63 resultados para glycine


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从菠菜中克隆甜菜碱醛脱氢酶( betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase,BADH)基因并转化烟草, 研究转基因烟草光合作用对高温和盐胁迫等环境胁迫的抗性机理,利用外源甜菜碱研究在正常条件下对植物光合作用的影响以及在盐胁迫下外源甜菜碱对玉米幼曲光合作刚的保护机理。主要结果如下: 转BADH基因烟草中能合成甘氨酸甜菜碱,合成的甜菜碱主要积累于叶绿体中。转BADH 基因烟草提高了对高温胁迫的抗性,在中度高温胁迫下,转基冈烟草生长利光合作用对高温 的抗性增强。中度高温胁迫下,转基冈烟草光合作用的维持是由于甜菜碱对Rubisco活化酶的保护作用。在中度高温胁迫下甜菜碱通过维持Rubisco活化酶的活化态以及阻止Rubisco 活化酶山可溶性问质向类囊体的聚集,从而维持了Rubisco活化酶的活性,进而维持了C02 的同化。在严重高温胁迫下,烟草光系统II受到影响,转BADH基冈烟草通过提高体内抗氧化酶系统的功能,减轻了高温胁迫对光合机构造成的活性氧伤害,高温胁迫下转基因烟草体内抗氧化酶如SOD、APX、GR等酶活性明显高于野生型。在高温胁迫下,证明了甜菜碱对光系统II的保护作用主要在氧化侧,严重高温胁迫下,转基因烟草维持较高的PSII活性。 转BADH基因烟草提高了对盐胁迫的抗性,盐胁迫下转基因烟草光合作用的维持与盐胁迫下转基因烟草较高的气孔导度和抗氧化酶活性的提高有关。 外源甜菜碱在正常的非胁迫条件下对植物的生长有促进作用,而这一作用与光合速率的提高有关。通过对气孔导度、光合碳同化关键酶以及叶绿素荧光分析证明,甜菜碱对光合作用的促进与气孔导度的提高有关,同时甜菜碱提高了光系统ll的实际光化学效率。 外源甜菜碱提高了盐胁迫条件下植物的抗性,抗盐性的提高与盐胁迫下甜菜碱对气孔导度的提高以及维持较高的光系统II光化学活性有关。

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利用RNAi改良大豆油脂品质 大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]起源于中国,栽培历史悠久,是重要的粮食作物, 同时也是植物油和蛋白的重要来源。随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高,人们不但对大豆的需求量大大增加,同时对大豆的品质也提出了更高的要求。近年来,我国大豆进口量逐年攀升,已远远超过本国生产量。国外转抗除草剂转基因大豆大面积种植大大降低了生产成本,直接影响了我国大豆生产。因此,提高产量和改良品质是当前中国大豆生产所面临的重要课题。基因工程是大豆品种改良更为有效和快速的方法,但是由于历史原因我国的大豆转基因育种与发达国家尚存在一定差距,对我国的大豆生产贡献十分有限。因此,建立高效的大豆转化体系,加强大豆基因工程研究和育种是解决大豆面临困境的关键。 本研究的目的是以我国主要栽培大豆品种(黑农、合丰和东农等)为材料,利用GUS(β-glucuronidase)报告基因和RNAi技术,建立高效的大豆基因转化体系和基因功能研究体系。为大豆产量和品质基因工程改良提供技术手段和理论基础。结果如下: 以大豆下胚轴为外植体,对分生组织产生不定芽的频率进行了研究。培养基中添加高浓度BAP(6-benzylaminopurine)可以诱导外植体分生组织增殖产生不定芽的发生率;在培养基中添加银离子可以明显地促进大豆单个外植体多芽的产生,使得诱导不定芽总数目显著增加;不同基因型大豆再生不定芽能力有着较大区别,黑农44,黑农37,合丰35,合丰39等品种再生能力强;相对于大豆子叶节等再生系统,大豆下胚轴体系具有高效高频的再生特点(总的再生频率高于80%),且重复性好,容易操作。 以大豆下胚轴为外植体,用含有GUS报告基因的根癌农杆菌对其进行遗传转化,并重点对农杆菌菌液浓度、农杆菌侵染时间、乙酰丁香酮(AS)和抗氧化剂浓度等因素对农杆菌大豆转化效率的影响进行了研究。组织化学染色结果显示GUS基因在外植体顶端表达强烈,表达位置主要位于初生芽基部周围的分生组织。 农杆菌浸染时间以 4h 为最佳,此时的GUS瞬时表达频率可达73.0%;培养基中添加浓度为200μmol/L的乙酰丁香酮,可以显著增加GUS瞬时表达频率。抗氧化剂可以显著降低共培养阶段外植体的褐化和坏死率,进而显著提高农杆菌转化效率。用根癌农杆菌转化大豆下胚轴的方法得到了表达GUS基因转基因大豆株系。 利用大豆油酸去饱和酶基因(FAD2-1;Genbank, L43920)在第315-852碱基之间的基因片断构建了反向重复的RNAi表达载体,以农杆菌介导大豆下胚轴转化方法进行转化,并且获得转基因植株。经过PCR,Southern杂交和转基因后代的脂肪酸分析,表明沉默结构已经成功整合到大豆基因组中,并成功抑制了内源基因的表达。与栽培大豆品种相比较,转基因大豆种子的脂肪酸组成发生显著变化,油酸含量由栽培大豆的18.1%增加到71.5%¬-81.9%;亚油酸含量从栽培大豆的46.4%降到了约3.4%。 栽培大豆种子中油酸去饱和比率(ODP, oleic desaturation proportion)为0.76 到 0.84,转基因大豆种子的油酸去饱和比率降为0.06-0.26,表明Δ12-去饱和酶活性降低了74%-94%。上述结果表明,我们构建的RNAi反向重复序列沉默结构高效地抑制了大豆种子FAD2-1基因。 在本研究中,我们通过外源GUS基因的表达和内源FAD2基因的抑制,成功地建立了以大豆下胚轴为外植体的高效农杆菌介导大豆转化体系,并获得了相应的转基因株系。本研究对我国大豆品种基因工程改良以及进一步大豆功能基因组研究有重要参考价值。 四合木茎积累三脂酰甘油特征 四合木(Tetraena mongotica Maxim)是蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceac)四合木属唯一的种,是地球上最具代表性的古老残遗濒危珍稀植物。由于四合木极易燃烧,当地居民称其为“油柴”。 通过对四合木内可能存在的“油”成分进行了分析,我们发现其茎组织含有大量的三脂酰甘油(Triacylglycerols),含量达到46 mg/g DM。在韧皮部中更高,达到90 mg/g DM。我们通过半薄切片对四合木中三脂酰甘油在不同组织的分布和存在形式进行了研究,发现三脂酰甘油主要以油体形式存在于木质部和韧皮部的薄壁组织中。在韧皮部中,几乎所有的薄壁细胞都含有大量的油体。 三脂酰甘油在植物的生长发育中起着非常重要的作用。作为植物生长发育所需的碳源和能量,三脂酰甘油一般储存在植物的种子和果实中。虽然也有关于其在茎和叶中发现的报道,但是含量很少。四合木茎组织含有大量的三脂酰甘油,这种现象可能与四合木茎中存在茎特异油脂合成酶系统有关。因此,克隆相关基因并在作物中表达,将对能源植物的开发具有重要意义。

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大豆 (Glycine max (L.) Meer.)是人们日常生活中不可缺少的食品,也是一种非常重要的油质、蛋白资源。目前根据大豆种子吸胀阶段对低温敏感性的不同,可将其划分成3种生态型:低温非敏感型、低温敏感型及中间型。对于低温非敏感型的种子来讲,4℃下吸胀24小时对其发芽率影响很小,而敏感型种子萌发率不超过5%。我国属于温带大陆性气候,大豆播种后由于温度波动而造成一部分种子不能萌发,最终导致减产甚至绝产的现象普遍存在。高产是育种工作的主要目标,提高逆境胁迫的适应能力是高产的前提和基础,所以从分子角度研究种子吸胀非常必要,一方面能够挖掘新的基因资源,另一方面为今后育种工作提供必要的理论依据。 本试验以此为立足点,低温吸胀非敏感型大豆品种 (Z22)为材料,利用cDNA-AFLP方法及蛋白质技术分离与低温吸胀相关的基因及蛋白,得到结果如下: 第一,本试验成功的分离出4个受低温诱导的基因,半定量RT-PCR方法进一步验证了这4个基因在种子吸胀24小时内受低温诱导。 第二,利用RACE方法成功的得到2个完整的全长基因,在NCBI数据库中查找后发现其中1个基因为新基因,命名为SCHI基因 (SCHI:Soybean chilling-induced gene)。SCHI全长为390bp,编码分子量大约为14.2KD的蛋白;另外一个基因是已知基因,其同源序列已经在其他的物种中得到分离。由于此基因与核糖体蛋白L34高度同源,所以把把这个基因命名为SOL34 (Soybean L34)。 第三,利用半定量RT-PCR方法对基因表达模型进行分析,结果表明:SCHI在种子低温吸胀18~24小时期间诱导表达量最高,而当种子低温吸胀24小时后转入常温下,其表达量在常温下18小时左右迅速下降;ABA (100μM)、PEG (30%,10000)及NaCl (250mM)能够诱导SCHI的表达,在诱导表达量上,ABA和PEG诱导效果最明显,而NaCl能够微弱的诱导此基因表达;对不同生态型的大豆品种而言,低温吸胀过程中,SCHI在非敏感型种子中的表达量高于敏感型种子,但非敏感型和中间型之间没有差别;另外,SCHI在大豆胚轴中是诱导型表达,在叶片和根尖中则是组成型表达。SOL34的表达在萌发前24小时内被低温诱导,但在不同生态型之间没有差别。SOL34在胚轴和根尖中受低温诱导,在叶片中是组成型表达。 第四,SCHI能够在原核生物中表达出相应蛋白,诱导表达蛋白的分子量在26-29KD,大约为理论值的2倍,说明在大肠杆菌中被表达的蛋白以2聚体形式存在。另外低温试验结果表明SCHI能够提高菌落忍耐短时间-20℃低温的能力。 第五,利用双元表达载体把SCHI转入拟南芥植株,经过低温、干旱和盐胁迫后,转基因植株的成活率均高于野生型植株。超表达SOL34的拟南芥植株降低了对低温的耐性;而抑制拟南芥中L34的表达反而提高了植株对低温的抗性。 第六,本试验利用蛋白质等有关试验检测了大豆种子低温吸胀时蛋白质发生的变化。从吸胀 (4℃和22℃下24h)后的大豆胚轴中成功鉴定出上调蛋白点25个,下调蛋白点15个。其中有参与能量代谢反应 (占10%,例如柠檬酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶等)、细胞生长与分裂相关反应 (20%,例如LEA蛋白和种子成熟蛋白PM26)、胁迫反应 (10%,如乙醇脱氢酶)、种子宿命和贮藏蛋白 (20%,大豆球蛋白)等蛋白在此过程中发生了变化,暗示种子萌发前期低温吸胀过程中多种代谢发生变化。细胞生长变缓、能量代谢增强、胁迫代谢蛋白的高表达以及贮藏蛋白降解速度减慢等变化都有利于种子在吸胀过程中度过低温环境,为以后的生长作好准备。

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大豆是重要的油料和蛋白植物。在生产实践中,在播种后达到早苗和齐苗是大豆丰收的前提。种子的吸胀冷害是农业生产的严重问题。吸胀冷害发生在种子开始吸水萌动的萌发初始阶段。吸胀冷害不仅发生在高寒地带和低温冷湿地区,尤其在我国东北地区,造成我国乃至全球大豆不同程度的减产。吸胀冷害的原初作用位点在生物膜上,本实验从呼吸代谢的角度研究吸胀冷害对种子活力的影响,探讨吸胀冷害的机制。 本实验选用由黑龙江省黑河农业科学院提供的对低温中度敏感的黑河13 号大豆种子为材料,分别经22°C、10°C 和4°C 恒温培养箱24 h 后,测定其生理指标,通过透射电镜观察细胞超微结构,利用蛋白质组技术研究低温吸胀与种子呼吸代谢的关系,得到的结果如下: 低温吸胀阻碍胚轴膜系统的修复。通过电解质渗漏率测定发现,4°C 到22°C 温度范围内,提高吸胀温度有助于保持细胞膜的完整性,显著降低吸胀后胚轴电解质渗漏。在低温下吸胀,胚轴活性氧清除酶的活性受到抑制,活性氧含量增加,增强了膜脂过氧化作用,进而导致种子活力下降。 通过透射电子显微镜观察,大豆种子在22°C 吸胀24 h 后,胚轴细胞液泡明显变大,在细胞中所占比例很高,并且细胞内膜系统比较发达,能清晰观察到细胞核,线粒体,质膜,内质网整齐有序的形状。胚轴的细胞含有其它结构正常的细胞器,包括细胞壁,胞间连丝,淀粉粒和油体等。线粒体的外膜、内膜、嵴发育较完善。10°C 和4°C 的吸胀严重损伤了胚轴中细胞器的修复,细胞膜不规则,没有发现内质网和胞间连丝,线粒体的体积较小以及膜系统不发达,尤其是4°C 吸胀的胚轴中细胞器的损伤更加严重,细胞膜系统紊乱。 低温吸胀抑制了线粒体从轻线粒体向重线粒体的修复,以及线粒体的耗氧能力。22°C 吸胀的线粒体的总体耗氧能力较高,电子传递主要是利用复合体I 的电子传递途径。10°C 吸胀的线粒体总体耗氧呼吸较低,且其线粒体的电子传递主要以复合体II 的途径。4°C 吸胀的线粒体的耗氧能力则更低。 将分离得到的线粒体进行的蛋白质组分析,共分离400 多个蛋白点,其中有20 个点有表达差异。经ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS 鉴定,六个下调的蛋白质分别为ATP 合成酶的亚基 (线粒体的氧化磷酸化),线粒体延长因子Tu(线粒体基因组转录), 苹果酸脱氢酶(三羧酸循环),精氨酸酶(尿素循环)和2 个线粒体chaperonin-60 (热稳定蛋白)。这些蛋白在低温吸胀时下调表达,影响了线粒体的正常生理代谢,说明它们在维持线粒体正常代谢中起到了重要的作用。 综上所述,低温吸胀影响了线粒体的结构和生理功能的修复,减少了能量和中间物质供应给种子萌发,造成了种子活力的下降。

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Amphibian skin is a rich resource of antimicrobial peptides, like maximins and maximin Hs from frog Bombina maxima. Novel cDNA clones encoding a precursor protein, which comprises a novel maximin peptide (maximin 9) and reported maximin H3, were isolated from two constructed skin cDNA libraries of B. maxima. The predicted primary structure of maximin 9 is GIGRKFLGGVKTTFRCGVKDFASKHLY-NH2. A surprising substitution is at position 16, with a free cysteine in maximin 9 rather than usual conserved glycine in other reported maximins. Maximin 9, the homodimer form and its Cys(16) to Gly(16) mutant were synthesized and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. Unlike previously reported maximin 3, the tested bacterial and fungal strains were resistant to maximin 9, its homodimer and the Cys(16) to Gly(16) mutant (with MICs > 100 mu M). On the other hand, interestingly, while eight clinical Mollicutes strains were generally resistant to maximin 9 homodimer and its Cys(16) to Gly(16) mutant, most of them are sensitive to maximin 9 at a peptide concentration of 30 mu M, especially in the presence of dithiothreitol. These results indicate that the presence of a reactive Cys residue in maximin 9 is important for its antimycoplasma activity. The diversity of antimicrobial peptide cDNA structures encountered in B. maxima skin cDNA libraries and the antimicrobial specificity differences of the peptides may reflect well the species' adaptation to the unique microbial environments. (c) 2005 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Background: Hair is unique to mammals. Keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs), which contain two major groups: high/ultrahigh cysteine and high glycine-tyrosine, are one of the major components of hair and play essential roles in the formation of rigid and

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The effects of three amino acids (proline, glutamine, and glycine) added to the freezing medium Tes-Tris-egg yolk (TTE) for cryopreservation of cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) spermatozoa were studied. This is the first report on the effects of amino acids on nonhuman primate sperm cryopreservation. The addition of 5 mM proline, 10 mM glutamine, and 10 or 20 mM glycine each significantly improved post-thaw sperm motility and membrane and acrosome integrity compared with the control (TTE alone). However, a significant decrease in motility and membrane/acrosome integrity was observed when amino acid concentrations increased to 60 mM for proline and glutamine, and 80 mM for glycine. The results suggest that adding a limited amount of amino acids to the freezing media is beneficial for freezing cynomolgus monkey sperm.

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目的 研究丙泊酚对大鼠海马CA1区电刺激诱发兴奋性突触后电流(EPSC)的影响,分析γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体和甘氨酸受体在丙泊酚麻醉中的作用.方法 断头法分离wistar大鼠(13~19 d)海马半脑,切出400 μm厚度的海马脑片,全细胞膜片钳技术记录CA1区锥体神经元EPSC.80张脑片分为八组:脂肪乳剂组,50 μmol/L丙泊酚组,100 μmol/L丙泊酚组,200 μmol/L丙泊酚组,SR95531组,士的宁组,SR95531+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组,士的宁+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组,每组10张.SR95531+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组和士的宁+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组先在循环液中加入10 μmol/L SR95531或4 μmol/L士的宁预孵脑片30 min.八组均记录基础EPSC 10 min,然后加入不同药物,继续记录EPSC 40 min.膜钳制电压为-70 mV.结果 脂肪乳剂、SR95531和士的宁对EP-SC幅值无影响;丙泊酚呈剂量依赖性的抑制EPSC幅值,50、100、200 μmol/L丙泊酚最大抑制EPSC幅值为14.4%、52.3%、67.8%;SR95531+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组加入丙泊酚后,EPSC幅值基本无改变;士的宁+100 μmol/L丙泊酚组加入丙泊酚后,EPSC幅值仍然下降,最大抑制程度为34.7%.结论 丙泊酚主要通过增强GABAA受体功能使兴奋性突触活动降低,甘氨酸受体在其中起到协同和调节作用.

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Many ionotropic receptors are modulated by extracellular H+. So far, few studies have directly addressed the role of such modulation at synapses. In the present study, we investigated the effects of changes in extracellular pH on glycinergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) as well as glycine-evoked currents (I-Gly) in mechanically dissociated spinal neurons with native synaptic boutons preserved. H+ modulated both the mIPSCs and I-Gly, biphasically, although it activated an amiloride-sensitive inward current by itself. Decreasing extracellular pH reversibly inhibited the amplitude of the mIPSCs and I-Gly, while increasing external pH reversibly potentiated these parameters. Blockade of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) with amiloride, the selective antagonist of ASICs, or decreasing intracellular pH did not alter the modulatory effect of H+ on either mIPSCs or I-Gly, H+ shifted the EC50 of the glycine concentration-response curve from 49.3 +/- 5.7 muM at external pH 7.4 to 131.5 +/- 8.1 muM at pH 5.5, without altering the Cl- selectivity of the glycine receptor (GlyR), the Hill coefficient and the maximal I-Gly, suggesting a competitive inhibition of I-Gly by H+. Both Zn2+ and H+ inhibited I-Gly. However, H+ induced no further inhibition of I-Gly in the presence of a saturating concentration of Zn2+. In addition, H+ significantly affected the kinetics of glycinergic mIPSCs and I-Gly. It is proposed that H+ and/or Zn2+ compete with glycine binding and inhibit the amplitude of glycinergic mIPSCs and I-Gly. Moreover, binding of H+ induces a global conformational change in GlyR, which closes the GlyR Cl- channel and results in the acceleration of the seeming desensitization of IGly as well as speeding up the decay time constant of glycinergic mIPSCs. However, the deprotonation rate is faster than the unbinding rate of glycine from the GlyR, leading to reactivation of the undesensitized GlyR after washout of agonist and the appearance of a rebound I-Gly. H+ also modulated the glycine cotransmitter, GABA-activated current (I-GABA). Taken together, the results support a 'conformational coupling' model for H+ modulation of the GlyR and suggest that W may act as a novel modulator for inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian spinal cord.

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The objectives of this work were to study the effects of several feeding stimulants on gibel carp fed diets with or without replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal (MBM). The feeding stimulants tested were betaine, glycine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, and a commercial squid extract. Three inclusion levels were tested for each stimulant (0.18, 0.5%, and 1% for betaine and 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5% for the other stimulants). Two basal diets (40% crude protein) were used. one with 26% fish meal (FM), and the other with 21% fish meal and 6% MBM, Betaine at 0.1% in the fish meal group and at 0.5% in the meat and bone meal group was used in all experiments for comparison among stimulants. In the experiment on each stimulant, six tanks of fish were equally divided into two groups, one fed the FM diet, and the other fed the MBM diet. After 7 days' adaptation to the basal diet, in which the fish were fed to satiation twice a day, the fish were fed for another 7 days an equal mixture of diets containing varying levels of stimulants. Each diet contained a unique rare earth oxide as inert marker (Y2O3, Yb2O3, La2O3, Sm2O3 or Nd2O3). During the last 3 days of the experiment, faeces from each tank were collected. Preference for each diet was estimated based on the relative concentration of each marker in the faeces. Gibel carp fed the FM diet had higher intake than those fed the MBM diet, but the difference was significant only in the experiments on betaine, glycine and L-methionine. None of the feeding stimulants tested showed feeding enhancing effects in FM diets. All feeding stimulants showed feeding enhancing effects in MBM diets. and the optimum inclusion level was 0.5% for betaine, 0.1% for glycine, 0.25% for L-lysine, 0.1% for L-methionine. 0.25% For L-phenylalanine. and 0.1% for squid extract. The squid extract had the strongest stimulating effect among all the stimulants tested. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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为了确定合理环保的耕作制度,2007~2008安塞田间定位试验黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine maxL)、玉米(Zea maysL)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosumLinn.)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性。结果表明:在作物花期,大豆、玉米土壤脲酶活性较高,蔗糖酶活性较低,而红小豆、马铃薯则与之相反,差异极显著。到作物收获后,玉米土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性增高,增幅在83%以上,而马铃薯、红小豆、大豆三种作物土壤脲酶活性降低,降幅在10%以上,蔗糖酶活性增强,增幅在40%以上。从花期到收获后,免耕降低了土壤脲酶活性,提高了土壤蔗糖酶活性,在黄土丘陵沟壑旱作农区两种土壤酶活性表现较优的作物为大豆、玉米,较优的处理为NM玉米、NF大豆,其田间环保效应为:作物生长期间两种酶活性比较高,收获后两种酶活性则降低,有利于提高作物生长期土壤肥效利用率,减少作物收获后温室气体的排放。

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为了探明多年免耕下农田恶性杂草发生的机理,提高保护性耕作下作物对农田恶性杂草持久稳定的抑制效果,依据陕西安塞田间4a的定位试验,采用小区调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,从物种组成、密度特征、多样性以及相似性特征等方面,研究了黄土丘陵旱作农区大豆(Glycine max)、玉米(Zea mays)、红小豆(Semen Phaseoli)、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)在翻耕化肥(CF)、翻耕有机肥(CM)、翻耕无肥(CN)、免耕化肥(NF)、免耕有机肥(NM)、免耕无肥(NN)等水平下的农田土壤种子库。结果表明:(1)4种作物24种土样中共萌发出12个物种1965株幼苗,隶属于7科12属。1年生杂草占94%,棒头草(fugax nees ex steud)、苋菜(Acalypha australis)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、早熟禾(Poasphondylodes)为优势种,占87%。(2)在0~20cm土层不同处理间,土壤种子库的密度变动于(282.9±63.4)~(7482.5±1078.3)粒.m-2,其中,红小豆小区>马铃薯小区>大豆小区>玉米小区;翻耕小区>免...

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盆栽试验方法研究充分供水(W)、适度干旱(M)和严重干旱(D)三种条件下,不同株型的两个大豆品种晋大74和晋豆24在混播和单播时的籽粒产量及生物量构成。结果表明:晋大74品种具有较高的植株生物量和较强竞争能力,在单播时籽粒产量较低,而竞争能力较低的晋豆24品种在单播时籽粒产量却较高,这一结论将对大豆株型设计提供一定的科学依据。

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本论文利用表面等离子体共振技术(sPR)进行了生物分子间相互作用的研究。主要包括可免疫识别、免疫分析、生物分子相互作用动力学以及层层组装生物分子功能膜等方面的研究。1.利用表面等离子体共振生物传感器对血清中HSA抗体的活性进行了检测。结果表明表面等离子体共振(SPR)生物传感器能快速实时检测anti-HSA抗体的活性,且传感片能够重复使用100次以上。2.应用表面等离子体共振生物传感器实现了对铁蛋白的实时免疫分析。实验中采用"三明治"放大法提高了分析的灵敏度和选择性。结果表明,在血清中分析铁蛋白的线性区间为30-200ng/ml,检测限为28ng/ml。应用pH2.0 glycine-HCl溶液进行再生,传感片可重复使用50次以上。3.通过溶液竞争法实现了S尸R技术对小分子化合物吗啡的检测。结果表明,溶液竞争法大大优于表面竞争法。同时求得了吗啡、mBSA与单抗及多抗之间相互作用的结合常数,并进行了比较。对实验现象给出了动力学上的合理解释。4.研究了通过静电吸附作用,DNA和PDDA交替组装多层膜。实时表面等离子体共振技术实时监测了DNA/PDDA多层膜的形成,研究了DNA在PDDA表面的吸附动力学。电化学阻抗谱和紫外可见光谱的研究结果也表明了这种层层组装多层膜的均一性。5.应用亲合素和生物素之间的强亲和作用,在金表面层层组装了由亲合素/生物素化抗体组成的蛋白质多层膜。使用实时BIA技术监测了多层膜的成膜过程,同时用电化学阻抗和傅立叶红外光谱对多层膜的成膜过程进行了表征。结果都表明了多层膜的均匀生长。同时,我们用亲和素生物素化抗体层层组装所制备的抗体多层膜对hlgG进行了灵敏检测。6.应用实时BIA技术研究了组蛋白与DNA之间的相互作用。发展了新的固定DNA传感片表面,消除了组蛋白与商品化传感片之间的非特异吸附。用Langmuir和Two State Reaction(Coormation change)模型对所得的动力学传感图进行了拟合,初步得到了动力学常数,直观的比较了组蛋白各亚组分与DNA相互作用之间的动力学差异。

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细胞生物学研究的一个重要方向是动态地控制细胞在基底上的黏附。最近,随着表面化学的研究深入,尤其是对烷基硫醇在金基底上形成自组装单层膜(self-assembled monolayers, SAMs)这一体系的研究,使得人们能在分子水平的表面上控制细胞黏附。精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬氨酸(arginine-glycine-aspartate, RGD)序列首先是从细胞外基质蛋白中分离出来的,能够识别并非共价结合细胞膜表面的整合素受体,从而促进细胞黏附。以前的一些工作已经证实,将含有RGD的肽链连接到SAMs表面之后,能够生物特异性地黏附动物细胞。已有的手段比如光照、电压、加热、微电极、微流控以及表面纳米形貌的梯度变化,都不能真正实现可逆地控制细胞黏附,原因是这些方法所用的化学有限;这些方法也不能得到完全抗拒细胞黏附的表面,原因是这些方法产生的表面缺陷等不完整。用两种不同波长的光(紫外光和可见光)照射偶氮苯,偶氮苯会发生可逆的光致异构变化,因此,偶氮苯的光致异构性质可以用来可逆地控制细胞在表面黏附。运用含有偶氮苯的混合SAMs,偶氮苯的末端连接GRGDS肽,混合SAMs中是以末端为六聚乙二醇的硫醇为背景,该SAMs修饰而成的表面能够黏附或者抗拒细胞黏附,其表面黏附性质取决于SAMs中偶氮苯的构象。该方法提供了一种在分子水平的表面上我们所了解到的唯一能可逆控制细胞黏附的方法,该方法需要用到的光源来自于标准荧光显微镜所配置的汞灯。 为了实现在金基底表面可逆的控制细胞黏附,我们合成了如下三个化合物: 由于化合物1的溶解性很差,几乎在所有溶剂里都不溶,所以不能直接用化合物1制备SAMs;化合物2能高效地抗拒细胞的黏附;化合物3的偶氮苯末端是活化酯,能够连接GRGDS肽,从而控制细胞黏附。 将化合物2和化合物3以一定的比例均匀混合在金基底表面形成SAMs,然后将GRGDS肽连接到偶氮苯(反式)的末端(通过GRGDS肽的甘氨酸上的伯胺基与偶氮苯末端的活化酯反应),从而得到细胞黏附的表面。用紫外光照射该细胞黏附表面5-10小时,随着偶氮苯的构象由反式变为顺式,偶氮苯末端的GRGDS肽淹没在化合物2的六聚乙二醇中,得到抗拒细胞黏附的惰性表面。再用可见光照射该惰性表面1个小时,随着偶氮苯的构象由顺式变为反式,原先埋没在六聚乙二醇中的GRGDS肽伸展至单层膜的末端,又得到了细胞黏附的表面。因此,该表面能完全可逆地控制细胞在金表面黏附。 An important area in cell biology is the dynamic control of cell adhesion on substrates. Recent advancements in surface chemistry, in particular, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols on gold substrates, have permitted unprecedented control of cell adhesion via molecularly defined surfaces. The tri-peptide sequence arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD), initially isolated from the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, can recognize and non-covalently bind with integrin receptors on cell membranes to promote cell adhesion. Some previous work has demonstrated that RGD peptide grafted on SAMs can allow bio-specific adhesion of mammalian cells that mimic natural adhesion. Existing technologies such as light, voltage, heat, microelectrodes, microfluidic systems and surface gradient of nanotopography, either cannot realize fully reversible control of cell adhesion, due to the limitation in the chemistry used, or cannot yield a surface completely resistant against cell adhesion, due to the imperfection of surfaces. Azobenzenes undergo reversible photo-induced isomerization rapidly at two different wavelengths of light (UV and visible light), it therefore potentially allows the reversible control of cell adhesion on a surface. By using a mixed SAMs presenting azobenzene groups terminated in GRGDS peptides in a background of hexa(ethylene glycol) groups, the surface can either accommodate or resist cell adhesion depending on the conformation of the azobenzene embedded in SAMs. This method provides the only means we know to control cell adhesion reversibly on a molecularly well-defined surface by using light generated by a mercury lamp equipped on standard fluorescence microscopes. To realize the reversible control of cell adhesion on gold surface, we synthesized three kinds of compounds as following, We found that it was difficult to obtain SAMs directly from compound 1 because of its poor solubility in almost all kinds of solvents; compound 2 can resist cell adhesion efficiently; compound 3 presents an azobenzene terminated with NHS-activated ester, which can couple with a GRGDS peptide to control cell adhesion. After coating a gold surface with compound 2 and 3 in appropriate ratios to form a SAM followed by coupling the GRGDS peptides with NHS-activated esters at the end of azobenzene (E configuration) resulted in a cell-adhesive SAM. Irradiating this cell-adhesive SAM with UV light for 5-10 h converted the E configuration of azobenzene into the Z form, the GRGDS peptides becoming masked in the PEG, resulting in a cell-resistant surface. These SAM could again support cell adhesion as a result of the conformational switch of azobenzene from Z to E with the irradiation of visible light for 1 h. This surface, therefore, allows completely reversible control of cell adhesion on a gold surface.