环境中基因工程微生物生态学研究

详细阐述了基因工程微生物(GEM)在环境释放中需考虑的主要问题:GEM的构建、基因转移、适合度、扩散、转运和潜在的生态影响等,并针对GEM特定的生态学特征和生态影响,提出了基因工程微生物生态学研究宜采取“具体问题具体分析”的策略,制定相应的研究方案,为安全有效地在非受控条件下应用GEM铺平道路。

交叉接种后固氮放线菌基因稳定性研究

放线菌Frankia与放线菌根植物在根瘤中共生的现象发生在8科24属被子植物上.系统发育分析表明:Frankia可分为4个族,其菌株对寄主植物有明显的偏好性.用大理旱冬瓜根瘤接种昆明和武定旱冬瓜幼苗,收集幼苗上的根瘤,再对幼苗接种数次.用武定旱冬瓜和川滇桤木幼苗做同样实验,最后对Frankia的16SrRNA基因进行ARDRA分析,发现接种幼苗根瘤中Frankia与接种根瘤中Frankia产生相同的16SrRNA基因ARDRA带型.

科尔沁沙地15种禾本科植物种子萌发特性比较

在实验室条件下,观测了科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区禾本科植物当年新采种子的萌发特点。15种植物中,披碱草、糙隐子草、冠芒草、大油芒、芦苇、虎尾草、野古草、狼尾草的发芽率超过80％,水稗草、牛鞭草、虱子草、狗尾草的发芽率不足10％。1～3d开始发芽的植物有大油芒、画眉、芦苇、虎尾草、披碱草、冠芒草、毛马唐、糙隐子草、超过10d基本不发芽的植物包括狗尾草、虱子草、牛鞭草.发芽持续期小于10d的植物包括毛马唐、水稗草、芦苇、画眉草、大油芒;发芽持续期21～30d的植物有披碱草、冠芒草。发芽种子超过总发芽种子的50％需要天数为虎尾草2d,芦苇3d,大油芒4d,披碱草5d,糙隐子草5d,野古草7d,冠芒草7d,狼尾草10d。与英国Sheffield地区相比,乌兰敖都地区一年生禾草发芽率低的所占比重更大,发芽更为缓慢;乌兰敖都地区多年生禾草的发芽率差别很小,但发芽更为缓慢。杂草植物萌发的风险分摊能力相对明显,因此抗干扰能力相对较强。

利用正交法研究丁香幼胚离体培养的影响因素

利用正交法研究5种不同因素(糖、胚龄、Gln、BA、NAA)对丁香幼胚萌发及成苗的影响,筛选出最佳的幼胚离体培养条件为在Monnier+0.1mg·L-1BA+0.001mg·L-1NAA+400mg·L-1Gln+50g·L-1糖培养基上培养胚龄为50d的丁香幼胚,同时发现Gln的加入量对丁香幼胚离体培养的萌发率有显著影响。

辽西油松纯林林分改造效益的综合评价

针对辽西地区大面积油松纯林的松毛虫危害严重、水土保持功能差、生态和经济效益低的现状 ,自 1982年起 ,在辽西地区通过采用带状皆伐后栽植阔叶树方法对油松纯林进行了更新改造试验 .试验结果表明 ,油松纯林改造成针阔混交林近 2 0年后 ,林分的小气候逐渐向良性转变 ,相对湿度提高 2 0 %～ 5 7%,气温降低 0 4～ 1 9℃ ,松毛虫虫口密度降低了 2～ 2 0头 株 ;同时水土保持功能增加 ,油松树高增加 16 8%,胸径增长 2 2 94%;经济效益有了较大提高 ,每公顷利润平均增加了 2 1倍 .因此 ,油松纯林改造成混交林是根治松毛虫危害 ,提高林分生态功能 ,增加林分经济效益的有效措施 ,应进行大面积推广 .

沙地云杉生态型对干旱胁迫的生理生态响应

采用干旱胁迫处理不同生态型沙地云杉幼苗,对其主干高生长、丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量进行了测定。结果表明,沙地云杉幼苗高生长明显受到干旱胁迫的抑制,绿果型沙地云杉在水分条件良好的情况下,高生长迅速,明显高于紫果型沙地云杉。随着干旱胁迫强度的增强,其高生长受抑制的程度高于紫果型沙地云杉。红果型沙地云杉处于二者之间。同时干旱胁迫也影响沙地云杉生长进程,使得其封顶时间提前一个多月,MDA含量无论在叶还是根中呈上升趋势,只是在土壤含水量在10％左右出现轻度胁迫时略有下降;叶片中MDA含量明显高于根中;从不同生态型来看,紫果型沙地云杉体内MDA含量高,绿果型低且具有较大的变化幅度。脯氨酸含量随干旱胁迫强度增加而增加;绿果型沙地云杉根部脯氨酸含量在处理4之前高于另外两种生态型,叶绿素的变化规律,紫果型和红果型沙地云杉基本相同,只是红果型含量略微低于紫果型,其叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量都是开始逐渐升高;随着胁迫强度增加,叶绿素含量下降;绿果型沙地云杉叶绿素含量总体上都呈下降趋势,只有叶绿素b含量在胁迫初期有所增加。从叶绿素a/b值出现下降趋势,但不同生态型表现不一样。绿果型沙地云杉由最高下降到最低,紫果型沙地云杉下降幅度较小,红果型介于二者之间。表明不同

苔藓植物DNA提取方法研究

提取高质量的 DNA是对苔藓植物遗传多样性进行研究的基础。该文以苔藓植物为试材 ,用 5种方法 ,即快速提取法、改良 CTAB法、CTAB法、SDS法及高盐法 (第一种为自行设计 ,第二种是对原有方法的改进 )对苔藓植物 DNA提取方法进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,快速提取法和改良 CTAB法是 2种适合于苔藓植物 DNA提取的方法。这 2种方法提取的 DNA浓度和纯度均比较高 ,凝胶电泳显示无明显降解现象 ,适宜作为 PCR扩增的模板 ,并成功地进行了 RAPD扩增。

土壤中镉的吸附解吸研究进展

首先概述了国内外关于土壤对镉的吸附解吸的基本研究方法与实验条件。用于吸附解吸实验的土样以通过20目筛为宜,而不同形式的支持电解质及其离子浓度的选择对实验结果有很大影响,应由实验的具体目的和要求确定合适的实验条件。位于土壤颗粒表面的各吸附点位与镉的结合能的能量高低不一,可将土壤对镉的吸附作用区分为专性吸附和非专性吸附。可用传统的或融入新参数的吸附等温线表达土壤对镉的吸附过程,土壤对镉的吸附性能可用综合因子来形容,如吸附势、吸持率、平均分配系数、Langmuir方程的常数k和Freundlich方程的系数k等表达方式,同时寻找这些综合因子与土壤基本理化性质之间的关系。文章最后讨论了影响吸附过程的主要环境因子,并就土壤pH和水分条件的影响机制进行了分析。

一种新的药用真菌——瓦尼木层孔菌(杨黄)

瓦尼木层孔菌 (杨黄 )是一种新的药用真菌发现在吉林省长白山地区 ,它属于担子菌门的锈革孔菌科。由于它生长在杨树上 ,且子实层表面为黄色 ,故当地人称之为杨黄。本文对该菌进行了详细介绍。

抑制剂生产长效复混(合)肥工艺技术

阐述在复混肥中加入抑制脲酶和(亚)硝化细菌活性的抑制剂,可控制铵态氮、硝态氮转化为N2O、N2造成的氮损失,从而提高氮利用率8%～12%,氮、磷、钾的综合利用率提高17%～25%。抑制剂加入量为复混肥量的1%～1.5%。介绍复混肥不同加工方法,如何加入抑制剂,并简单说明长效复混肥所增加的成本(18～20元/t产品)及带来的经济效益。

有机物料及无机氮对耕地黑土团聚体水稳性的影响

用室内模拟试验研究了有机C、无机N添加对耕地黑土不同粒级团聚体水稳性的影响。结果表明 ,在不添加任何物料的湿培养条件下 ,随团聚体粒径增大抵抗浸水分散能力减弱 ;添加葡萄糖和玉米根干粉对 >1mm水稳团聚体有良好保护作用 ,但不能保护小粒径的团聚体。单纯添加无机N会引起耕地黑土团聚体水稳性下降。

Expression of muscle-related genes and two MyoD genes during amphioxus notochord development

The notochord is one of the diagnostic features of the phylum Chordata. Despite the similarities in the early morphogenetic patterns of the notochords of various chordates, they are strikingly distinct from one another at the histological level. The amphioxus notochord is one example of an evolutionary novelty because it is made up of muscle cells. Our previous expressed sequence tag analysis, targeting messenger RNAs expressed in the adult amphioxus notochord, demonstrated that many muscle-related genes are expressed there. To characterize amphioxus notochord cells and to gain insights into the myogenic program in the notochord, we determined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of these muscle-related genes during amphioxus development. We found that BbNA1 (notochord actin), Amphi-Trop I (troponin I), Amphi-TPmyosin (tropomyosin), Amphi-MHC2 (myosin heavy chain), Amphi-nMRLC (notochord-specific myosin regulatory light chain), AmphinTitin/MLCK (notochord-specific titin/myosin light chain kinase), Amphi-MLP/CRP3 (muscle LIM protein), and Amphi-nCalponin (notochord-specific calponin) are expressed with characteristic patterns in notochord cells, including the central cells, dorsally located cells, and ventrally located cells, suggesting that each notochord cell has a unique molecular architecture that may reflect its function. In addition, we characterized two MyoD genes (Amphi-MyoD1 and Amphi-MyoD2) to gain insight into the genetic circuitry governing the formation of the notochord muscle. One of the MyoD genes (Amphi-MyoD2) is expressed in the central notochord cells, and the coexistence of Amphi-MyoD2 transcripts along with the Amphi-MLP/CRP3 transcripts implies the participation of Amphi-MyoD2 in the myogenic program in the notochord muscle.

Cryopreservation of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) sperm with a practical methodology

A simple and convenient protocol for the cryopreservation of the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) sperm was established for "on the spot" cryopreservation of large quantities of semen. The use of three cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), glycerol (Gly) and methanol was tested in the method. The percentage of motile sperm present in semen after it had been frozen and thawed in the presence of DMSO, Gly or methanol was 60.5 +/- 3.6, 79.17 +/- 4.5 and 13.25 +/- 4.7%, respectively. The fertilization rates of this sperm were 67.06 +/- 15.1, 76.20 +/- 10.0 and 44.93 +/- 22.6%, while the hatching rates of eggs fertilized with this sperm were 37.40 +/- 8.3, 48.18 +/- 25.7 and 23.35 +/- 10.8%, respectively. It was found that Gly and DMSO were better cryoprotectants than methanol, with Gly giving the best overall results. Under scanning electron microscopy, it could be seen that while the majority of the frozen-thawed sperm remained morphologically normal, some exhibited lost or dilated mitochondria, swollen mid-pieces, broken tails, or damaged cell membrane, which probably caused the decrease in motility and fertility of the frozen-thawed sperm. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.

Simultaneous determination of four phases of copper in geological samples

According to the specific property of respective phases in copper ore, optimal extracting condition for, tour phases of copper with five infusion was examined. After a series of experiments, for example, different weight Of sample, artificial mixed single phases sample and repeated experiment, the extracting ratio constants foil all phases in different infusions were obtained. The mathematical model which is on the basis of the stable extracting constant is established. Based on the purpose-control genetic algorithms, we only need to determine the total copper in the sample in different infusions under the selected condition, then the value of respective phase could be calculated. The-relative standard deviation are (%) free oxidized copper phase:1.5, conjunction oxidized copper phase: 17.6,, secondary copper sulfide phase: 1.9, primary copper sulfide phase : 2.7,total copper: 0.8.