长白山二道白河森林流域溪流倒木调查研究

溪流倒木是森林生态系统对水生态系统最重要、最直观的输入和干扰之一 ,也是两系统之间的主要联结 ,对于溪流生态系统的稳定、水生生物多样性、河槽形态及其变化过程有着重要的作用。重点对长白山北坡溪流倒木现存量进行了调查和研究 ,在调查的红松阔叶林植被带内 45 0 0 m长河道内 ,共发现溪流倒木 42 5株 ,分属于 1 7个树种 ;其中 、 级腐烂占相当大的比重 ,与林地倒木 、 级腐烂占优有所不同 ,其原因可能与分解环境的不同有关。所有溪流倒木的总材积为 77.98m3,故溪流倒木的现存量为 1 .73 3 m3/1 0 0 m和 1 0 .83 m3/hm2 。溪流倒木的树种组成和不同树种的材积与河岸带植被密切相关 ,但存在差异。研究表明林分形成倒木并进入河流在时间上可能是均匀或随机的 ,但不同树种间 ,其形成倒木并进入河流时的树木材积或生长年龄存在较大差异。溪流倒木和林地活立木的个体数量的径级分布基本上为反 J型 ,而它们材积的径级分布均为典型的 J型

黑土区县域生态工程建设对农业景观的调控

近年来,东北典型黑土区的水土流失问题得到了广泛的关注。该文运用景观生态学的空间分析方法,在地理信息系统GIS支持下,以1989年和2002年陆地资源卫星LandsatTM为主要信息源,结合测绘图件、统计数据及野外调查,分析黑土侵蚀区典型县域(拜泉县)生态恢复与重建的景观结构和水土保持效应。研究结果表明从1989到2002年,研究区耕地面积下降24731.01hm2,林草地面积增加了13567.53hm2,林网进一步完善,水库和塘坝数量由88座增加到1490座。全县55%的水蚀面积得到治理,82.2%的风蚀农田得到林网的防护,43.7%的景观地表超渗径流得到集蓄利用,大于1.5°坡耕地泥沙径流拦截面积增加1420.10hm2。大规模生态建设下,区域景观类型数量和空间配置发生了较大的变化,景观结构的调整对其水土保持功能起到了很好的调控作用。

生态土地分类研究进展

土地分类是土地评价、规划和管理的基础 ,对林业资源可持续利用具有重要的意义 .生态土地分类是目前土地分类的主要方向和趋势 ,国际上早已开展此项研究 .随着景观生态学和 3S技术的发展 ,生态分类系统的研制已成为生态土地分类的重点 .本文对生态土地分类的定义、特点、发展历史、生态分类系统理论 ,以及国际生态分类系统的发展趋势进行了系统的综述 ,并指出以资源 (森林、土地、水域等 )多目标管理为基础 ,定量与定性相结合的多因子多层次综合是未来生态土地研究发展的总趋势 ,有必要在我国大力开展相关研究 .

采用了剪枝优化的子类型关系判定算法

静态类型化XML处理语言为处理XML数据提供了新的途径,但现有的此类语言大多数效率较低.研究此类语言的一个重要问题——子类型关系的判定,并使用剪枝优化策略对XDuce的子类型关系判定算法进行优化.实验数据显示,优化后算法的执行效率平均提高20%.该策略具有普遍性,对所有使用类似算法的静态类型化XML处理语言都有效.

One-Step Ionic Liquid-Assisted Electrochemical Synthesis of Ionic Liquid-Functionalized Graphene Sheet Directly from Graphite

Graphite, inexpensive and available in large quantities, unfortunately does not readily exfoliate to yield individual graphene sheets. Here a mild, one-step electrochemical approach for the preparation of ionic-liquid-functionalized graphite sheets with the assistance of an ionic liquid and water is presented. These ionic-liquid-treated graphite sheets can be exfoliated into functionalized graphene nanosheets that can not only be individuated and homogeneously distributed into polar aprotic solvents, but also need not be further deoxidized. Different types of ionic liquids and different ratios of the ionic liquid to water can influence the properties of the graphene nanosheets. Graphene nanosheet/polystyrene composites synthesized by a liquid-phase blend route exhibit a percolation threshold of 0.1 vol % for room temperature electrical conductivity, and, at only 4.19 vol %, this composite has a conductivity of 13.84 S m(-1), which is 3-15 times that of polystyrene composites filled with single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Active site structure of NO decomposition on perovskite(-like) oxides: An investigation from experiment and density functional theory

Active site structure for NO decomposition carried out on perovskite-like oxides were discussed based on the N-2 yield measured from LaSrNi1-x,AlxO4 with different B-site cations and from La2-ySryCuO4 with different crystal phases. Results show that the active site contains two oxygen vacancies, two transition metals, and one lattice-oxygen, with the oxygen vacancy locating on the apex of MO6 octahedron, and the lattice oxygen locating between the two transition metals (i.e., M-O-M plane). Density functional theory (DFT) analysis to the structure shows that this new active site is the most active structure for NO adsorbing, and hence, for NO decomposition. The similar trend of the relative energies that are required for the formation of oxygen vacancies with f form (calculated from DFT), the amount of oxygen vacancies, and the activities (N-2 yield) certifies this result further.

Spatially-confined crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Nanometre-sized poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) particle domains in a confined space were obtained by blending PVDF with excess poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). When these particles were small enough they showed beta -form structure, which was different from the structure of bigger particles or PVDF bulk. However, the beta -form was thermodynamically metastable because it could eventually be transformed to a more stable phase by annealing at a certain temperature. Larger particle domains were of identical phase to the bulk, indicating that small size favours the formation of the beta -form. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.

Lanthanide coordination polymers with dicarboxylate-like ligands: crystal structures of polymeric lanthanum(III) and terbium(III) complexes with flexible double betaines

Four novel polymeric lanthanide(III) complexes of two new double betaine derivatives have been synthesized and structurally determined. In [{La-2(L-1)(2)(H2O)(9)}(n)]Cl-6n. 2nH(2)O (1) and [{Tb(L-1)(H2O)(4)}(n)]Cl-3n. nH(2)O (2) (L-1 =4,4'-trimethylenedipyridinio-N,N'-diacetate), the lanthanide(III) ions form a two-dimensional layer in which each pair of lanthanide(III) ions is bridged by two syn-anti mu-carboxylato-O,O' groups. Adjacent layers are cross-linked through hydrogen bonds among aqua ligands, lattice water molecules and chloride ions, to form a three-dimensional network. Isomorphous [{Ln(L-1)(H2O)(4)}(n)]Cl-3n. 5nH(2)O (Ln=La, 3; Ln=Tb, 4; L-2=1,3 bis(pyridinio-4-carboxylato)-propane) each contain a centrosymmetric paddle-wheel-like dimeric unit in which each pair of adjacent metal atoms is bridged by four syn-syn mu-carboxylato-O,O' groups that are oriented nearly perpendicular to each other about the metal-metal axis. Neighboring dimeric subunits are bridged by a pair of flexible LL ligands into a polymeric chain. Adjacent chains are inter-linked by hydrogen bonds among aqua ligands, lattice water molecules and chloride ions into a three-dimensional network. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Luminescence properties of rare-earth (Eu3+ and Tb3+) complexes with paraaminobenzoic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline incorporated into a silica matrix by sol-gel method

Ternary complexes of europium and terbium with paraaminobenzoic acid and 1,10-phenanthroline (Eu(p-ABA)(3). phen . 2H(2)O and Tb(p-ABA)(3). phen . 2H(2)O, where p-HABA = paraaminobenzoic acid and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) were introduced into a silica matrix by sol-gel method. The luminescence behavior of the complexes in silica gels was studied in comparison with the. corresponding solid-state complexes by means of emission, excitation spectra, and Lifetimes. Within the range of effective dopant concentrations, the luminescence intensities of rare-earth complexes in silica gel increase with the increasing of their dopant concentration. The lifetimes of rare-earth ions (Eu3+ and-Tb3+) in silica gel doped with europium and terbium complexes become longer than those in pure complexes. Very small amounts of rare-earth complexes doped in silica gel matrix can exhibit excellent luminescence properties, (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd.

黄海纤毛虫的丰度和生物量

海洋浮游纤毛虫是在海洋中浮游生活的一类单细胞原生动物，主要是指寡毛类纤毛虫(Oligotrich ciliates)，隶属原生动物界(Protozoa)、纤毛门(Ciliophora)、寡毛纲(Oligotrichea)，分属于Oligotrichina 和Tintinnina两个亚纲。它们个体微小，粒径在5-200 µm之间，是微型浮游动物和海洋微食物环(Marine Microbial Food Web)的重要组成部分。 2006年4月至2007年12月，在黄海(包括胶州湾)采样分析海洋浮游纤毛虫的种类组成(砂壳纤毛虫)、丰度和生物量，分析纤毛虫在这一海区的季节变化和空间变化。 纤毛虫丰度和生物量的研究方法为：Rosette采水器(胶州湾用Niskin采水器)采集水样，取1 L水样，加Lugol’s试剂固定(终浓度1%)，Utermöhl方法100倍镜检。测量虫体的体长、体宽，按最接近的几何形状(圆柱体、球体和圆锥体)计算体积。生物量由体积乘转换系数(0.19 pgC/µm3)得到，砂壳纤毛虫的肉体体积按照壳体积的1/3近似。 本文的结果表明，胶州湾各站纤毛虫平均丰度于6月达到全年最高值6065 ind./L，12月为全年丰度最低值843 ind./L。平均生物量8月达全年最高值(18.5 µg C/L)，6月为全年最低值(0.6 µg C/L)。砂壳纤毛虫种丰富度于8月达到最高值，共发现25种砂壳纤毛虫，1月种类最少(6种)。湾内站位的纤毛虫平均丰度比湾外的高(6月和8月除外)。砂壳纤毛虫在纤毛虫总丰度中的比例较小，平均为25%，范围为8-57%，分别于1月和8月达到最低和最高值。 两次冷水团大面调查结果表明，4月表层纤毛虫平均丰度(1490 ind./L)要高于10月(972 ind./L)。10月表层纤毛虫生物量0.14-5.33 µg C/L，14194站、15694站和15894站生物量较高，为4.08-5.33 µg C/L。无壳纤毛虫优势种Laboea strobila在两个航次中均呈现斑块分布，4月航次丰度0-10000 ind./L，10月航次丰度11-350 ind./L；砂壳纤毛虫优势种Ptychocylis obtusa仅在4月航次发现，最大丰度2895 ind./L，10月航次未发现。4月航次砂壳纤毛虫有百乐拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis beroidea)，丰度为0-1920 ind./L；卡拉直克拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis karajacensis)，丰度很小(10-93 ind./L)。10月航次砂壳纤毛虫优势种Tintinnidium primitivum，丰度为35-700 ind./L；也出现了尖底类瓮虫(Amphorellopsis acuta)和网纹虫(Favella spp.)，但丰度不大(0-210 ind./L)；运动类铃虫(Codonellopsis mobilis)、筒状拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis tubulosoides)和Eutintinnus sp.丰度也较低(35-105 ind./L)；Craterella torulata丰度为0-120 ind./L，主要分布于15694站。10月航次已经出现了温跃层，位于30 m左右水层，纤毛虫主要分布于温跃层之上。 六次黄海断面航次表明：温跃层在5月已经出现，到12月消失。在有温跃层的5月、6月、8月、9月，纤毛虫主要分布于温跃层(30 m左右)之上。其中8月份航次纤毛虫丰度最高，表层平均丰度3103 ind./L。12月份纤毛虫丰度最低，表层平均丰度406 ind./L。纤毛虫生物量春夏季为0.02-5.5 µg C/L，冬季为0.04-1.99 µg C/L。小型无壳纤毛虫占优势，砂壳纤毛虫东方拟铃虫(Tintinnopsis orientalis)、筒状拟铃虫、运动类铃虫、Craterella torulata和Tintinnidium primitivum几乎在各个航次均有分布。

浮力对Langmuir环流的影响

Langmuir环流是发生在上层海洋中纵向的螺旋状涡旋运动，其轴向与风向基本一致。它是一常见的重要海洋现象，与海洋研究的许多重要问题，如海－气交换、海洋混合、海洋环境、海洋遥感、海洋生态和海洋灾害等有着十分密切的关系。 本文在同时考虑科氏力与浮力作用下，从Navier-Stokes方程出发，应用摄动理论，导出一个包含科氏力与浮力影响的Langmuir环流控制方程组。所采用的方法类似于Craik and Leibovich（1976）、Leibovich（1977）及Huang（1979）等人研究Langmuir环流时所采用的研究方法。此外，本文还讨论了所导出的方程组在南极绕极流区域的潜在应用。