Diassociativity in Conjugacy Closed Loops

Let Q be a conjugacy closed loop, and N(Q) its nucleus. Then Z(N(Q)) contains all associators of elements of Q. If in addition Q is diassociative (i.e., an extra loop), then all these associators have order 2. If Q is power-associative and |Q| is finite and relatively prime to 6, then Q is a group. If Q is a finite non-associative extra loop, then 16 ∣ |Q|.

RSA-Based Password-Authenticated Key Exchange, Revisited

The RSA-based Password-Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE) protocols have been proposed to realize both mutual authentication and generation of secure session keys where a client is sharing his/her password only with a server and the latter should generate its RSA public/private key pair (e, n), (d, n) every time due to the lack of PKI (Public-Key Infrastructures). One of the ways to avoid a special kind of off-line (so called e-residue) attacks in the RSA-based PAKE protocols is to deploy a challenge/response method by which a client verifies the relative primality of e and φ(n) interactively with a server. However, this kind of RSA-based PAKE protocols did not give any proof of the underlying challenge/response method and therefore could not specify the exact complexity of their protocols since there exists another security parameter, needed in the challenge/response method. In this paper, we first present an RSA-based PAKE (RSA-PAKE) protocol that can deploy two different challenge/response methods (denoted by Challenge/Response Method1 and Challenge/Response Method2). The main contributions of this work include: (1) Based on the number theory, we prove that the Challenge/Response Method1 and the Challenge/Response Method2 are secure against e-residue attacks for any odd prime e; (2) With the security parameter for the on-line attacks, we show that the RSA-PAKE protocol is provably secure in the random oracle model where all of the off-line attacks are not more efficient than on-line dictionary attacks; and (3) By considering the Hamming weight of e and its complexity in the RSA-PAKE protocol, we search for primes to be recommended for a practical use. We also compare the RSA-PAKE protocol with the previous ones mainly in terms of computation and communication complexities.

When Does a Polynomial Over a Finite Field Permute the Elements of the Field?

We present a class of indecomposable polynomials of non prime-power degree over the finite field of two elements which are permutation polynomials on infinitely many finite extensions of the field. The associated geometric monodromy groups are the simple ...

基于素数序列的Java哈希表性能优化

分析了Java哈希表的实现特点并给出了导致其性能恶化的一种数据模式.针对这种数据模式的特点,提出了基于素数序列的哈希表优化方法,从而几乎完全避免了该模式下哈希表的性能恶化.实验与理论结果表明:对提出的模式数据,优化方法产生的Hash碰撞比JDK中的方法下降接近100%,而且对随机数据下的Java哈希表性能也有改善.

遮荫与外源脱落酸喷施对粗枝云杉(Picea asperata Mast.)不同种群抗旱性的影响

本研究通过粗枝云杉不同种群进行的温室半控制试验，采用植物生态学、生理学和生物化学的研究方法，系统地研究了粗枝云杉不同种群抗旱性的生长、形态、生理和生化机理，并结合有关研究进行综合分析，得出主要研究结论如下： 1.粗枝云杉对干旱胁迫的综合反应 粗枝云杉在干旱胁迫下的适应机制为：（1）相对生长速率及植株结构的调整：干旱胁迫下虽然植株相对生长速率显著降低，且有相对较多的生物量向根部分配，但并未发现细根/总根比增加。（2）粗枝云杉对干旱胁迫的光合作用表现为：干旱胁迫显著地降低了控制的理想条件下的气体交换，但干旱胁迫对PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）没有影响，表明干旱并未影响到光合机构。（3）干旱还影响了很多生理生化过程，包括渗透调解物质（游离脯氨酸）、膜脂过氧化产物、脱落酸（ABA）含量的增加，以及保护酶活性的升高。这些结果证明植物遭受干旱胁迫后发生了一系列的形态、生理和生化响应，这些变化能提高干旱时期植物的存活和生长能力。 2.粗枝云杉不同种群对干旱胁迫反应的种群差异 粗枝云杉三个种群－干旱种群（四川丹巴和甘肃迭部）和湿润种群（四川黑水）对干旱适应不同，这种不同应归因于它们采用的用水策略不同：在水分良好和干旱胁迫条件下，受试种群在相对生长速率和水分利用效率（WUE）方面都表现出显著的种群间差异。与湿润种群相比，干旱种群在两种水分条件下有更高的WUE。粗枝云杉不同种群的碳同位素组分（δ13C）只在干旱胁迫下有显著差异，并且这种差异在水分良好时比干旱胁迫条件下小，说明生理响应和干旱适应性之间的关系受植物内部抗旱机制和外部环境条件（如水分可利用性）或两者互作效应的影响。这些结果说明干旱种群和湿润种群所采用的用水策略不同。干旱种群有更强的抗旱能力，采用的是节水型的用水策略，而湿润种群抗旱能力较弱，采用的是耗水型的用水策略。 3. 遮荫对粗枝云杉不同种群抗旱性影响 干旱胁迫显著降低了全光条件下叶相对含水量（RWC）、相对生长速率、气体交换参数、PSII的有效量子产量（Y），提高了非光化学猝灭效率（qN）、水分利用效率、脯氨酸（PRO）积累、脱落酸（ABA）含量及保护酶活性。然而这种变化在遮荫条件下不明显。我们得出结论适度遮荫降低了干旱对植物的胁迫作用。另一方面，在干旱条件下，与湿润种群相比，干旱种群抗旱性更强，表现在干旱种群净光合速率与单位重量上叶氮含量（Nmass）降低较少。另外，干旱种群表现出更为敏感的气孔导度，更高的热耗散能力（qN）能力、用水效率、ABA积累、保护酶活性，以及更低的总用水量、相对生长速率。这一结果表明这两种群采用不同的生理策略对干旱和遮荫做出反应。许多生长和生理反应差异与这两个种群原产地气候条件相适应。 4. 外源脱落酸(ABA)喷施对粗枝云杉不同种群抗旱性影响 外源ABA喷施在干旱和水分良好条件下均不同程度地提高了根/茎比，表明根和茎对ABA敏感程度不同。实验结果还表明，外源ABA喷施对这两个种群在干旱胁迫期间影响不同。干旱胁迫期间，伴随着ABA喷施，湿润种群净光合速率(A)显著降低，而干旱种群净光合速率变化不明显。另一方面，外源ABA喷施显著提高了干旱条件下干旱种群的单位叶面积重（LMA）、根/茎比、细根/总根（Ft）比、水分利用效率（WUE）、ABA含量, 以及保护酶活性。然而，外源ABA喷施对湿润种群的上述测定指标没有显著影响。这一结果表明干旱种群对外源ABA喷施更为敏感, 反应在更大的气孔导度降低，更高的生物量可塑性，及更高的水分利用效率、ABA含量和保护酶活性。综上所述，我们得出结论，粗枝云杉对外源ABA敏感性因种群的不同而不同。该研究结果可为两个明显不同种群在适应分化方面提供强有力的证据。 Arid or semi-arid land covers more than half of China's land territory. In arid systems, severe shortages of soil water often coincide with periods of high temperatures and high solar radiation, producing multiple stresses on plant performance. Protection from high radiation loads in shaded microenvironments during drought may compensate for a loss of productivity due to reduced irradiance when water is available. Additionally, ABA, a well-known stress-inducible plant hormone, has long been studied as a potential mediator for induction of drought tolerance in plants. Picea asperata Mast., which is one of the most important tree species used for the production of pulp wood and timber, is a prime reforestation species in western China. In this experiment, different population of P. asperata were used as experiment material to study the adaptability to drought stress and population differences in adaptabiliy, and the effects of shade and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application on the drought tolerance. Our results cold provide a strong theoretical evidence and scientific direction for the afforestation, and rehabilitation of ecosystem in the arid and semi-arid area, and provide a strong evidence for adaptive differentiation of different populations, and so may be used as criteria for species selection and tree improvement. The results are as follows: 1. A large set of parallel response to drought stress Drought stress caused pronounced inhibition of the growth and increased relatively dry matter allocation into the root; drought stress also caused pronounced inhibition of photosynthesis, while drought showed no effects on the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) in dark-adapted leaves, indicating that drought had no effects on the primary photochemistry of PSII. However, in light-adapted leaves, drought reduced the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Y) and increased the non-photochemical quenching (qN). Drought also affected many physiological and biochemical processes, including increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, malondialdehyde and ABA content. These results demonstrate that there are a large set of parallel changes in the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses when plants are exposed to drought stress; these changes may enhance the capability of plants to survive and grow during drought periods. 2. Difference in adaptation to drought stress between contrasting populations of Picea asperata There were significant population differences in growth, dry matter allocation and water use efficiency. Compared with the wet climate population (Heishui), the dry climate population (Dan ba and Jiebu) showed higher LMA, fine root/total root ratio and water use efficiency under drought-stressed treatments. The results suggested that there were different water-use strategies between the dry population and the wet population. The dry climate population with higher drought tolerance may employ a conservative water-use strategy, whereas the wet climate population with lower drought tolerance may employ a prodigal water-use strategy. These variations in drought responses may be used as criteria for species selection and tree improvement. 3. The effects of shade on the drought tolerance For both populations tested, drought resulted in lower needle relative water content (RWC), relative growth rate (RGR), gas exchange parameters and effective PSII quantum yield (Y), and higher non-photochemical quenching (qN), water use efficiency (WUE), proline (PRO) and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and electrolyte leakage in sun plants, whereas these changes were not significant in shade plants. Our study results implied that shade, applied together with drought, ameliorated the detrimental effects of drought. On the other hand, compared with the wet climate population, the dry climate population was more tolerant to drought in the sun treatment, as indicated by less decreases in A and mass-based leaf nitrogen content (Nmass), more responsive stomata, greater capacity for non-radiative dissipation of excitation energy as heat (analysed by qN), and higher WUE，higher level of antioxidant enzyme activities，higher ABA accumulation as well as lower MDA content and electrolyte leakage. Many of the differences in growth and physiological responses reported here are consistent with the climatic differences between the locations of the populations of P. asperata. 4. The effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application on the drought tolerance For both populations tested, exogenous ABA application increased root/shoot ratio (Rs) under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions, indicating that there was differential sensitivity to ABA in the roots and shoots. However, it appeared that ABA application affected the two P. asperata populations very differently during drought. CO2 assimilation rate (A) was significantly decreased in the wet climate population, but only to a minor extent in the dry climate population following ABA application during soil drying. On the other hand, ABA application significantly decreased stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and significantly increased leaf mass per area (LMA), Rs, fine root/total root ratio (Ft), water use efficiency (WUE), ABA contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities under drought condition in the dry climate population, whereas ABA application did not significantly affect these parameters in the wet population plants. The results clearly demonstrated that the dry climate population was more responsive to ABA application than the wet climate population, as indicated by the strong stomata closure and by greater plasticity of LMA and biomass allocation, as well as by higher WUE, ABA content and anti-oxidative capacity to defense against oxidative stress, possibly predominantly by APX. We concluded that sensitivity to exogenous ABA application is population dependent in P. asperata. Our results provide strong evidence for adaptive differentiation between populations of P. asperata.

钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的催化脱氯研究

采用Fe0还原、钯催化法对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的的还原特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,Pd/Fe双金属能有效地进行2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的催化脱氯.在钯化率为0.05%、钯/铁加入量1 g、初始pH为5.6、反应时间5 d的条件下,钯/铁双金属对土壤中2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯去除率达54%.实验还考察了钯化率、初始pH、反应时间、钯/铁投加量、2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯初始浓度等参数对2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯脱氯效果的影响.研究表明,较高的钯化率、钯/铁加入量,较低的2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯初始浓度及弱酸性等条件更有利于Pd/Fe对2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的还原脱氯.在Pd/Fe双金属表面,2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯的脱氯符合一级动力学反应,反应速率常数为0.014 2/h,其半衰期为49 h.利用实验数据,对钯/铁双金属作用下的2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-七氯联苯还原脱氯的反应机制也进行了分析.

科尔沁沙地南缘樟子松人工林地下水埋深季节变化

于2005年5—10月,在未经过度人为干扰(大面积人工造林及农田开发)的大青沟地区(42&deg;52&prime;N,122&deg;55&prime;E)和自20世纪50年代大面积人工造林并相应开发农田的章古台地区(42&deg;43&prime;N,122&deg;22&prime;E)分别选择了樟子松疏林草地和草地(撂荒地)、樟子松衰退后皆伐地(皆伐地)及不同年龄沙地樟子松人工纯林设置固定标准地,监测了一个生长季的地下水埋深动态变化。结果表明:生长季内地下水埋深呈现出4种类型:平稳型、"V"型、"N"型和"M"型。大青沟地区的疏林草地地下水埋深在生长季变化不大,平均地下水埋深为1.88 m;章古台地区的草地和皆伐地呈现5—7月升高,之后下降;林龄较小(23年)樟子松纯林变化幅度较大,生长季地下水埋深相差4.30 m;林龄较大(33、42、45年)樟子松人工纯林生长季地下水埋深波动变化,且变幅不一。总体上,地下水埋深表现为疏林草地(大青沟地区)<(章古台地区)衰退后皆伐地和草地<林龄较小樟子松人工纯林<林龄较大樟子松人工纯林。上述结果表明,大面积造林及农田开发是造成大青沟与章古台两地地下水埋深差别的主要原因;在章古台地区,不同植被覆盖与林龄也直接影响地下水埋深。

黄土丘陵区铁杆蒿光合特性

铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)是菊科(Compositae)蒿属(Artemisia)半灌木状草本,主根木质,生长于我国西北部陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆和西南部的西藏等省区海拔1500～4900m的山坡、半荒漠草原、滩地,而且在局部地区为植物群落优势种的主要伴生种(林有润,1991)。铁杆蒿群落是半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区一种较稳定的地带性植被,也是黄土高原生态脆弱带植被恢复中需要重点研究的天然植物群落之一(王国梁等,2002)。至今对铁杆蒿的研究还不多,主要集中于精油的化学成分(顾静文等,1999)、群落种间联结性(王国梁等,2002)、群落生物量及地上部数量特征(张娜等,1999a;1999b)上,而对铁杆蒿的光合蒸腾特性研究尚未见报道。本文利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统在野外测定了自然条件下铁杆蒿的光合作用及其对光的响应曲线,旨在了解铁杆蒿的光合与蒸腾特性,为黄土高原植被建设提供理论依据。1试验区自然概况试验地设于陕西延安燕沟流域的康家屹崂沟小流域内。位于109&deg;16&prime;10&Prime;E,36&deg;26&prime;36&Prime;N,海拔1000～1200m,属暖温带半湿润偏干旱季风气候区,位于黄土丘陵区森林草原地带,...

轮式移动机器人轨迹跟踪的最优控制

深入分析了轮式移动机器人的运动状态,建立了WMR路径偏差系统的非线性数学模型。应用小偏差线性化理论,将该多输入多输出非线性系统简化成一个单输入单输出线性系统。然后基于线性二次型调节器理论进行了系统最优控制器的设计,并针对该理论中加权矩阵Q与R难以确定的问题,从控制效果出发,采用自适应遗传算法对其进行了优化。实现了移动机器人对预定轨迹的满意鲁棒跟踪,同时满足了实时性要求。实验结果证明了该方法的正确性与实用性。

避免误操作的遥协作模糊控制方法

现有的遥操作系统中普遍存在的问题是受环境、心理、生理等影响,操作者在遥操作机器人过程中可能由于误操作产生不可预料的后果.为了解决操作者误操作问题,提出对基于操作者通过选择操作手法得到的模糊操作量和对基于多传感器融合决策产生的模糊控制量采取加权和的遥协作模糊控制方法.以遥操作机械手臂为例,通过单纯由操作者、单纯由多传感器融合决策和遥协作模糊控制3种方法进行实验,验证所提出方法的合理性.

一种基于投影矩阵M的机器人手眼标定线性化方法

提出了一种基于投影矩阵M的机器人手眼标定方法,即将AX=XB转换为MY=M&prime;YB求解形式,避免了矩阵分解.同时,采用矩阵直积运算和矩阵特征向量运算相结合的方法,将传统的非线性问题转换成线性问题,构成了可利用最小二乘法求解运算的解析形式,提高了机器人手眼标定的精度和稳定性.通过实验验证了该方法的可行性.

仿人机器人发展现状及其腰部机构研究

仿人机器人目前已成为机器人领域的研究热点问题之一。本文对仿人机器人目前的发展现状进行了综述,介绍了腰部机构在仿人机器人的作用以及具有不同结构特点的腰部机构。介绍了一种新型的两个自由度的并联差动驱动的腰部机构,并进行了运动学分析及PID控制下的响应特性分析。实验结果表明,该机构具有较快的响应速度和较好稳态精度。

约束机构在柔索并联机器人设计中的应用

柔索并联机构是一类新型的机构 ,具有一些优于其他机构的特点 ,但因柔索特性的限制 ,可实现的运动形式较少。本文通过增加约束机构对运动平台运动进行限制 ,扩大了柔索并联机构的应用范围。文章提出约束机构的概念 ,讨论了约束机构的种类 ,并进行奇异位形的分析。

基于启发式节点增强策略的PRM路径规划方法

针对一般的PRM方法用于移动机器人对复杂地形路径搜索存在的缺陷 ,本文对PRM方法进行了改进 ,提出了一套基于启发式的节点增强的策略 ,提高了PRM方法节点增强阶段对环境的适应性 .此外 ,本文建立了相应的仿真实验系统对策略的有效性进行了实验与分析