中国灵芝科资源及其地理分布Ⅲ

　依据标本,列出了中国的灵芝科(灵芝属的粗皮灵芝亚属Subgen.TrachydermaImazeki和树舌亚属Subgen.Elfvingia(P.Karst)Imazeki)种名、同物异名及其地理分布和生境。

碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层地球物理响应特征及预测方法研究

Proven by the petroleum exploration activities, the karsts-fissure reservoir in carbonate rocks is significant to find out the large scale oil & gas field. They are made up of the four reservoir types: karsts-cave, karsts-crack, crack-cave and fracture-pore-cave. Each reservoir space and each reservoir bed has different features of reservoir heterogeneity and small scale of pore-crack-cave. The fracture-cave reservoir in carbonate rocks is characteristic by multi-types and long oiliness well. The reservoir shape is controlled by the irregular pore-crack-cave. The development level of fracture and karst-cave is the key element of hydrocarbon enriching, high productivity and stable production. However, most of Carbonate formation are buried deeply and the signal-ration-noise of seismic reflection are very low. It is reason why the fracture-cave reservoir are difficult to be predicted effectively. In terms of surveyed and studied lots of the former research outcome, The author applied the methods of synthetical reservoir geophysical prediction from two ways including macrosopic and microcomic technics in terms of the reservoir-cap condition, geophysics and geology feature and difficulty of prediction in carbonate rocks. It is guiden by the new ideas of stratigraphy, sedimentology, sedimentography, reservoir geology and karst geology. The geophysics technology is key technics. In aspects of macroscopic studies, starting off the three efficiencies of controlling the reservoir distribution including sedimental facies, karst and fracture, by means of comprehensive utilization of geology, geophysics, boring well and well log, the study of reservoir features and karst inside story are developed in terms of data of individual well and multiple well. Through establishing the carbonate deposition model, karstic model and fracture model, the macro-distribution laws of carbonatite are carried out by the study of coherence analysis, seismic reflection feature analysis and palaeotectonics analysis. In aspects of microcosmic studies, starting off analysis in reservoir geophysical response feature of fracture and karst-cave model according to guidance of the macroscopic geological model in carbonate reservoir, the methods of the carbonate reservoir prediction are developed by comprehensively utilization of seismic multi-attribution intersection analysis, seismic inversion restricted by log, seismic discontinuity analysis, seimic spectrum attenuation gradient, moniliform reflection feature analysis and multiparameter karst reservoir appraisement.Through application of carbonate reservoir synthetical geophysics prediction, the author r successfully develops the beneficial reservoir distribution province in Ordovician of Katake block 1in middle Tarim basin. The fracture-cave reservoir distributions are delineated. The prospect direction and favorable aims are demonstrated. There are a set of carbonate reservoir prediction methods in middle Tarim basin. It is the favorable basic technique in predicting reservoir of the Ordovician carbonate in middle Tarim. Proven by exploration drilling, the favorable region of moniliform reflection fracture and pore-cave and cave-fracture in lower-middle Ordovician are coincidence with the region of hydrocarbon show. It’s indicated that the reservoir prediction methods described in the study of Ordovician carbonate formation are feasible practicably.

四川盆地构造控藏规律研究

Firstly, established sequence stratigraphy of Sinian System-Middle Triassic Series framework in Sichuan basin,be divided into 21 second-level sequence stratigraphy and 105 third-level sequence stratigraphy.From many aspects,discussed sequence stratigraphy characteristic. On the foundation of structure unconformity and fission track analysis, on the ground of An county-Shuinin county regional seismic section, using the positive evolution equilibrium principle technology, comprehensivly be mapped structure evolution of Sichuan basin. It can be divided into seven stages, that is :Pre-Sinian basement stage, cratonic depression basin(Z1-S)stage, cratonic rifted basin(D-T2)stage, passive continental margin(T3x1-3)stage, foreland basin(T3x4-6)stage, depression basin (Jurassic Period-Miocene Epoch) stage, formed basin (Holocene Epoch) stage. Analysis on structure evolution history,burial history,source rocks thermal evolution history, Maoba changxing formation gas pool forming process can be classified into four stages: ancient lithological oil pool stages in Indosinian-early Yanshanian period（T-J1-2）, ancient structure- lithological gas pool stages in middle Yanshanian period（J3-K1）, structure- lithological gas pool setting stages in last Yanshanian period（K2）, structure- lithological gas pool adjusting and transformation stages in Himalayan period（R-Q）. Maoba feixianguan formation gas pool forming process can be classified into two stages: second structure gas pool stages in last Yanshanian period（K2）,second structure gas pool physical adjusting and transformation stages in Himalayan period（R-Q）,and summarize reservoir formation model. On the base of newest exploration achievement and petroleum geologic comprehensive research , demonstrate how structure controls hydrocarbon accumulation. Structure controlling source rocks behaves structure controlling main source rocks’sedimentary facies, medium-large pools mainly located at center or margin of hydrocarbon generation. Structure controlling palaeo-karst reservoirs ,reef and beach facies reservoirs, fault and fracture reservoirs. Structure controlling palaeo-uplift, and palaeo-uplift controlling hydrocarbon migration, active reservoirs’forming, palaeo-structure traps forming. Structure controls distribution of mudstone and gypsolith, controls preservation. Structure controls hydrocarbon conducting, structure traps forming and hydrocarbon accumulation. Whether or no, Structure controls total process of basin forming-source rocks’generation- hydrocarbon accumulation. It is direct effect results of structure movements that large traps’ conditions, conducting migration conditions, high quality preservation. source rocks’condition and reservoirs’ condition are the indirect effect results. In the last analysis, “source rock controlling theory”, “high quality reservoir mainly controlling theory”, “palaeo-uplift controlling theory” and “current structure deciding theory” are structure controlling hydrocarbon accumulation. There are high variability and complex mechanisms in Sichuan basin , but the regional hydrocarbon accumulation conditions are very well, such as abundant source rocks, matching process of hydrocarbon accumulation and many exploration areas. By means of integrated analysis, put forward hydrocarbon exploration direction and large-middle targets of China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation .Thus, more and more hydrocarbon proved reserve and output in Sichuan basin will be contributed to China energy industry in a long future time.

水利水电岩溶发育深度的定量化理论研究

The distribution in outcrop of carbonate rocks in China is about 3.44×106km2 and accounts for over one third of the total area of the country, mainly in the Yangtze valley and the Yungui tableland ,and there is a great plenty of Water and hydropower resources in these carbonate area. A large number of projects will be built in order to develop the Water and hydropower resources. They are facing amount of complicated problems of karsts, specially the problem of the depths of karsts below water, which is a key problem that hasn’t been solved well theoretically. So, systematically research in quantitative analysis of the problem is necessary, which is very important to solve the inconsistency between current theories and facts, and is helped to foresee the depth of karsts below water and decrease the expense of the engineering. For the problem mentioned above, the thesis makes a detailed research on the length of corrosion of karsts water, based on the kinetics of corrosion, and founds the primary theory about the processes of four typical geologic elements, which are single fracture, single conduit, porous limestone and fractured limestone. And it has done a deep research upon the characterties and kinetics of corrosion of the four typical geologic elements by simulation using the programme edited by the author. The thesis also makes a discussion on the general model and process of the form of caves by using the founded theory. According to the characteristic of Water Resource and Hydropower engineering, the thesis creates three representative flow-dissolution models for three types of common geologic conditions under the induction of the theory kinetics of corrosion of karsts water. It has done quantitative research upon the process of dissolution and brought out primary theory about quantitative analysis of the depth of karsts below water as well. It found that the depth of karsts below water relates to the specific geologic conditions and the time of dissolution by simulation based on typical parameters and deep analysis of the result. That is to say there are karsts caves in any depths in flow areas of groundwater in specific geologic conditions and appropriate time. The thesis also discourses three basic problems that frequently encountered in the reconnaissance of Water Resource and Hydropower engineering, which are karsts base level, essential conditions of karsts, the comparability of caves and terrace, and indicates the importance of time in karsts. Finally, as an application, the karsts of the scheming Qianzhong water resource engineering is analyzed by the primary theory founded of quantitative analysis. The result of the application comes to a conclusion that the theory accords with the facts properly.

三峡库区巴东组泥灰岩溶蚀作用与岩体力学性质弱化研究

Abstract The karsrt erosion engineering geology became a highlight problem in recent years, in particularly, the karst erosion of marlite of Badong formation made the rock mechanics weaken in Three Gorges Reservoir area, which reduces the safety of slope. During the immigrant construction, many high slopes have been formed, whose instabilities problems pose serious threats to the safety of the people and properties. The accidents of the slope failure take place now and then. By testing, it has been found that the karst erosion pattern and dissolution rate of marlite are not weaker than that of the pure limestone. Furthermore, owning to the weathering and unloading, the karst erosion of the marlite will reach certain depth of the slope, which is named infiltrated karst erosion. The karst erosion made the rock mass quality of slope or foundation worse in a large scale. The karst erosion geological disasters, taken place or not, has become the main restrictive factors to the social stability and economic development. Thus the karst erosion process and mechanism of marlite of Badong formation are studied as the main content of this dissertation. The weakening characteristic of rock mass mechanics parameters are studied along with the rock mass structure deformation and failure processes in the course of the karst erosion. At first, the conditions and influencing factors of the karst erosion are analyzed in the investigative region, on the basis of different karst erosion phenomenon of the marlite and different failure modes of slope. Then via indoor the karst erosion tests, it is analyzed that the karst erosion will change the rock mass composition and its structure. Through test, the different karst erosion phenomena between micro and macro have been observed, and the karst erosion mechanism of the marlite has been summarized. Damage theory is introduced to explain the feature of dissolution pore and the law of crack propagation in the marlite. By microscope and the references data, it can be concluded that the karst erosion process can be divided into rock minerals damage and rock structural damage. And the percent of karst erosion volume is named damage factor, which can be used to describe the quantify karst erosion degree of marlite. Through test, the rock mechanical properties in the different period of karst erosion are studied. Based on the damage mechanics theory and the test result, the relation between the karst erosion degree of marlite and weakening degree of mechanical properties is summarized. By numerical simulations, the karst erosive rock mass mechanics is verified. The conclusion is drawn as below: to the rock mass of marlite, the karst erosion damage made mechanics parameters variation, the deformation modulus, cohesion, and inter friction angle reduce as the negative exponent with the increasing of the karst erosion volume, however, the Poisson ratio increases as the positive exponent with the karst erosion volume increasing. It should be noticed that the deduced formulations are limited to the test data and certain conditions. It is suitable to the rock mass parametric weakening process after the karst erosion of marlite in Three Gorges Reservoir area. Based on the failure types of marlite slope in the field, the karst erosion and weathering process of rock mass are analyzed. And the evolution law of deformation and failure of the marlite mass is studied. The main failure feature of the marlite slope is the karst erosive structure subsidence mode in Three Gorges Reservoir area. The karst erosive structure subsidence mode is explained as follows: the rock mass undergoes the synthetic influence, such as weathering, unloading, corrosion, and so on, many pores and cavities have been formed in the rock mass interior, the rock mass quality is worsen and the rock mass structure is changed, and then the inherent structure of rock mass is collapsed under its gravity, therefore, the failure mode of compaction and subsidence take place. Finally, two examples are used to verify the rock mass parameters in Three Gorges Reservoir area, and the relationship between the marlite slope stability and the time of karst erosion is proposed.

陕西关中盆地地热水循环的同位素研究

Geothermal resource is rich in Guanzhong Basin, but as to its cycle characteristic, there has been lack of systematic study so far. Blind exploitations lead to water-temperature reducing, the decrease of spring flow rate and so on. Based on groundwater system and hydrogeological and hydrological geochemical theory, this paper studied the recycling type of geothermal water and analyzed the resources of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and sulfate. The origin of the internal geothermal water is ice and snow in Qinling Mountain and Liupan Mountain above 1400m. The precipitation and surface water entered the deep part of the basin along piedmont faults, heated and water-expansion increased. The karst groundwater comes from meteoric water of the bare carbonate rock area in the North Mountains. Geothermal-water DIC mainly came from the dissolution of carbonate rock in the deep part of Guanzhong Basin, sulfate of Xi’an depression and Lishan salient came from the dissolution of continental evaporate , and sulfate of Gushi depression and Xianli salient came from co-dissolution of continental and marine evaporate. The above results supply science basis for reasonable exploitation and sustainable utilization of the geothermal water in Guanzhong Basin.

塔里木盆地奥陶系不整合面岩溶作用特征与油气储层研究

Based on the principle and methods of carbonate sedimentology and reservoir geology, and guided by the theories of carbonate reservoir geology, the palaeokarst of Ordovician carbonate rocks in Tarim Basin has been comprehensively studied with multiple methods from different branches of geology. It is indicated that the features and distribution of palaeokarstification have developed in Ordovician carbonates. The controlling of karstification to Ordovician carbonate reservoirs has been discussed. Regional distribution of carbonate reservoirs controlled by karstification has been predicted within this basin. The main consents and conclusions of the this dissertation is as follows: Nine key indicators to the recognition of palaeokarst are proposed in terms of careful observation upon the well cores, lithological and geochemical analyses, and drilling and logging responses to the karst caves and fractures. The time and environment of cave filling are documented from careful research of lithofacies, mineralogy, and geochemistry of the physical and chemical fillings within karst caves. The caves in Ordovician carbonates were filled in Early Carboniferous in Lunnan area. The muddy filling in upper caves was deposited under subaerial fresh-water setting, while the muddy filling in lower caves was formed in the mixed water body of fresh-water and dominated sea water. Although most chemical fillings are suggested being precipated in the burial diagenetic environment after karstification but mineralogic and geochemical characteristics of some chemical fillings indicates they formed in meteoric environment during the karstification. It is obvious that the palaeokarst has been zoned in vertical profile. It can be divided into four units from top to bottom: surface karst, vadose karst, phreatic and tranquil flow zones. Between two types of limestone karst and dolostone karst are firstly differentiated in Tarim Basin, based on the comparison of features of each karst zone in limestone and dolostone regions. In Tabei area, the lowest depth of karstification is approximately 300 m below the Upper Ordovician unconformity interface, while the bottom depth of karstification in Tazhong area ranges commonly from 300 to 400 m, in rare cases may be up to 750 m below the upper Ordovician unconformity interface. In Lunnan and Tazhong areas, the palaeokarst morphology and the surface hydrosystem are firstly reconstructed based on the top of carboniferous "Shuangfeng limestone bed (Double-Peaks limestone)" as basal. According to the palaeomorphologic feature, karst topography can be divided into three units: karst upland, karst slope, and karst valley. Vadose zone was well developed in karst upland, and it can be found in a quite depth. Both vadose and phreatic zones were well developed in karst slope and upstream valley. In downstream valley, the karstification is not strong, the vadose and phreatic zones are thin in thickness. In Tazhong and Yingmaili areas, karstification is also developed in relict carbonate palaeo-hills which existed as isolated blocks admits clastic strata.

抽水引起岩溶塌陷的机理及非线性预测研究

Karst collapse is one of the most important engineering geology hazards in Karst district, which seriously endangers the living of humankind and the environment around us, as well as the natural resources. Generally speaking, there exist three processes of overburden karst collapse:the formation of soil cavity, the expansion of soil cavity and the fall of the cavity roof. During these processes, groundwater is always the most active factor and plays a key role. Pumping will bring into the great change of groundwater in flow state, flowrate, frequency of fluctuation as well as hydraulic gradient and will speed the fall. Statistics shows that most of the man-made karst collapse are induced by pumping, so studying the mechanism of Karst collapse induced by pumping will provide theoretical base for the prediction and precaution of collapse. By theoretically studying the initial condition for the forming and expanding of a soil cavity, Spalling step by step the essential mechanism of Karst collapse induced by pumping is put forward. The catastrophe model for the collapse induced by pumping is set up to predict the fall probability of a cavity roof, and the criterion for the collapse is determined. Simultaneously, Karst collapse induced by pumping is predicted with manmade neural network theory. Finally, the appropriate precaution measurements for the collapse induced by pumping are provided. The creative opinions of the paper is following: The initial condition of forming a soil cavity is put forwarded as formula (4-1-5), (4-1-24),(4-1-25) and (4-1-27); which provide theoretical base for foreclosing the formation of a soil cavity and defending collapse. Spaliing step by step as the essential mechanism of Karst collapse induced by pumping is put forward. The spaliing force is defined as formula (4-2-15). The condition for the expanding of a soil cavity is that spaliing force is greater than tensile strength of soil. The stability of a soil cavity is first studied with catastrophe theory. It is concluded that the process of development up to ground collapse of a small cavity is continuous, however, the process of a big cavity is catastrophic. It is feasibility that the Karst collapse be predicted with manmade neural network theory as a new way.

基于RS和GIS的喀斯特石漠化驱动机制分析——以广西都安瑶族自治县为例

喀斯特石漠化( Karst Rocky Desertification , KRD) 是指喀斯特区地表出现类似荒漠景观的土地退化过程。采用RS 和GIS 技术,对都安喀斯特石漠化程度分级状况与驱动因素进行全面调查,建立全县1∶1 0 万喀斯特石漠化数据库。利用相关分析、因子分析和回归分析等方法,分析导致石漠化的影响因子,即喀斯特石漠化的重要驱动力,建立了喀斯特石漠化动力指数模型,算出了各因子对石漠化的贡献值,指出石漠化产生的主导原因是不合理的人为活动。所建的动力指数模型输出结果与遥感调查有相对一致性,表明石漠化动力指数能较好地反映该地区石漠化过程,可为喀斯特石漠化治理提供理论依据。

硫酸参与喀斯特流域（北盘江）风化过程的碳同位素证据

在碳酸盐岩地区，流域侵蚀过程中硫酸是否参与，对于我们正确理解流域化学风化速率，以及流域侵蚀对大气CO2的消耗和全球碳循环等都有重要的意义。本工作在前期工作（乌江）的基础上，对贵州喀斯特地区的河流(北盘江)和支流的水化学特征以及水体溶解无机碳同位素组成进行了初步研究，研究结果证实硫酸参与了该喀斯特流域岩石/土壤化学风化过程。

遵义市岩溶水地下水流和污染物运移数值模拟研究

地下水数值模拟技术已成为评估人类活动对地下水质和量的影响、评价地下水资源、预测地下水污染发展趋势等的最主要的方法和手段。喀斯特含水层由于含水介质和地下水流场的非均质性和各向异性，对其进行地下水流的数值模拟一直是水文地质学界的难题。 遵义市地处我国西南喀斯特发育区，为贵州省第二大工业城市，属重度缺水地区，地下水资源的开发利用极大缓解了区内的缺水危机。但长期以来，由于对地下水资源的开发利用缺乏合理的统筹规划和强有力的管理，引发了一些环境地质问题，如地下水降落漏斗、岩溶塌陷、地下水质恶化等。因此选择遵义市进行地下水流和污染物运移数值模拟研究具有理论和实际意义。 通过ArcGIS平台建立了研究区的水文地质信息数据库，对研究区地下水的水位动态以及水化学特征做了简单分析。概要总结和阐述了高桥－河溪坝块段的自然地理、地质概况和水文地质条件，建立了水文地质概念模型；在水文地质概念模型的基础上，利用Groundwater Vistas软件建立了枯水期和丰水期的二维非均质各向异性稳定流模型，三维有限差分地下水流模拟程序MODFLOW用于模拟地下水水流，三维溶质运移模块MT3DMS用于模拟污染物在对流弥散情况下的迁移。根据分析和模拟结果可以得出如下几点结论： 1、基岩裂隙水水位峰值滞后大气降水峰值2～3个月，属渐峰型动态；岩溶水水位、地下河出口和泉流量变化步调与降水强度一致，对降水响应敏感。 2、对NH4+、NO3-、NO2-、SO42-、Mn五种组分含量进行了时空分析，结果表明地下水污染物的含量可能受人为活动输入物质的不均匀性和降雨等各方面因素控制，各组分每年的污染面积不一致，没有明显的规律性；受污染的一般是岩溶水，尤其是在石灰岩溶洞、地下河强烈发育而三废排放量大的居民集中地区面积较大。 3、为了有效地进行地下水资源管理，论文对高桥－河溪坝岩溶含水系统进行了一定的概化，将岩溶含水介质近似作为等价多孔介质（Equivalent Porous Media, EPM）模型来进行研究，采用MODFLOW的六个子程序模拟含水层系统的源汇项：降水子程序包RCH模拟降水入渗量、井流子程序包WEL模拟抽水量、通用水头子程序包GHB模拟侧向补给/排泄量、排水沟渠子程序包DRN模拟地下河出口流量、河流子程序包RIV模拟河流与地下水的交换量和已知水头边界子程序包CHD。从水位观测点和地下水位等势面两者结合来校正模型，结果表明能够达到相应国家标准规定的要求。因此EPM模型是可以适用于我国西南喀斯特地区的地下水流模拟的。 4、通过稳定流模型识别了枯水期和丰水期的渗透系数。在高桥和茅草铺附近渗透系数较高，枯水期介于100～400 m/d，而丰水期在高桥最高可达到3220m/d；其余单元渗透系数低于100 m/d，大多数小于10m/d。总体来说，由于丰水期含水层的饱水度大，渗透系数要高于枯水期。 5、通过地下水均衡计算，确定了各补给项和排泄项的水量。枯水期最重要的补给来源是研究区东北角的侧向补给量，占总补给量的70％，人工开采是最大的排泄项；丰水期最重要的补给源是西部的已知水头边界，占总补给量的49％，东北角的侧向补给量是第二补给源，占39％，地下河出口是最主要的排泄方式，达到排泄总量的74％。 6、对水文地质参数和源汇项敏感度分析的结果表明，不管是枯水期还是丰水期，对研究区水位影响最大的是渗透系数，外部源汇项中则是抽水量对地下水流形态的影响最大。 7、研究区岩溶地下水流速很大，污染物的运移是一个对流占绝对优势的问题，弥散的作用则相对很小。通过在茅草铺地区假设污染源，用MT3DMS程序模拟了地下水污染物在时间和空间上的迁移特征。结果发现：污染羽的形状和扩散方位主要受地下水流场的控制，而污染物的浓度与水量多少相关。

喀斯特流域硫同位素地球化学与碳酸盐岩侵蚀

贵州的乌江流域属典型的喀斯特地貌，也是我国严重的酸雨区之一。酸沉降可以导致土壤中盐基离子的流失并释放出具有植物毒性的元素，对植被和生态造成破坏。即使在酸沉降停止后，土壤的退化也会持续，pH值仍可继续降低。因此，加强乌江流域的酸沉降对土壤及生态系统破坏的研究十分必要。乌江中上游地区广泛分布高硫煤和矿床硫化物，煤中的还原态硫化物（主要是黄铁矿）和矿床硫化物经过氧化风化会产生大量的溶解态金属和H2SO4，在污染环境的同时会大大加速碳酸盐岩的化学侵蚀。 本研究在导师刘丛强研究员主持的中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向重大项目（喀斯特地区（贵州乌江流域）物质的水文地球化学循环及其环境效应，批准号：KZCX2-105；乌江流域典型喀斯特土壤－植被生态系统生源要素生物地球化学研究，批准号：KZCX3-SW-140）课题的支持下，选择贵州喀斯特地区的典型河流为研究对象，利用化学质量平衡、同位素地球化学研究手段，探讨了硫酸风化碳酸盐岩对河水化学组成的影响，溶解硫酸盐的来源及硫同位素组成的时空变化，定量计算了丰水期乌江流域硫酸风化碳酸盐岩的侵蚀速率及其对大气CO2释放的影响，并对土壤总硫和硫酸盐的生物地球化学循环进行了同位素示踪研究。获得的主要结论揭示了水－岩作用和人类活动对硫的生物地球化学循环的控制机理，以及硫循环在碳酸盐岩化学风化中的作用，为了解喀斯特地区硫的循环演化及其环境效应提供了重要的基础科学依据。主要结论如下： 硫酸侵蚀碳酸盐岩对河水化学组成的影响 乌江枯、丰水期河水SO42−平均浓度分别为0.65mmol/L和0.48mmol/L，占阴离子总量的25%以上。干流河水SO42−浓度具有从上游到下游逐渐降低的趋势，支流河水SO42−浓度具有明显的区域性差异特征，枯水期上游和下游地区支流的SO42−平均浓度分别为0.80mmol/L和0.26mmol/L，丰水期河水也有类似的特征。SO42−、NO3−、Cl−与Na+浓度比值的相互关系表明河水SO42−具有人为来源。沅江水系河水SO42−含量远低于乌江河水，枯水期平均浓度0.22mmol/L，丰水期平均0.14mmol/L。 乌江流域不同来源H2SO4参与下的碳酸盐岩风化是影响河水化学组成最主要的因素。舞阳河水中的溶质主要来自H2CO3风化白云岩，不存在硫酸风化碳酸盐岩的迹象。清水江河水离子组成则同时受到H2CO3、H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩和H2CO3风化硅酸盐的影响。由此可见，喀斯特地区不同河流的河水化学组成受H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩的影响是不同的。 水－岩作用模拟表明：乌江枯水期河水的CSI在−0.2 ~ 1之间，绝大多数河水处于对CaCO3过饱和状态，丰水期河水的CSI较枯水期平均高0.3，CaCO3全部过饱和。河水PCO2,river相对大气PCO2,atm一般是过饱和的。因此，喀斯特地区河水即具有沉积性又具有向大气释放CO2的趋势。舞阳河水方解石和白云石在枯、丰水期全部过饱和，DSI平均值在两季均远高于CSI，这与舞阳河流域分布着大量的白云岩有关。而清水江大部分河水的方解石和白云石处于不饱和状态。流域不同的地质背景决定了河水中方解石和白云石的饱和状态，在同一地质背景条件下又取决于河水中的CO2分压。 扣除乌江丰水期河水化学组成中H2SO4溶解碳酸盐岩的贡献之后，部分河水由对方解石和白云石过饱和变为不饱和，溶解沉淀性质发生了根本的改变。由此可见，H2SO4风化碳酸盐岩通过改变河水的化学组成，对河水的化学稳定性也存在很大影响。 河水硫同位素地球化学与碳酸盐岩侵蚀 枯水期乌江河水硫同位素δ34S值的变化范围为−15.7‰ 到18.9‰，宽广的δ34S值范围反映了不同河段汇入的SO42−来源于流经具有不同同位素组成特征地质背景的支流。丰水期δ34S值的变化范围小于枯水期，在−11.5‰ 到8.3‰之间。两个季节河水SO42−的δ34S值均随着SO42−浓度的增加而降低。乌江硫酸盐的硫同位素组成具有明显的季节性变化，丰水期干流河水的δ34S值在−6.7‰ ~ −3.9‰之间，平均值较枯水期低3‰。支流河水的硫同位素组成具有明显的区域性差异。舞阳河河水富集34S，清水江河水富集32S，硫同位素组成的季节变化和支流差异远不如乌江明显。 硫同位素示踪显示：乌江上游河水硫酸盐主要来自煤中黄铁矿的氧化、矿床硫化物氧化及雨水；下游河水硫酸盐的硫同位素组成主要介于雨水和蒸发岩端元之间，煤中黄铁矿氧化的贡献较少。不同端元的硫同位素组成表明：丰水期水量增加时，煤中黄铁矿氧化来源的硫酸盐的贡献增加，导致了乌江河水δ34S值的降低。雨水δ34S值季节性变化对河水硫同位素组成的季节性变化的影响是次要的。 乌江河水向贵州省外输出的SO42−通量为170×1010g/a，丰水期占全年SO42−输出总量的72%，上游地区输出的SO42−占年输出总量的80%。煤中黄铁矿风化、雨水、矿床硫化物风化、蒸发岩溶解对丰水期乌江河水SO42-的贡献分别为45%、27%、24%和4%。硫化物氧化产生H2SO4，而后H2SO4侵蚀碳酸盐岩，这是研究区内两个非常重要的硫循环过程。丰水期H2SO4侵蚀碳酸盐岩的速率为35.1t/ (km2•a)，约合17.5mm/ka。总的CO2释放通量约为8.1 t/ (km2•a)。通过推导丰水期乌江流域碳酸盐岩侵蚀方程可知，丰水期乌江流域碳酸盐岩的侵蚀有52%是由H2SO4风化造成的。 喀斯特流域土壤硫的生物地球化学 黄壤的总硫含量一般小于0.1%，而石灰土的总硫含量全部大于0.1%, 同一剖面同样深度黄壤总硫含量夏季生长期高于冬季休眠期，但是石灰土则恰恰相反。一般情况下，土壤总硫含量首先与土壤类型有关，其次可能受到植被的影响。即使是同一土壤类型，随着剖面深度的增加总硫含量变化趋势也并不一致。 土壤无机硫酸盐的含量与土壤类型密切相关，黄壤SO42−含量明显高于石灰土。黄壤表层土硫酸盐形态硫占总硫的2.4% ~ 6.4%，随着剖面加深土壤硫酸盐形态硫的含量出现先增加后降低的趋势，最高可占总硫的20%以上，这种现象应该是铁、铝氧化物或氢氧化物对硫酸盐的吸附造成的。同样是黄壤，也可能由于上覆植被的不同造成不同剖面土壤硫酸盐在含量上的差异，或同一剖面不同季节含量上的差异。石灰土硫酸盐形态硫在总硫中的百分含量不超过3%，而且易受淋溶而流失，即使在有植被覆盖的情况下也是如此。 所有样品总硫的δ34S值均为正值且总是大于同层SO42−的δ34S值。随着黄壤剖面的加深δ34S值呈逐渐增加的趋势，有机硫循环过程不断富集34S可能是产生这种现象的原因。 硫同位素组成表明黄壤剖面表层土SO42−应来源于大气沉降。夏季表层土SO42−的δ34S值稍高于冬季，明显高于贵阳夏季大气降水的硫同位素组成，可能是大气总沉降的反映，也可能是不同季节土壤有机硫的矿化水平的不同造成的。黄壤剖面无论冬季还是夏季SO42−均随剖面的加深逐渐富集34S。在剖面上层SO42−的δ34S值与SO42−含量正相关，可能是有机硫矿化生成的SO42−加入的结果。下层土壤硫酸盐δ34S值与含量明显反相关，可能是硫酸盐还原菌发生作用导致了较大的同位素分馏。 从乌江上游至下游，石灰土表层土壤SO42−的硫同位素逐渐富集32S。硫同位素组成表明中、下游石灰土SO42−的来源很可能是大气降水，而上游样品还存在矿山硫的来源。 土壤无机硫酸盐对乌江河水硫酸盐的贡献还不明确，但它不应是乌江河水硫酸盐的主要来源。

贵阳市郊（喀斯特地区）菜园土重金属的生物地球化学循环与绿色作物生产

随着城市化进程的快速推进，大量蔬菜等食物由农村向城市输送，因此促进了城郊结合部蔬菜基地的发展。然而，城市化发展却导致越来越严重的城市和城郊土壤和大气污染，加上现代化生产中化肥和农用化学品的大量使用等，使得重金属在菜园土中大量积累，并可能通过食物链进入人体，威胁人类身体健康。因此，对重金属在土壤－蔬菜体系间迁移的生物地球化学行为的研究是我们了解和防治蔬菜重金属污染、促进绿色作物生产和保护人类健康的关键。 本文选择世界典型喀斯特地区的贵阳市市郊的菜园土－蔬菜体系为主要研究对象，通过系统地对土壤、主要蔬菜和大气沉降物质的元素分析以及铅同位素分析，对研究区域菜园土的主要理化性质、土壤（以及剖面）和蔬菜样品中重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的含量变化、菜园土以及土壤剖面重金属的形态分布等特征进行了研究。利用微量元素地球化学以及同位素地球化学理论，并结合土壤学研究理论和方法探讨了重金属在菜园土（石灰土和黄壤）和蔬菜体系间的赋存形态、重金属元素的来源、迁移与转化规律及其中的主要控制因素。 主要研究结果认为：贵阳市郊菜园土重金属元素含量变化与土壤母质显著相关，黄壤类型菜园土处于中度污染水平，石灰土类型菜园土处于轻度污染水平。菜园土中重金属形态以残余态为主，其次为有机结合态，再次为铁锰氧化物结合态和酸可提取态。土壤剖面中，菜园土表层大多数重金属含量高于背景剖面，其余各层吻合度较高。土壤剖面中重金属的形态分布仍以残余态为主，菜园土剖面上各元素的生物可利用态即酸可提取态、氧化物结合态和有机结合态则均要高于背景剖面，Pb和Zn主要受到有机结合态的影响，而Cd则三种形态的含量均高于背景剖面，种种迹象表明人为活动增加了菜园土重金属的活性和生物有效性，且以有机结合态的改变最为显著。 蔬菜中红薯可食部位的各项重金属富集系数均大于其他蔬菜，最容易受到土壤中重金属的影响；在土壤－蔬菜体系中，重金属元素含量的分布总体特征为菜园土>根>茎叶>果实，体系内元素的迁移在土壤/蔬菜根界面上最为关键，起着控制作用，此界面上各元素的迁移系数顺序为Cd>>Cu，Zn>Pb，大多数重金属元素在黄壤类型的菜园土中的迁移系数要小于石灰土类型的；在土壤－红薯和土壤－辣椒体系中，Cd的迁移系数随土壤pH的增加而降低，而其余元素的迁移系数则随土壤pH的增加而增加；土壤主成分与土壤理化性质对重金属形态分布有显著影响，但BCR连续提取法得到的土壤中重金属元素的各生物可利用态的含量与蔬菜根部的含量相关性不大；覆膜种植方式使土壤pH由4.5降低到3.8，并改变了其它物化参数，从而影响重金属的形态分布及其在蔬菜体内的含量分布特征，极可能增加农业系统中重金属的环境风险；铅稳定同位素分析表明，土壤中的铅主要来自于母岩的风化，蔬菜中放射成因铅明显略低于菜园土，菜园土和蔬菜中铅同位素组成在208Pb/206Pb对207Pb/206Pb的分布图上呈直线分布（在菜园土－蔬菜体系中，土壤样品、蔬菜不同部位的样品、以及雨水样品的铅同位素组成的分布也形成了极好的直线），显示明显的两端元混合体系；根据各端元物质铅同位素组成计算，土壤铅对蔬菜根部、茎叶的贡献值由71.8%~77.7%降低到16.0%~45.4%之间，大气铅的贡献则沿根向茎叶和果实逐渐增加，研究结果显示大气污染对蔬菜重金属Pb的贡献不可忽视。

喀斯特小流域不同背景区植物叶片δ13值及其影响因素的研究

喀斯特石漠化地区由于其特殊的地表、地下二元结构，使得该区生态系统结构和机能非常脆弱，一旦生态系统，尤其是植被系统遭到破坏，其恢复难度将很大。虽然在90年代末期对喀斯特石漠化的研究才受到普遍的重视，并且被提升到国家层面进行恢复治理，但由于经济的飞速发展和喀斯特区人民群众发展生产力以及脱贫致富愿望的诉求，使得该区人－地矛盾突出，出现生态建设超前、基础理论研究以及政策指向落后的现象，并且在不同的人为干扰方式下，导致本已脆弱的喀斯特石漠化生态环境进一步恶化。针对上述特点，本文从基础理论研究方向着手，以同处一喀斯特小流域内的喀斯特背景区和非喀斯特背景区为研究背景，排除了一些环境上垫面的影响因素，以土壤、植物作为主要研究对象，并且结合利用国际上流行的稳定性碳同位素（δ13C）技术指示植物水分利用效率（WUE）的方法，分别详细论述了不同背景区从非退化到退化过程中的土壤-植被系统的协变关系，以及不同影响因素对植物叶片δ13C值判别的影响效应，并且通过与非喀斯特背景区进行比较研究的方法，以期为喀斯特背景区，尤其是石漠化地区土壤-植被系统的生态恢复和更加科学营造该区植物局地水分利用模式以及植被恢复物种的选择配置提供一定参考价值。对此，本论文得出以下认识： 一、不同背景区植物叶片δ13C值 本论文所研究的植物叶片 δ13C值变化范围在-25.60‰～-32.68‰之间，属于典型的C3植物。其中，石漠化样地的小果蔷薇有着最高的WUE （δ13C =-25.60‰），而次生林土山样地的莎草则有最低的WUE（δ13C= -32.65‰）。喀斯特背景区从非退化到退化的过程中，其植物叶片δ13C值的分布范围在-28.52‰～-30.74‰、-25.60‰～-29.77‰之间，而非喀斯特背景区从非退化到退化的过程中，其植物叶片δ13C值的分布范围在-27.68‰～-32.68‰、-26.17‰～-30.11‰之间。在退化的石漠化和土山样地，植物叶片δ13C值显著比未退化的无石漠化和次生林土山样地要高，这也就表示植物的WUE具有随着从非退化到退化不断加强的趋势，并且石漠化与土山样地之间和无石漠化与次生林样地之间的植物WUE无显著性差异，喀斯特背景区植物的WUE总体上也要高于非喀斯特背景区的植物。 二、不同背景区土壤理化性质特征 本论文研究表明，不管是在喀斯特背景区还是在非喀斯特背景区，从非退化到退化的过程中，土壤的物理结构均发生了明显的压缩状况，而从土壤粒级含量和分形维数变化的趋势上看，在两背景区均呈现随着向退化过程的发展，土壤中大粒径颗粒增加，小粒径颗粒减少的的现象，特别是细粉粒最为显著。而从喀斯特背景区内土壤各级团聚体的变化中可以看出，当土壤退化至石漠化时，土壤大团聚体已遭到严重破坏，其抗蚀性能决定着地表植被一旦遭到破坏就会引起强烈退化。而在非喀斯特背景区，其大团聚体的百分比值远高于喀斯特背景区，土壤抵抗环境退化的承受力较强。 在不同背景区土壤化学性质方面，土壤均呈现随着退化程度的发展，土壤有机质、全N含量呈现降低的趋势。喀斯特背景区土壤中易于移动的营养元素表现出递减的趋势，而难于移动的元素呈现增加的趋势。而在非喀斯特背景区，由于非退化样地在其黄壤发育阶段经过了长期的、明显的脱硅富铝化过程，造成难移动的营养元素大量聚集的现象。因此土壤中移动性较高的营养元素随着退化程度的加深呈现逐渐递减的趋势，而移动性相对较弱的营养元素含量也呈现逐渐递减的现象。而不同背景区土壤有效态营养元素除P、K普遍低于临界值水平外，其余营养元素的变化趋势大致与全量变化趋势相似，并且喀斯特背景区的上述营养元素含量普遍要高于非喀斯特背景区。 在对土壤中营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值关系的研究中，尽管从非退化到退化过程中样方水平上来分析不同背景区土壤营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值的相关关系时与已有的研究结果存在一定的差异，但从宏观上比较喀斯特背景区与非喀斯特背景区，土壤中营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值呈现的是明显的正相关关系，即营养元素含量高的样地其植物WUE也随之增高。 三、不同背景区土壤-植被系统的退化协变关系 本论文重点对不同背景区退化过程中土壤-植被系统间土壤各项理化性质和植物叶片营养元素含量的相关性进行了分析。在喀斯特背景区退化的过程中，土壤物理性质与植物中P元素相关的要素是最多的，喀斯特背景区的P元素是一个重要的影响因子。而在非喀斯特背景区退化的过程中，土壤的物理性质与植物叶片营养元素之间均无显著性相关关系。并且在不同背景区退化的过程中，土壤化学性质与植物叶片营养元素含量大都呈现的是不显著相关关系。 对不同背景区从非退化到退化的过程中植物叶片的生物吸收系数与植物叶片营养元素含量和土壤营养元素含量的分析中表明，在喀斯特背景区退化的过程中，植物叶片营养元素的吸收系数受到植物和土壤中营养元素含量的双重影响。而在非喀斯特背景区退化的过程中，植物叶片营养元素的吸收系数受到的影响与植物自身营养元素的含量密切相关，而土壤营养元素含量的背景则对其吸收系数影响不大。 四、不同背景区植物叶片营养元素含量与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 在对不同背景区植物叶片营养元素含量的相关分析中表明，不管是喀斯特背景区还是非喀斯特背景区，植物叶片营养元素N、K、Ca、Mg 、Fe的含量都较高，但P元素的含量却低于临界值，营养元素的含量特点属于Ca＞K＞Mg型，Ca含量都高于10000μg/g。在喀斯特背景区退化过程中，植物叶片的营养元素N、Na、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn含量与植物叶片δ13C值呈现正相关关系，而P、K、Fe营养元素的含量与δ13C值则呈现负相关关系。而非喀斯特背景区退化过程中，营养元素N、K、Ca、Mg、Cu的含量与δ13C值呈现负相关关系，Mn、Na与δ13C值呈现正相关关系，且营养元素P、Fe、Zn与δ13C值相关关系不显著。另外，喀斯特背景区植物w(N)／w(P)比值与δ13C值存在正相关关系，而非喀斯特背景区植物w(N)／w(P)比值与δ13C值则存在负相关关系。这些差异可能与不同背景区各样地之间小生境的条件和植物的种类差别有着一定的联系。 五、不同背景区土壤含水量的变化趋势与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 本论文选取了一场30mm降雨过后的7天，不同背景区土壤含水量与植物叶片 δ13C值的相关关系表明，石漠化样地土壤在7天内的失水幅度是最快的，尤其是在与该样地植物生长密切相关的0-20cm厚度范围内。这说明由于受其样地生境条件限制，土壤的水分蒸发量较大，含水量也较低；无石漠化样地由于受土壤厚度条件限制，其土壤含水量低于次生林土山；土山样地的土壤含水量也存在较大变化，而且其上、中、下坡的水分含量呈现逐渐递增的趋势，但无明显的显著性差异；次生林土山的土壤含水量变化幅度最小，说明其优越的生境条件对土壤水分保持是具有优势的。并且随着土壤含水量的逐渐增大，植物叶片δ13C值与之呈现显著的负相关关系，即土壤含水量越大，植物的WUE就越小。 六、不同背景区植物叶片解剖形态结构与植物叶片δ13C值的关系 本论文对不同背景区植物叶片解剖形态结构的分析表明，不同背景区退化样地上的植物叶片解剖形态结构中的栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度、上角质层厚度、下角质层厚度、最大导管直径和气孔密度均较未退化的样地呈现显著性差异。其中，随着从未退化到退化过程的发展，解剖形态结构中除海绵组织厚度逐渐变薄外，其余指标则逐渐增厚，并且石漠化样地上的植物叶片解剖形态结构上述指标均显著高于其它样地。而生长在喀斯特背景区和非喀斯特背景区的同种植物叶片解剖形态结构差异性不显著。不同背景区退化过程中的上述主要植物叶片解剖形态结构指标均与植物叶片δ13C值呈现正相关关系。这说明了在本研究小流域内，由于光、热、水、气等外部影响因素的一致性，植物为了适应环境的改变其自身产生的形态结构响应具有一致的趋势。

喀斯特洞穴系统中稳定同位素地球化学特征及其环境意义

洞穴次生化学沉积物作为探索区域性、全球性气候变化规律和环境变迁史最重要的“信息库”之一，取得了不少有价值的研究成果。但同时，随着高分辨、短时间尺度气候-环境变化记录研究的开展与数据的进一步积累，也发现此类研究目前存在着一些问题与局限性。事实上，洞穴次生化学沉积物环境替代指标的形成经历了一系列复杂的过程，包含的影响因数相对较多。总的来说，其形成过程从大气降雨开始，穿越土壤层、洞穴盖板层到洞穴内滴水中CO2逸出、过饱和的CaCO3结晶和水中携带的不溶物沉淀。其中在不同的气候与环境条件下水与各层（如土壤层、表层喀斯特和潜水带等）中媒介之间发生的物理化学过程决定了环境替代指标的真实涵义。但目前有关这些替代指标的形成过程及其影响因子、适用性等方面的研究工作相当薄弱，尽管包括本文作者所在课题组在内的一些学者已认识到这一工作的重要性，零星做了一点工作，但还无法形成系统的认识。 在我国西南部，缺少类似我国北方的巨厚黄土堆积，但岩溶发育，且连片分布，其面积居世界首位（东亚喀斯特片区的中心）。因此，在该地区气候环境变迁史研究中，环境记录“档案”——洞穴次生化学沉积物在该方面所起的作用具有与北方黄土一样的重要意义。该研究为利用洞穴次生化学沉积物的地球化学特征恢复古生态环境意义的研究奠定坚实的理论基础。基于此，我们选择我国西南喀斯特发育最为典型的贵州作为研究区域，通过对分布于境内不同地方100多个洞穴进行实地考察和综合评判之后，筛选出一个系列的4个喀斯特洞穴作为研究对象，分别选取一定数量采样点进行采样。在前人研究的基础上，更加深入系统地对该4个洞穴系统中的稳定同位素（碳和氧同位素）进行研究。 分别系统地采集了4个洞穴系统中的大气、植物、土壤、土壤空气、土壤水、基岩、泉水、洞穴滴水、洞穴空气、塘水、潭水和滴水对应的洞穴次生化学沉积物等，现场测试pH值、电导率（Cond.）和气温（T）等，室内分别测试了稳定同位素和其他相关指标（如各种离子浓度等），以期开展不同生态环境条件下正在形成的洞穴次生化学沉积物及其对应的洞穴滴水的地球化学特征的比较研究，揭示它们对气候环境变化的响应机制，即稳定同位素等洞穴次生化学沉积物环境替代指标的现代形成过程以及各种影响因子。 本研究主要取得以下几点认识： 1. 虽然缺乏同气候、等海拔和生物量在10~90 t/hm2之间的植被序列洞穴的对比，以及对土壤有机质和土壤微生物活性等的相关试验研究，但根据分析仍可获知，洞穴化学次生沉积物的碳同位素的生物量效应是由植物碳同位素及土壤CO2微生物分馏作用机制共同制约。也就是说，洞穴沉积物碳同位素信号所反映的信息包括植被碳同位素组成及其生物量所控制的土壤性质（如微生物等），并不一定指示地表植被的C3/C4比例变化，甚至也不一定指示乔、灌、草的比例，当然也不仅仅是植被覆盖变化的简单体现。总之，生物量效应在横向上是存在的，它至少部分控制着洞穴化学次生沉积物碳同位素的变化，在对石笋等碳同位素的高分辨率解译过程中是不容忽视的。其机理可能是，生物量的大小控制土壤性质（营养和含水量等），进而激发或抑制土壤微生物群落的生长和发育，从而影响土壤有机质的分解过程最终导致次生沉积物δ13C值的变化。 2. 贵州喀斯特地区δ13CSOC与源植物的δ13C差值最大达8‰以上，其主要受土壤水热条件、质地和pH值控制。由此可见，δ13CSOC动态总体上反映了植被破坏历史。不过由于未进行具体年限测定，植被受破坏的具体时间未知。因此，今后除了需对SOC含量等问题进行系统的研究外，14C定年以及喀斯特地区更多土壤剖面等的工作也有待进一步开展。 3. 洞穴水在下渗过程中普遍发生了混合作用，致使从上（地表）到下（洞穴）δ13CDIC值变化幅度变小。除了QXD和JJD中δ13CDIC值偏重的滴水外，基岩对滴水碳同位素组成的影响都相对较小，而各洞穴中滴水（沉积物）等碳同位素组成与洞穴上覆植被等有关，是生态环境的真实记录。LFD中各种洞穴水δ13CDIC值之间基本上都达到或接近同位素平衡，且与洞穴系统的生态环境有很好的相关关系（非常显著的时间变化）；QXD和JJD之间的洞穴水（除土壤水外）δ13CDIC动态极为相似，即同一洞穴同期不同滴水点滴水δ13CDIC存在很大差异，可能与上覆土壤受到严重破坏导致基岩贡献率相对较高有关，而其中的几个滴水与相应沉积物的同位素不平衡可能是沉积速率太慢或沉积间断所致；XND尽管土壤水与JJD的有相似的特征，但其洞穴滴水平均δ13CDIC之间基本一致且与相应沉积物接近同位素平衡。因此，4个洞穴中，LFD可能是最为适合进行高分辨率和短时间尺度（如季节甚至月份）研究的洞穴。另外，对于文中出现的滴水（上）δ13CDIC偏重于滴水（下）的现象以及土壤中水气平衡的影响因素等还有待今后进一步研究。 4. 研究的4个洞穴系统大气降雨尽管主要受东亚季风控制，但来源不完全一致，还不同程度地受西南夏季风等影响。LFD和QXD受东亚季风影响程度相对高于XND和JJD，西南季风的影响程度恰好相反。 5. 尽管地表蒸发作用对表层（10cm以上）土壤水δ18O有一定的控制作用，但是较深（如10cm以下）土壤水基本不受影响；同位素示踪结果显示，土壤水和洞穴滴水对大气降水均有响应，但响应时间不一，可能与上覆物质（植被、土壤和基岩等）结构构造等控制的水文学特征和有效大气降水量等有关；喀斯特土壤的高度异质性导致土壤水运移机制的不同，从而影响混合作用的过程，最终导致洞穴系统同期土壤水δ18O存在一定差异；雨水在下渗过程中的不同来源水混合作用，是不同类型水δ18O时间上变化幅度不同的主要原因；同一洞穴不同滴水δ18O之间的差异可能与水文学特征不同有关；水化学性质（如SIC）控制沉积物的沉积过程从而影响同位素平衡。 由此可见，利用研究的4个洞穴系统中洞穴次生化学沉积物中氧同位素恢复和重建古降水量的高分辨率短时间变化是可行的。但我们也应注意到，在利用洞穴次生化学沉积物恢复和重建古降水量之前有必要寻找合适的方法（如利用Hendy法则等）判断是否达到同位素平衡。不是所有点沉积物都真实地记录着滴水（大气降水）同位素信号的，尤其在QXD和JJD中，一半左右的滴水点沉积物没有达到同位素平衡。这些均显示出在高分辨率短时间尺度古气候研究中，了解沉积物的形成过程对于准确解译洞穴过去环境变化具有重要意义。