61 resultados para >250 µm, 11-18 specimens


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采用具有不同开垦年限的0~20和20~40 cm耕层土壤,对其不同粒级的有机碳和全N分布进行了研究.结果表明,在0~20和20~40 cm耕层,<0.002 mm粒级的有机碳含量最高,<0.02 mm粒级含量次之,<0.2 mm粒级含量最少.土壤全N的粒级分布规律与有机碳基本相同.在同一粒级中,有机碳和全N的各粒级分布与开垦年限没有明显的相关性.各粒级的有机碳与全N相关性极显著,在<0.2 mm粒级的相关系数为0.74,在<0.02 mm和<0.002 mm分别达到了0.94和0.91.

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采用高温固相法合成了Nd2CexO3+2x(x=2.0,2.25,2.5,2.75,3.0)复合氧化物,在高温合金基体上采用等离子喷涂制备了该材料热障涂层。XRD分析结果表明Nd2CexO3+2x粉末和涂层均为立方萤石晶体结构。考察了CeO2含量对Nd2CexO3+2x的力学性能(弹性模量、维氏硬度和断裂韧性)和等离子喷涂涂层在1250℃抗热震性能的影响。随着CeO2含量增加,材料的弹性模量降低,维氏硬度和断裂韧性提高。通过提高初始粉末中CeO2的含量,获得了组成接近化学计量比Nd2Ce2O7的涂层,涂层的抗热震性能增强,热循环次数达到1000次以上。Nd2CexO3+2x涂层的失效原因主要是:与金属基体之间...

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Rabies virus was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. Anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin Y(IgY) was isolated from yolks of the eggs laid by these chickens using a two-step salt precipitation and one-step gel filtration protocol. The purified IgY was reduced with dithiothreitol, and heavy chains (HC) and light chains (LC) were obtained. In addition, the purified IgY was digested with pepsin and the fragment with specific antigen binding properties (Fab) was produced. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS), the average molecular weights of IgY, HC, LC, and Fab were determined as 167 250, 65 105, 18 660, and 45,359 Da, respectively. IgY has two structural differences compared with mammalian IgGs. First, the molecular weight of the heavy chain of IgY is larger than that of its mammalian counterpart, while the molecular weight of the light chain of IgY is smaller. Second, upon pepsin digestion, anti-rabies virus IgY is degraded into Feb, in contrast to mammalian IgG, which has been reported to be degraded into F(ab')(2) under the same conditions. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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本文比较全面地综述了目前国际上研究比较热门的课题,一种新型有序超薄有机膜-自组膜。首先比较了自组膜(SA)和LB(Langmuir-Blodgett)膜,主要从膜的特征和分类、膜的结构、表征技术等方面对自组膜的研究进行了综述。着重阐述了最有代表性的硫醇在金上的单分子层自组膜。

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本文研究了甲基膦酸二甲庚酯(P_(350))与伯胺N_(1923)的正庚烷溶液在(Na,H)Cl介质中对Zn(Ⅱ)的协同萃取。用等摩尔系列法和斜率法以及IR和~1H NMR确定了协萃配合物的组成为(PNH_3Cl)_(3/2)·ZnCl_2·P_(350),协萃反应平衡常数1gK_(BC)=2.10,协萃配合物的生成常数1gβ=0.46,计算了协萃反应的热力学函数,还从萃取剂的结构探讨了中性磷酸酯在协萃过程中的作用。

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本文根据1999年-2007年间7个航次的长江口及其邻近海域的鱼类浮游生物和环境因子的调查资料,探讨了三峡工程蓄水前后长江口鱼类浮游生物群落特征,主要包括长江口鱼类浮游生物的种类组成、数量变动、群落多样性、空间分布格局等,分析了三峡工程蓄水前后长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构的动态变化,为评价三峡工程对河口生态环境及鱼类补充资源的影响提供科学依据,研究结果如下: 1.三峡工程蓄水前春季(1999年5月和2001年5月)共捕获11540个鱼类浮游生物隶属11目18科32种,其中凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys hexanema)、白氏银汉鱼(Allanetta bleekeri)、松江鲈(Trachidermis fasciatus)为优势种;鱼类浮游生物群落可划分为三个类群:①以凤鲚为优势种的河口群组,②以松江鲈和白氏银汉鱼为优势种的沿岸群组,③以鳀和六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼为优势种的近海群组;盐度、深度、溶解氧和悬浮体是影响这一海域鱼类浮游生物分布的主要环境因子。 2.三峡工程蓄水后春季长江口的环境因子总体分布格局没有改变,部分环境因子表现出数量上的差异:溶解氧含量偏低,COD平均值下降,pH值显著上升,盐度升高,河道水域和口门附近悬浮体下降,长江口鱼类生物群聚栖息环境发生了变化。三峡工程蓄水后春季(2004年5月和2007年5月)共采获的25种鱼类浮游生物,总丰度(1 070个)仅为蓄水前(11 540)的10%,4种优势种白氏银汉鱼、凤鲚、松江鲈和鳀贡献了总丰度的94.57%;蓄水后影响长江口鱼类浮游生物格局的主要环境因子是盐度和悬浮体,蓄水后长江口鱼类浮游生物群聚类型(河口型、沿岸型和近海型)与蓄水前一致,但沿岸型空间分布区域明显减少,近海型分布区域向河口方向扩展。长江口环境因子中,盐度和悬浮体是蓄水前后鱼类浮游生物群聚变异的主要影响因素。 3.三峡工程蓄水前后春季四次调查共记录鱼类浮游生物39种,生态类型包括淡水、半咸水、沿岸和近海。春季长江口鱼类浮游生物优势种包括鯷、凤鲚、白氏银汉鱼、松江鲈和六丝矛尾鰕虎鱼,2004年和2007年鯷、凤鲚优势地位有所下降。长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构年度间差异显著,以2004年长江口鱼类浮游生物群落结构与1999和2001年相异性最高,鯷和凤鲚种群数量变动对其群落变异的贡献率最大,群落相似性以2004和2007年最高,达71.17%。与蓄水前相比,三峡水库蓄水后的长江口鱼类浮游生物群落多样性显著下降。1999—2007年间,长江口发生了一系列环境环境条件变化,直接或间接的环境干扰带来了长江口鱼类生物群落结构变异。 4.2007年四个航次(春、夏、秋、冬)共捕获鱼类浮游生物6,463个, 隶属12目28科45种, 以鳀科丰度最高, 占总丰度的76.5%。长江口鱼类浮游生物包括4种生态类型: 淡水型(2种), 半咸水型(14种), 沿岸型(10种)和近海型(16种)。其中, 近海型物种个体数量最多, 占2007年长江口鱼类浮游生物总丰度的74.55%。鳀在4个季节均有出现, 对长江口鱼类浮游生物丰度贡献最大。鱼类浮游生物在物种组成上存在明显的季节变化: 白氏银汉鱼在春季占绝对优势, 鳀是夏季优势度最高的种类, 秋季除鳀外, 前颌间银鱼(Hemisalanx prognathus)成为优势种; 鱼类浮游生物丰度高度集中在优势种上, 各季节优势种对总丰度贡献超过89%。群落物种数量、丰度、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数, 在夏季最高, 春季和秋季次之, 冬季最低。2007年长江口鱼类浮游生物的群落格局在空间上分为三个不同的群组:河口、沿岸、外海,并且这种分布随长江冲淡水的季节变化而变化。盐度是影响决定长江口鱼类浮游生物群落空间分布的最重要因子,而温度则是影响其季节性结构变化的主要因子。此外,生殖洄游和索饵洄游也是影响鱼类浮游生物群落结构时间变化的重要因子。

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针对目前栉孔扇贝Chlamys farreri养殖亟待解决的种质、病害、环境和产品质量等日趋严重的问题,从栉孔扇贝本身的防御机制和神经内分泌机制入手,较为系统地研究了环境胁迫,应激激素与血细胞免疫功能之间的相互作用机制;从生态免疫学角度,探讨了栉孔扇贝大规模死亡的原因,为栉孔扇贝病害防治和种质优化提供了一些理论依据。主要研究结果如下: 1.较为系统地综述了贝类生态免疫机制的研究进展。分析了应激激素对贝类细胞免疫活性的抑制作用,以及生态免疫过程中免疫成本的投入与其他生态因子之间的内在联系,分析了病原体与宿主之间的相互作用机制,提出了贝类生态免疫机制研究新见解和新思路。 2.筛选出一种较适用的抗凝剂配方:Glucose 20.8 gL-1,EDTA 20mM, Sodium chloride 20 gL-1,Tris-HCl 0.05M,pH=7.4。 3.模拟研究了栉孔扇贝养殖过程中的主要环境胁迫因子,包括露空胁迫(5°C,17°C和25°C露空最长持续24小时),急性温度胁迫(从17°C分别直接升至23°C和28°C或降至11°C),急性盐度胁迫(从盐度31直接升至盐度35或降至盐度25和20),饥饿胁迫(持续40天)和密度胁迫(分为低、中和高密度),对栉孔扇贝血细胞免疫功能的影响,养殖过程中的露空胁迫对栉孔扇贝的血细胞免疫功能具有抑制作用,从而削弱了扇贝胁迫后恢复的最初24小时中抗击病原体的能力。高温下(25°C)的露空胁迫能够显著地降低扇贝的成活率。急性升温胁迫(从17°C突变至28°C)会严重的破坏栉孔扇贝的内稳态,损伤其血细胞免疫功能,从而增加了扇贝对病原体的易感性。而扇贝对快速的降温胁迫(从17°C突变至11°C)则具有较高的耐受性。盐度20的低盐胁迫能够显著抑制栉孔扇贝的血细胞防御功能,同时低盐有利于许多病原体的繁殖,两方面的协同作用,将大大增加扇贝大规模死亡的几率。饥饿胁迫(40天)能够显著地抑制血细胞的免疫活性,然而在实验室饵料充足的条件下,养殖密度除了对血细胞的吞噬活性有一定的抑制作用外,对血细胞其他的免疫活性影响不明显。 4.揭示了环境胁迫因子,包括露空胁迫(17°C 露空24小时),温度胁迫(从17°C分别直接升至28°C或降至11°C持续7天),低盐胁迫(从盐度31直接降至盐度20持续7天)和饥饿40天胁迫,对栉孔扇贝血细胞超微结构的影响,露空胁迫(17°C 露空24小时),低盐胁迫(盐度20持续7天)和饥饿40天胁迫严重损伤了血细胞的膜系统及各种细胞器的结构。 5.利用酶联免疫法测定了栉孔扇贝血淋巴中应激激素(肾上腺素,去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺)的基础浓度,分别为0.088±0.11, 18.63±1.96 和 2.59±0.46ng/ml。研究了血淋巴中应激激素对环境胁迫(包括露空,急性升温和急性降盐)的响应水平,急性露空,升温和降盐能够显著提高血淋巴中肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素的浓度,而多巴胺浓度变化却呈现出完全相反的趋势。 6.肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素体外诱导栉孔扇贝血细胞研究结果表明:浓度为30ng/ml或50ng/ml的去甲肾上腺素能够显著抑制血细胞的吞噬活性,浓度为50ng/ml的去甲肾上腺素能够显著抑制血细胞的活性氧产物,而肾上腺素对血细胞免疫功能的影响则不显著。

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The modulation of carrageenan oligosaccharides from Kappaphycus striatum on the immune system in S 180-bearing mice was investigated. The mice inoculated with S180 cell suspension were treated p.o. with carrageenan oligosaccharides (50, 100 and 200 mu g/g) for 14 days. The effects of carrageenan oligosaccharides on transplantable tumors and macrophage phagocytosis, quantitative hemolysis of sheep red blood cells (QHS),. lymphocyte proliferation, the activity of natural killer cells (NK), production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were studied. Carrageenan oligosaccharides could significantly inhibit the growth of transplantable sarcoma S180 and increase macrophage phagocytosis, the form of antibody secreted by spleen cells, spleen lymphocyte proliferation, NK cells activity, serumal IL-2 and TNF-alpha level in S 180-bearing mice. Considering all these results, it is suggested that carrageenan oligosaccharides exert their antitumor effect by promoting the immune system. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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在青藏高原中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态系统定位研究站对金露梅高寒灌丛草场植被开展了长期不同放 牧强度试验,分别在短期(4 年) 、中期(11 年) 和长期(18 年) 放牧阶段研究不同放牧干扰强度对草地植物物种多样 性、群落结构、地上生物量和草场质量的影响。研究表明,在不同放牧阶段,随着放牧强度增加植物群落的高度和 盖度都降低。在中期放牧干扰阶段,物种多样性指数和均匀度指数随着放牧强度增加呈现典型的单峰曲线模式; 在长期放牧干扰阶段,随着放牧强度增加,占优势地位的灌木和禾草被典型杂类草替代,其中的重度放牧干扰简化 了高寒灌丛植被群落结构,减少了地上现存生物量,特别是可食优良牧草生物量。植被对放牧的响应除了与放牧 强度和放牧时间阶段密切相关外,还与该地区水热条件的变化有一定的相关性。针对长期放牧干扰的反应特性可 将金露梅灌丛草场中植物划分为增加型、敏感型、忍耐型和无反应型4 种类型。除了丰富度指数、多样性指数和均 匀度指数外,其它一些特征参数并不支持著名的中度干扰假说。本研究发现,长期重度放牧促进了青藏高原高寒 草地退化,适度放牧有利于高寒灌丛草场的生物多样性保护和牧草利用;“取半留半”的放牧原则在青藏高原草场 放牧管理实践中值得推荐,它将有利于防止草场退化,提高牧草利用率和维持较高的生物多样性。

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本研究是首次对贵州丹寨凯里组界线剖面界线层的沉积岩地球化学特征进行研究:分析沉积岩中的微量元素,探讨稀土元素分布模式及微量元素含量沿剖面变化的规律性,对沉积环境进行分析,结合古生物学者对界线剖面宏观生物组合和疑源类的研究所确定的划分定义,确定界线划分的地球化学划分方案,从而为丹寨下、中寒武统界线划分提供地球化学依据。并且根据对丹寨界线剖面下、中寒武统界线层化学事件研究结果,将界线置于3层-4层之间。

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在贵阳和武汉市的4 座城市生活垃圾填埋场,研究了其中的生活垃圾、土壤和植物中的汞含量分布特征。结果显示,城市生活垃圾的汞含量分布极不均匀,浓度为0. 170~46. 222 mg ·kg - 1 ,几何均值0. 574 mg ·kg - 1 ,一半以上的样品汞含量低于0. 5 mg ·kg - 1 ,个别含量异常偏高,可能是被混入的含汞废弃产品污染了,而各个填埋场的垃圾汞含量几何均值相差不大。不同垃圾填埋场覆盖土壤的汞含量差异显著,反映了填埋场所在区域的土壤背景值以及垃圾填埋活动对覆盖土壤的污染程度,有时覆盖土壤的汞含量超过区域土壤背景值的2~23 倍。填埋场附近的农田土壤存在一定的汞污染迹象。填埋场生长的植物因生活习性的不同汞含量分布特征也不同,无喙齿冠草为叶> 根> 茎,狗牙根和硬质早熟禾为地下部分> 地上部分。随着填埋场运行时间的增长,附近生长的苔藓汞

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Titanium silicalites have been synthesized in the TPABr+ammonia, TPABr+hexanediamine, TPABr+ethylenediamine, TPABr+diethylamine, TPABr+TEAOH, TPABr+n-butylamine, TPABr+TBAOH and TBAOH+n-butylamine systems. As-synthesized titanium silicalites were characterized by XRD, IR and C-13 CP MAS NMR. Catalytic performance in epoxidation of propylene and template effect was investigated. It has been shown that both TPABr and TBAOH serve as templating agent in TPABr+TBAOH system. But in other systems, when there is enough TPABr, organic amines or ammoniums only act as the bases. TEAOH or n-butylamine can take the role of template when less TPABr is added. It indicates that the ability of organic amines or ammoniums to direct the Pentasil structure decreases as follows: TPA(+)>TBA(+)>TEA(+)>n-butylamine. Catalysts exhibiting good performance in epoxidation of propylene can be attained using TPABr as the template and ammonia, n-butylamine, diethylamine, hexanediamine or TBAOH as bases. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Based on social survey data conducted by local research group in some counties executed in the nearly past five years in China, the author proposed and solved two kernel problems in the field of social situation forecasting: i) How can the attitudes’ data on individual level be integrated with social situation data on macrolevel; ii) How can the powers of forecasting models’ constructed by different statistic methods be compared? Five integrative statistics were applied to the research: 1) algorithm average (MEAN); 2) standard deviation (SD); 3) coefficient variability (CV); 4) mixed secondary moment (M2); 5) Tendency (TD). To solve the former problem, the five statistics were taken to synthesize the individual and mocrolevel data of social situations on the levels of counties’ regions, and form novel integrative datasets, from the basis of which, the latter problem was accomplished by the author: modeling methods such as Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA), Discriminant Analysis (DA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were used to construct several forecasting models. Meanwhile, on the dimensions of stepwise vs. enter, short-term vs. long-term forecasting and different integrative (statistic) models, meta-analysis and power analysis were taken to compare the predicting power of each model within and among modeling methods. Finally, it can be concluded from the research of the dissertation: 1) Exactly significant difference exists among different integrative (statistic) models, in which, tendency (TD) integrative models have the highest power, but coefficient variability (CV) ones have the lowest; 2) There is no significant difference of the power between stepwise and enter models as well as short-term and long-term forecasting models; 3) There is significant difference among models constructed by different methods, of which, support vector machine (SVM) has the highest statistic power. This research founded basis in all facets for exploring the optimal forecasting models of social situation’s more deeply, further more, it is the first time methods of meta-analysis and power analysis were immersed into the assessments of such forecasting models.