87 resultados para 22-218


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以内蒙古科尔沁沙地22种菊科草本植物为实验材料,研究这些植物的比叶面积、叶片厚度、叶片干物质含量、叶片体积、叶重比和叶片组织密度等特性之间的关系。结果表明,叶片体积和叶片厚度之间存在较强的正相关,其相关系数r=0.782。而叶片厚度与叶片组织密度、比叶面积与叶片组织密度、叶片体积与叶片组织密度之间则存在一定的负相关性,它们的相关系数分别为-0.767、-0.559和-0.505,其余各特性之间均不存在相关性。根据赋值后数据或者二元数据,运用聚类分析方法得出3个组群,并运用单因素方差分析方法检验各特性在各组间的显著性,叶片厚度、叶片体积、叶重比和叶片组织密度特性在组间存在极显著差异。

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在大田不同供肥条件下 ,于小麦灌浆后期对小麦旗叶光合特性参数进行了连续测定。结果表明 ,小麦叶片气体交换参数均有明显的日变化趋势 ,肥力条件对其日变化进程具有明显的调控作用。不施肥处理小麦叶片 Pn有明显午休现象 ,而低肥处理第一高峰不明显 ,没有明显午休现象 ;高肥处理的 Pn呈单峰曲线 ,峰值来得也较晚。养分条件可改善小麦叶片水分利用效率

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Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis is used in this study to generate main eigenvector fields of historical temperature for the China Seas (here referring to Chinese marine territories) and adjacent waters from 1930 to 2002 (510 143 profiles). A good temperature profile is reconstructed based on several subsurface in situ temperature observations and the thermocline was estimated using the model. The results show that: 1) For the study area, the former four principal components can explain 95% of the overall variance, and the vertical distribution of temperature is most stable using the in situ temperature observations near the surface. 2) The model verifications based on the observed CTD data from the East China Sea (ECS), South China Sea (SCS) and the areas around Taiwan Island show that the reconstructed profiles have high correlation with the observed ones with the confidence level > 95%, especially to describe the characteristics of the thermocline well. The average errors between the reconstructed and observed profiles in these three areas are 0.69A degrees C, 0.52A degrees C and 1.18A degrees C respectively. It also shows the model RMS error is less than or close to the climatological error. The statistical model can be used to well estimate the temperature profile vertical structure. 3) Comparing the thermocline characteristics between the reconstructed and observed profiles, the results in the ECS show that the average absolute errors are 1.5m, 1.4 m and 0.17A degrees C/m, and the average relative errors are 24.7%, 8.9% and 22.6% for the upper, lower thermocline boundaries and the gradient, respectively. Although the relative errors are obvious, the absolute error is small. In the SCS, the average absolute errors are 4.1 m, 27.7 m and 0.007A degrees C/m, and the average relative errors are 16.1%, 16.8% and 9.5% for the upper, lower thermocline boundaries and the gradient, respectively. The average relative errors are all < 20%. Although the average absolute error of the lower thermocline boundary is considerable, but contrast to the spatial scale of average depth of the lower thermocline boundary (165 m), the average relative error is small (16.8%). Therefore the model can be used to well estimate the thermocline.

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甾醇及其成岩作用过程中生成的衍生物普遍存在于沉积物中,由于该类化合物的特定来源及其分子结构中的不同特征结构反应了在不同生物体体内合成过程的差异,因此常将其作为一类重要的生物化学标志物用于指示与许多海洋及陆 地生物有关的有机物质的来源和输入,以及用于生物地球化学的研究和环境质量及环境污染的评价。该类化合物在近海环境中已得到广泛应用,然而对中国北部陆海相互作用强烈,受人类活动影响显著的近海沉积物中甾醇的研究尚未见报道。 本研究以渤海湾和胶州湾为目标,系统研究了甾醇类化合物在渤海湾和胶州湾22 个表层沉积物样品中含量和组成,并分析了其分布特征和来源。 通过测定沉积物有机物C/N 比值,表明渤海湾和胶州湾 两海区沉积物中的有机物主要来自陆源植物和人为源的输入。所测定的8 种甾醇类化合物在两海区表层沉积物中的含量和分布具有很大的区域差异,其浓度范围在0~4.303 μg/g,渤海湾甾醇总浓度为0.287~18.579 μg/g,高于胶州湾0.084~10.584 μg/g。8种化合物中只有谷甾醇在全部样品中检出,而粪便甾醇仅存在于受人类活动影响较大和有生活污水输入的近岸区域。而代表陆源高等植物来源的特征甾醇化合物豆甾醇和谷甾醇则在河口区表层沉积物中分布较高。研究表明根据表层沉积物中不同甾醇化合物的组成、含量和分布特征,可以很好地指示河流输入以及大量生活废水的排放对近岸海区的污染状况, 从而可以作为近岸环境污染监测和评价的重要指标。

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HSP22 is a member of a small HSP subfamily contributing to the growth, transformation and apoptosis of the cell as well as acting as a molecular chaperone. In the present study, CfHSP22 cDNA was cloned from Chlamys farreri by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The full-length cDNA of CfHSP22 was of 1279 bp, consisting of a 5'-terminal untranslated region (5'UTR) of 122 bp, a 3'UTR of 581 bp with a canonical polyadenylation signal sequence AATAAA and a poly( A) tail, and an open reading frame of 576 bp encoding a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 22.21 kDa and a predicted isoelectric point of 9.69. There was an alpha-crystallin domain, a hallmark of the sHSP subfamily, in the C-terminus, and the deduced amino acid sequence of CfHSP22 showed high similarity to previously identified HSP22s. CfHSP22 was constitutively expressed in the haemocyte, muscle, kidney, gonad, gill, heart and hepatopancreas, and the expression level in the hepatopancreas was higher than that in the other tissues. CfHSP22 transcription was up-regulated and reached a maximal level at 12 h after the bacterial challenge, and then declined progressively to the original level at 48 h. These results suggested that CfHSP22 perhaps play a critical role in response to the bacterial challenge in haemocytes of scallop C. farreri.

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主要综述小型哺乳动物亲缘关系对其种群动态的作用及其研究进展。与非亲缘个体比较,亲缘个体间的相互作用趋于亲密、巢区共享程度高,亲缘关系水平对扩散有明显的作用。亲缘关系水平的差异可改变种群增长速率及种群统计学特征,对提高雌体存活率、后代断乳成功率、后代存活率及性比具有显著的作用。亲缘关系的分子生态学研究主要集中于亲权鉴定和种群遗传结构的分析。

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对祁连山海北高寒草甸地区近夏至日微气象观测分析表明: (1) 14:00 (北京时,下同) 太阳总辐射瞬时值最高可达1061 W·m-2 , 净辐射、反射辐射、光合有效辐射和紫外辐射分别为670、218、380 和168 W·m-2 , 分别约为太阳总辐射的58 %、20 %、36 %和14 % , 6 月下旬日平均反射率约为0. 22 ; (2) 土壤热通量、感热通量和潜热通量瞬时值最大分别为91、274 和362 W·m-2 , 相应占净辐射的比例为20 %、38 %和42 %; (3) 地—气温度在一定范围的水平和垂直方向变化较为剧烈, 大气逆温约出现于20 :00 至次日11 :00 , 午夜01 :00 最强; (4)风速阵性强, 有显著日变化的时间性分布。

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The term black carbon is used to describe a relatively inert and ubiquitous form of carbon, comprising a range of materials from char and charcoal to element or graphite carbon produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. Due to its inertness, the BC in soils, lacustrine and marine sediments and ice can persist over a long period of time. So BC signatures in geological deposits can be used as evidence of natural fires happened in their surroundings. To study the temporal and spatial changes in paleofires over the Chinese Loess Plateau, black carbon concentrations were analyzed on the loess-paleosol samples from three sections including Lijiayuan, Lingtai and Weinan along a north-south transect. Using the orbitally-tuned time-scales of the sections, the black carbon sedimentation rates (BCSR) were calculated. Meanwhile, with objective to document fine resolution fire history during late Pleistocene and Holocene periods, we measured BC concentrations of loess-paleosol samples at dense sampling intervals since 28 ka BP. in Lijiayuan section. The BCSR of the samples were also calculated. In addition, we also conducted observation on black carbon morphologies to examine their sources. Based on the results, the following remarks can be concluded: 1. In the last two glacial cycles, the BCSR values in glacial periods are 2-3 times higher than in interglacial periods, and the BCSR variability has a relatively strong precession-associated 23 kyr period, suggesting that the glacial cold-dry climate conditions were apt to induce natural fires over the Loess Plateau, 2. Comparison of the BCSR records among the three loess sections demonstrates that natural fire occurrence was much more intensive and frequent in the northern and interglacial periods. 3. Pollen records and carbon isotope analyses of organic matter have shown that the Loess Plateau was covered by an Artemisia-dominated grassland vegetation both during glacial and interglacial periods, So grassland fires were the dominant fire types in the Plateau, which is also corroborated by the observation of black carbon morphology. In addition, statistics and comparison of BC particle sizes among the sections demonstrated that BC records probably reflected local fires. 4. According to previous studies about the effect of fires on vegetation changes, we considered that the fires might play an important role in the expansion of grassland during glacial periods, besides the control of climate changes. 5. The high resolution black carbon record in Lijiayuan section has shown that the BCSR series well documented Younger dryas (YD) and Heinrich (HI和H2) events, suggesting that natural fires in the northwestern part of Chinese Loess Plateau could regularly respond to the millennial scale climate oscillation.

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对贵阳地区22个雨水样品的化学组成和Sr同位素的研究表明,贵阳地区大部分雨水样品的pH值小于5.6(pH=4.53).雨水中Ca^2+是最主要的阳离子,平均值为57μmol·l^-1(12-164μmol·l^-1),占阳离子组成的64%-87%;Mg^2+是次要的阳离子,平均值为13μmol·l^-1(5—4μmol·l^-1),Ca^2+和Mg^2+之和占了阳离子组成的78%-96%;K^+平均值为11μmol·l^-1(2—44μmol·l^-1);Na^+最少,其平均值为4μmol·l^-1(1—8μmol·l^-1).SO4^2-是最主要的阴离子,平均值为941μmol·l^-1(34—279μmol·l^-1),占阴离子组成的28%-94%;NO3^-是次要的阴离子,平均值为48μmol·l^-1(1-252μmol·l^-1),SO4^2-和NO3^-是决定雨水酸度最主要的离子,SO4^2=和NO3^-之和占阴离子组成的77%-99%;Cl^-最少,平均值为20μmol·l^1(1—128μmol·l^-1).贵阳地区雨水中Sr的浓度为0.02-O.33μmol·l^-1,^87Sr/^86Sr比值较小(0.707934-0.709080),非海盐来源的^87Sr/^86Sr比值为0.707820-0.709078.元素比值及Sr同位素组成辨识出贵阳地区雨水溶质主要来源于人为活动,岩石/土壤化学风化次之,海相输入很小或可以忽略不计.

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本论文按照统一的采样和统一的分析测试方法对全国煤中22种环境敏感微量元素及全硫含量进行了系统的研究。通过统计学的方法不仅给出了中国煤炭部分环境敏感微量元素的分布范围、算术均值、标准差、几何均值、几何偏差,中位数,而且首次给出了95%置信度下算术均值、几何均值以及元素含量分布的置信区间等,并与前人大量样品的统计结果进行比较。还通过统计分析了部分环境敏感微量元素在我国煤中的主要赋存状态,以及选煤对这部分微量元素的脱除机理和脱除效果等,得到以下几点认识: 1. 通过与前人大量样品统计所得到的结果进行比较,进一步证明了论文中使用的这批样品是中国煤炭平均化学成分的良好代表。本次所分析的23种元素中,As、Be、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Se、Th、Tl、U、F、S等13元素与前人数10年研究的统计结果在分布范围、均值含量等上非常一致,但本次的结果更为可信,更接近中国煤炭平均化学成分的真实状况。此外,本次对这B、Sn这2种元素的分析数据也是目前反映我国煤中分布最具有代表性的数据。 2. 根据样品的无偏性,对平均值的置信区间进行计算。首次给出了全国煤中各元素在95%置信度下的算术均值的置信区间、几何均值的置信区间以及元素含量分布的置信区间等。可以为后人研究各元素在绝大多数煤中的含量及均值情况时作为参考。同时统计分析表明,按照95%置信度计算,16元素的真实平均值在我们所得到的平均值±11%范围之内,最大偏差为硒,在±20%之间。 3. 平均值作为最常用的统计量之一,中国煤中不同元素的不同均值之间有一定的差异,反映了元素在煤中不同的分布状态。论文中通过对23种元素在全国煤中的5种不同的均值比较,一般元素的产量加权均值与总体样品均值之间都比较接近;绝大多数元素的储量加权均值比较低,这与西北、华北地区未开采利用的煤炭资源量大,煤质好有关。 4. 通过与Swaine(1990)给出世界煤中元素的分布范围进行比较,22种环境敏感微量元素在我国煤中的分布处于世界煤的有限范围之内。其中,Cr、Cu、Mn、Mo、Se、Sn、Th、Tl、U、V、F等微量元素在我国煤中的分布与世界煤比较接近,而As、B、Ba、Be、Cd、Co、Cl、Hg、Ni、Pb、Sb等微量元素在我国煤中较世界煤低很多。 5. 与世界主要煤炭资源大国和Swaine(1990)给出的世界煤元素均值含量的比较显示,大部分环境敏感微量元素在我国煤中的均值含量与世界主要煤炭资源大国煤中的均值含量也比较接近。其中,我国煤中B、Co、Cu、Hg、Pb、U等6种元素含量均值与美国煤比较接近,As、Cd、Sb、Tl等4种元素含量均值与澳大利亚煤比较接近,Ba、Cr、Mo、Ni、V等4种元素含量均值与前苏联煤比较接近,Be、Mn、Se、Th、F等5种元素含量均值与世界煤比较接近。 6. 随着煤炭变质程度的增高,各元素均值含量没有表现出明显规律性的增高或降低。但22种环境敏感微量元素在褐煤、弱粘煤、不粘煤、气煤等较低变质程度煤中的含量整体水平不高,绝大多数微量元素主要在中高变质程度煤中较为更为富集。不同成煤时期以及不同聚煤区煤中各种环境敏感微量元素不同的富集程度,从总体上反应了绝大部分环境敏感微量元素在华南煤中更为富集,而占全国储量3/4的华北和西北煤中的总体水平相对较低。 7. 通过对环境敏感微量元素与灰分及主要灰成分之间的关系进行分析,初步了解了它们在煤中的主要赋存状态。煤中绝大部分环境敏感微量元素还是具有非常明显的无机亲和性,在煤中主要以矿物无机形态存在。主要与粘土矿物、黄铁矿及硫化物相结合,而与碳酸盐矿物关系不大。 8. 脱除率的分析显示,15种元素的脱除率与灰分的脱除率之间具有显著的正相关性,说明煤中绝大部分环境敏感微量元素主要以无机形态存在,因此提高原煤入洗率,降低原煤灰分的同时也可以在很大程度上降低环境敏感微量元素的燃煤排放。 9. 部分环境敏感元素的脱除率受到其在煤中的赋存状态、矿物形态、煤级以及选煤厂洗选工艺等诸多因素的影响,在不同样品中脱除率的差异较大。某些样品中微量元素的脱除率较高,最高脱除率可达到70%以上。从平均脱除率来看,灰分、硫分及绝大多数环境敏感微量元素处于30%-70%之间,只有少数几个元素不到20%。