浑善达克沙地植物功能型多样性

植物随所处环境条件的变化而产生一系列的形态、生理以及其它特性上的相应变化，形成相应的适应对策，表现出一定的功能策略。把在生态系统中扮演着相似角色并且对环境条件表现出相似的响应的一组具有相似特征（形态和生理特征）的植物称为植物功能型（Plant Functional types），这一概念把植物从个体水平和整个生态系统水平上把生理和生活史过程以及策略合理的联系在一起。有了植物功能型的帮助，我们能够将个体种和个体种群的纷繁 复杂过程总结简化为相对简洁的演化模式。近来的研究已经提出在生态系统过程中功能型多样性比物种多样性更重要。 本文以浑善达克沙地植被为研究对象，按照生命期（一年生与多年生），光合途径（C3光合途径与 C4光合途径），繁殖方式（克隆繁殖和非克隆繁殖）以及生长型（禾草与非禾草）来划分浑善达克沙地的植物功能型，调查监测浑善达克沙地植物功能型的分布及其生态特征对沙地环境的响应。 通过对浑善达克沙地五种不同生境的土壤因子和植物功能型分布及其群落特征的分析研究，结果表明在流动沙丘上一年生C4非克隆繁殖的植物功能型首先侵入，半固定沙丘开始有多年生C3植物功能型定居并逐渐成为优势种，当成为固定沙丘时，本研究中所有浑善达克沙地植物功能型都出现了，其植物功能型多样性最高。滩地中的土壤的有机质和养分含量最高，多年生C3植物占据绝对优势。靠近淖尔边缘，盐分含量和水分增加，多年生C3非禾草成为优势种。在浑善达克沙地，一年生C4非克隆非禾草在沙丘生境中全都存在。流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘之间的土壤条件没有显著差异，但植被特征存在差异。因此，只要排除人为影响和牲畜干扰，辅助以一定的人工措施（如飞播），浑善达克沙地退化草地将向着良性的恢复方向发展。 通过对浑善达克沙地退化草地围封后的植物功能型特征变化研究，在四年的植被恢复过程中，功能型多样性最高的群落可能不是最稳定和恢复时间较长的群落，在我们的研究中，功能型多样性在恢复的第一年和第四年较高，而在恢复的第二年和第三年功能型多样性显著低于第一年和第四年。但第二年和第三年的地上生物量却高于第一年和第四年，从生态系统功能的角度考虑，说明恢复过程中群落的稳定性是短暂过渡的类型，群落恢复过程将呈周期性的波动。在四年的恢复时间里，多年生C3光合途径克隆繁殖禾草无论从植株密度、盖度、物种数以及地上生物量都在群落中占有绝对优势，在退化沙地草地自然恢复早期起到关键作用。 基于连续四年在浑善达克沙地围封区内滩地植被记录，分析了（1）滩地植物群落的植物功能型特征，包括密度、物种数、盖度、地上生物量以及相对重要值;（2）各植物功能型特征对植物功能型多样性（Shannon-Wiener index）的贡献以及(3) 群落初级生产力与物种多样性和植物功能型多样性的关系。结果表明，植物功能型特征显著受生命期、光合途径、繁殖方式以及生长型影响。植物功能型多样性与群落物种数显著相关。逐步回归分析结果显示多年生C3 克隆禾草随着退化草地的恢复进程对植物功能型多样性的影响越来越重要。植物功能型多样性与群落初级生产力之间的关系随着恢复进程而呈现不同的线性关系。 为了调查浑善达克沙地主要植物功能型优势物种对沙地环境的适应，研究了多年生根茎克隆繁殖禾草赖草和多年生非克隆繁殖非禾草褐沙蒿对沙埋和风蚀的响应。结果表明，不同的植物功能型对于沙地风沙蚀积表现出不同的适应对策。在一定程度的沙埋和风蚀胁迫下，赖草通过分株间克隆整合来抵御风沙蚀积，通过对根茎生物量的投资，来逃离胁迫环境。而褐沙蒿通过加大对根生物量的投资来抵御风蚀，通过加大对地上部分的生物量投资来抵御沙埋。

暖温带地区典型森林群落叶面积指数、生产力和树木年轮特征的分析

以辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)为主的落叶阔叶林、华北落叶松林(Larix principisrupprechtii)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)林是我国暖温带地区具有代表性的森林群落类型。本研究：1）应用国内外流行的半球图方法，通过对这三种森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的测定和综合比较，分析了叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态，揭示了暖温带地区不同类型森林群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的特征;2）基于野外调查的样地资料，利用维量分析法估算了中国科学院北京森林生态系统定位研究站三种森林群落乔木层的生物量和生产力，并揭示生产力和叶面积指数之间的相关关系;3）利用油松森林群落和落叶松森林群落采集树芯作为研究对象，用树木年轮学方法，建立相应的年表，联系气候资料进行相关分析，揭示树木生长的限制因子。 研究结果表明：1）落叶阔叶林(优势种为：辽东栎、棘皮桦(Betula dahurica)、五角枫(Acer mono))和华北落叶松林两种落叶森林群落的叶面积指数值均随生长季的到来而呈现增长的趋势，最大值出现在8月;林冠开阔度值随着生长季的到来而下降，最大值出现在11月。落叶阔叶林的叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的季节动态较之华北落叶松林明显。油松是常绿树种，其群落叶面积指数和林冠开阔度的变化程度均不明显，但林冠开阔度的变化趋势也是与叶面积指数的变化趋势相反。通过计算得出叶面积指数和林冠开阔度相关显著，并且呈现指数回归的关系。2） 油松、落叶松、落叶阔叶林三种森林群落乔木层的生物量和生产力分别为93.59 t•hm-2、119.36 t•hm-2 、169.94 t•hm-2和4.02 t•hm-2•a-1、5.58 t•hm-2•a-1、7.04 t•hm-2•a-1;三种森林群落乔木层生产力和叶面积指数回归曲线分析显示，生产力和叶面积指数呈现线性正相关关系。3）油松和落叶松生长与气候因子相关分析结果显示，两种群落树木的生长受当地降水和气温的影响，油松与5月份的温度显著负相关，落叶松与2月份和5月份的降水显著正相关。 以上研究结果为以遥感途径获取暖温带地区叶面积指数提供了地面校正依据，为研究该地区利用LAI估算生产力以及利用遥感途径得到的NDVI测定生产力、研究气候因子对树木年轮宽度形成的影响，以及进一步对该地区林分、景观和区域尺度上碳、水、通量等方面的模拟提供了基础数据。

Annual variations of biotic integrity in the upper Yangtze River using an adapted index of biotic integrity (IBI)

Adaptive modification and use of Karr's index of biotic integrity (IBI) for the upper Yangtze River, including 12 metrics in five categories, have typically occurred in line with the data collected by 6-year commercial fisheries investigation. These investigations were undertaken annually in four sections of the Upper Yangtze main channel between 1997 and 2002. These four monitoring sections (Yibin - YB, Hejiang - HJ, Mudong - MD, and Yichang - YC) were selected because they represent the part of the river that will be covering a 1000 kin stretch that includes the future Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), upstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), an area influenced by the construction of TGD. in addition, historical data were used to show changes in the watershed by comparison with field investigations recently. The biotic integrity of the four sections were calculated and classified into different levels annually for recognizing its spatial and temporal variations. It was observed that IBI scores were becoming lower diminishingly since 1997 in all the four sections. Because all the data were collected before the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir, it is obvious that human activities, especially over-fishing, must be crucial factor instead of damming in the upper Yangtze River in that period. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Calibration of alkenone unsaturation index with growth temperature for a lacustrine species, Chrysotila lamellosa (Haptophyceae)

Although long chain alkenones (LCKs) occur widely in lacustrine sediments, their origin is not clear. Here, we report a lacustrine source, the non-calcifying species Chrysotila lamellosa Anand (Haptophyceae), collected and isolated from an inland saline water body, Lake Xiarinur (Inner Mongolia, China). Its alketione pattern is similar to those of coastal marine strains of C lamellosa,but the relationship between U-37(K') index and culture temperature for the lacustrine species is quite different from that of the coastal species. A significant feature of the alkenones in this strain of C lamellosa is a lack of C-38 methyl alkenones, which might be used to distinguish the species from the marine haptophyte species Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. The higher C-38 tetraunsaturated compound abundance might be another important feature for distinguishing the C lamellosa alkenone producer from the coastal species Isochrysis galbana. This alkenone distribution pattern has been detected in many lakes, which suggests that C lamellosa or a closely related species might be a very common alkenone precursor in lacustrine systems. We examined U-37(K') and U-37(K) values for C lamellosa as a function of culture temperature in a batch culture experiment. The calibration for U-37(K') vs. culture temperature (T) was U-37(K') = 0.0011 x T-2 - 0.0157 x T + 0.1057(n = 14, r(2) = 0.99) from 10 degrees C to 22 degrees C or U-37(K') = 0.0257 x T - 0.2608(n = 9, r(2) = 0.97) from 14 degrees C to 22 degrees C. U-37(K) vs. culture temperature was U-37(K) = 0 0377 x T - 0.5992(n = 14, r(2) = 0.98) from 10 degrees C to 22 degrees C. Our experiments show that the alkenone unsaturation index (U-37(K')) is strongly controlled by culture temperature and can be used for palaeoclimate reconstruction. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of the aquatic protozoa to formulate a community biotic index for an urban water system

Protozoan were collected from 16 stations in water system of Changde City (China) using the PFU method. Sampling programs were conduced on a yearly basis, with seasonal frequency at diverse sites in the water system and 488 species of protozoa was identified. At the same time, Water sampling from these stations was conducted and various water chemical parameters, including DO, COD, BOD5, NH3, TP, and Volatile Phenol, were analyzed. The aim of the research was, on one hand, using chemical method to take an investigation to the water pollution status of Changde City; on the other hand, using protozoan to make an evaluation to the water quality. With the chemical water parameters and protozoa data, a biotic index was derived for the investigated region. The species pollution value (SPV) of 469 protozoa species was established, and the community pollution value (CPV) calculated from SPV was used to evaluate water quality. The method of the biotic index was tested and the result showed that CPV calculated from SPV had a close correlation with the degree of water pollution (p < 0.00001). This indicated that the method of the biotic index is reliable. The water quality degrees divided by CPV were suggested. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.