischemia. Further, in contrast to ischemic animals, administration of aniracetam (100 mg/kg, p.o.) enhanced the release of glutamate and aspartate in the normal gerbil hippocampus. The results suggest that these effects might be due to a partial calcium agonist activity of aniracetam, and that the effects of aniracetam on amino acid levels might be a mechanism of protection against delayed neuronal death in the ischemic hippocampus, thereby improving memory dysfunction induced by ischemia/reperfusion. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

三峡水库“水华”成因初探

2004年3月、5月、7月、8月、10月和2005年5月对长江干流29个站点进行了5次调查。2004年3月(旱季)在三峡库区坝前(秭归)发现藻类“水华”,藻类密度达2.73×106cells/L,优势种类为拟多甲藻。2004年8月(雨季)和2005年4月(旱季)沿香溪河下游及河口区以及香溪河口到三峡大坝干流江段进行了2次6个断面分层调查,两次调查中在香溪河下游以及香溪河口区发现了严重的藻类“水华”,藻类密度高达1.87×107cells/L和1.67×107cells/L,优势种分别为蓝隐藻(1.84×1

三峡库区浮游生物群落结构与DNA多态性比较分析

以三峡库区所设A、B、C、D、E、F和G等7个站点为研究区域,利用RAPD技术就其浮游生物群落遗传多样性与物种多样性的关系进行了探索性研究．共鉴定出浮游生物41种,其中藻类4种,原生动物10种,轮虫类19种,枝角类4种,桡足类4种．物种组成相似性最高的是B站和C站,最低的是A站和F站．而站点间浮游生物群落遗传距离分析表明:相距最近的是C站与D站,最远的为D站与F站．树状聚类图也显示:各站点物种组成聚为一类;而DNA多态性RAPD最先聚在一起的是B与F,它们的对应枝由A、C、D、E构成,G单独成为一枝．研究

人工藻结皮对库布齐沙地土壤酶活性的影响

土壤酶是土壤内存在的具有生物活性的蛋白质,土壤是土壤酶的良好介质,为各种酶类提供酶促条件,且土壤成分与酶通过共价键、离子键或氢键等方式的吸附结合作用,能防止酶的钝化失活。目前已发现的土壤酶约60种,主要来自于土壤微生物,土壤酶的主要作用是参与C、N、P、S等重要营养元素的循环,在植物营养物质的转化中起着重要作用,它与土壤微生物一起共同推动土壤生物化学的全过程,土壤酶活性作为土壤质量的生物活性指标已被广泛接受。我国对土壤酶的研究始于20世纪60年代,20世纪80年代后,随着环境科学的发展,土壤酶研究越来越受

黄颡前驼形线虫发生和成熟的季节动态

报道了寄生于黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)胃、肠中的黄颡前驼形线虫(Procamallanus fulvidraconis)的成熟和感染丰度的季节动态。从2001年2月到2002年7月的18个月中,对来自于湖北省梁子湖的900尾黄颡鱼进行了调查,结果表明:该线虫的感染率除在2002年1月比较低(32%)外,其他月份都在90%以上,且没有显著的季节性变化(G=16.96F0.01[17,882]=1.98)。在对黄颡前驼形线虫雌虫成虫的三个阶段(成熟期、怀卵期和怀幼期)和雄虫成虫的

西藏亚东鲑的胚胎发育

通过对2002年12月-2003年3月养殖的亚东鲑胚胎进行观察,并结合1999年12月-2000年5月和2000年12月-2001年5月所取样品的对照,对其胚胎发育的过程进行了详细描述。根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将亚东鲑胚胎发育过程分为10个时期;在平均水温4.3℃条件下,从受精到出膜需要大约339.7~447.2积温(度.日)不等;胚胎发育的天数与积温呈明显的线性相关;胚胎发育的各期对外界环境的敏感性不同,体节形成至发眼前期这一阶段对外环境比较敏感;不同大小的卵对孵化率没有显著影响;出膜时仔鱼的平

家用洗涤剂磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响

以斜生栅藻为材料研究了四种家用洗涤剂对藻类生长的效应。结果发现 ,不同种类的家用洗涤剂对斜生栅藻生长均有明显的促进作用 ,斜生栅藻现存量超过国内外通用的富营养化评价标准。尤其是高磷洗衣粉 ,在日常生活用量的情况下 ,对斜生栅藻生长的促进作用较低磷洗衣粉增加 6 0 %。在整个实验中 ,无磷对照组斜生栅藻生长率均低于有磷实验组 ,磷量的增加将引起藻的现存量的增加。因此 ,限制洗涤剂磷盐的输入 ,减少营养供应率 ,降低水体中营养浓度 ,可起到控制水体富营养化的作用。

环境因子对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵萌发率的影响

萼花臂尾轮虫（Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓ ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ Ｐａｌｌａｓ）休眠卵在不同萌发条件下累积萌发率的结果显示：保存在休眠卵形成的原液中，温度为２０℃－３０℃时萌发率均较高，３０℃时用过滤湖水萌发时的萌发率最高（６５％）；保存在无机培养液中的休眠卵，用曝气自来水萌发时最高，用湖水次之，无机液萌发效果较差２０℃和２５℃时三种萌发液中的萌发率接近；母体投喂小球藻形成的休眠卵的累积萌发率高于投喂混合藻组，且以过滤湖水为孵化液时效果较佳；累积萌发率与光照时间的长短并无直接关系（Ｐ＞０．０５）；休眠卵在５℃

武汉东湖富营养化的综合评价

兼顾富营养化评价和水生态系统常规监测,提出了以7种常见营养物(NO_3-N,NO_2-N,NH_4-N,TN,PO_4-P,TP,SiO_2)和浮游植物3个常用参数(日平均初级生产量P_G,生物量B,chla)为指标体系的湖泊营养类型评价标准;使用层次分析法,对上述10个因子作出权重分配,从而建立起评价湖泊富营养化程度的一种新方法。评价结果表明:尽管近年来东湖浮游植物的几项指标有所下降,但东湖富营养化程度奉有明显改变,

中国淡水鱼类寄生粘孢子虫角形科一新种

<正> 1979年8月25日,我们在江苏省洪泽湖进行鱼类寄生虫区系调查过程中,从岔尾黄颡鱼Pseudobagrus eupogon Boulenger 的胆囊中发现一种粘孢子虫。经鉴定,是属于角形科 Ceratomyxidae角形虫属Ceratomyxa的代表,不仅是科学上的新种,也是角形科角形虫属的种类在我国第一次发现,同时又为该属记录了在淡水鱼类中第二种寄主。 模式标本保存在中国科学院水生生物研究所。

Assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a shallow lake in China

Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a fish cage farm was investigated in a shallow lake in China. Four sampling sites were set: beneath the cages, at the cage sides, and 50 and 100 m east of the cage farm. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in lake water and sediment were analyzed during a 2-year rearing cycle. The cage culture had a fish yield of 16.3-39.2 tonnes in the study period. Based on the mass balance equation, 1533-3084 kg TN and 339-697 kg TP were contributed to the lake environment. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations showed greater increase in the first culture period than in the second rearing cycle. No obvious changes were found at the sampling sites 50 and 100 m east of the cages during the study periods. Main impacts were found close to the cages (beneath the cages and at the cage side); the sampling points at the cage side showed relatively high TN and TP sedimentation. After 3 months of fallowing, water TN and TP decreased significantly but the sediment TN and TP contents remained high. Therefore, recovery seems to happen during fallowing but attention should be paid to whether the culture continues to operate in the future.

Molecular cloning and expression characterization of ApoC-I in the orange-spotted grouper

Endogenous yolk nutrients are crucial for embryo and larval development in fish, but developmental behavior of the genes that control yolk utilization remains unknown. Apolipoproteins have been shown to play important roles in lipid transport and uptake through the circulation system. In this study, EcApoC-I, the first cloned ApoC-I in teleosts, has been screened from pituitary cDNA library of female orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), and the deduced amino acid sequence shows 43.5% identity to one zebrafish (Danio rerio) hypothetical protein similar to ApoC-I, and 21.2%, 21.7%, 22.5%, 20%, and 22.5% identities to Apo C-I of human (Homo sapiens), house mouse (Mus musculus), common tree shrew (Tupaia glis), dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), respectively. Although the sequence identity is low, amphipathic alpha-helices with the potential to bind to lipid were predicted to exist in the EcApoC-I. RT-PCR analysis revealed that it was first transcribed in gastrula embryos and maintained a relatively stable expression level during the following embryogenesis. During embryonic and early larval development, a very high level of EcApoC-I expression was in the yolk syncytial layer, indicating that it plays a significant role in yolk degradation and transfers nutrition to the embryo and early larva. By the day 7 after hatching, EcApoC-I transcripts were observed in brain. In adult, EcApoC-I mRNA was detected abundantly in brain and gonad. In transitional gonads, the EcApoC-I expression is restricted to the germ cells. The data suggested that EcApoC-I might play an important role in brain and gonad morphogenesis and growth.