Identification of ginsenosides in roots of Panax ginseng by HPLC-APCI/MS

A new HPLC-APCI/MS method for the identification of ginsenosides has been developed. The analyses were performed on a reversed-phase C-18 column using a binary eluent (acetonitrile and water) under gradient conditions. Although APCI is a high-temperature evaporative process, HPLC-APCI/MS could effectively identify thermo-labile ginsenosides. The [M-H](-) ions and the thermal degradation ions of ginsenosides could be clearly observed under negative and positive ion conditions, respectively, and these were used to identify the molecular masses, the aglycone structures and the sugar groups of ginsenosides. APCI/MS can provide more explicit information than ESI/MS for identifying and distinguishing ginsenosides. Using the HPLC-APCI/MS method, 35 ginsenosides were identified in Panax ginseng. Copyright (C) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Arc Root Attachment on the Anode Surface of Arc Plasma Torch Observed with a Novel Method

The arc-root attachment on the anode surface of a dc non-transferred arc plasma torch has been successfully observed using a novel approach. A specially designed copper mirror with a boron nitride film coated on its surface central-region is employed to avoid the effect of intensive light emitted from the arc column upon the observation of weakly luminous arc root. It is found that the arc-root attachment is diffusive on the anode surface of the argon plasma torch, while constricted arc roots often occur when hydrogen or nitrogen is added into argon as the plasma-forming gas.

Fracture behavior of axisymmetrical bars under high triaxial stress and large strain cyclic loading

Axisymmetric notched bars with notch roots of large and small radii were tested under large strain cyclic loading. The main attention is focused on the fracture behaviour of steels having cycles to failure within the range 1-100. Our study shows that a gradual transition from a static ductile nature to one of fatigue cleavage can be observed and characterized by the Coffin-Manson formula in a generalized form. Both the triaxial tensile stress within the central region of specimens and static damage caused by the first increasing load have effects on the final failure event. A generalized cyclic strain range parameter DELTAepsilon is proposed as a measure of the numerous factors affecting behaviour. Fractographs are presented to illustrate the behaviour reported in the paper.

青蒿的遗传转化及青蒿素生物合成的调控

利用发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)1601，1000，1500，15834，A4，均成功地转化了中药青蒿(Artemisia annua L.)并且建立了pRi1601，pRi15834，pRiA4诱导的发根培养。pRi1601，pRi15834的发根诱导率比其它质粒高。太老或太幼的叶片不利子发根的诱导;发根主要从叶脉的伤口处萌发;带顶芽或带侧芽的叶片容易诱导根，但不一定是发根。光照有利于发根的诱导和发根的生长。以每个发根的“绝对生长速率”(Gtowth Ratio，GR)和绝对“侧根”数量(Number of Side Roots，NSR），通过大量的发根系的筛选，建立了8个发根系，1601-L-1, 1601-L-2, 1601-L-3, 1601-L-4, 15834-L-1, 1601-P-I, 16 01-P-2，15834-L-2。Southern分子检测表明，160l-1-1，1801-L-2, 1601-L-3，1601-L-4，1601-P-1，1601-P-2均为转化子。8个建立的发根系之间无论生长或者QHS的合成存在明显的差异。比较光／暗(16/8hrs)，25℃条件下培养的16 01-L-1，1601-L-2，1601-L-3，1601-L-4，1601-P-l，和1601-P-2，其中16 01-L-3的生长最快，160l-L-1的生长最慢;但是，1601-L-1的QHS的含量最高（可达1. 048%），1601-1-3的QHS的含量最低。160Z-L-3，15834 -L-1和2583:1-L-2的生长速率相差不大。用盛有l000mLMS液体培养基的3000mL的锥形瓶扩大培养1601-L -3，15834-L-1和15834-L-2，转速为ll0rlpm，培养过程中发根容易形成发根球（Hairy Root Balis，HRB），HRB的形成严重影响发根的生长和QHs的合成，HpLC分析表明扩大培养发根中QHS的含量比较低。 改变MS基本培养基中的无机离子的浓度，研究不同无机离子对发根生长和QHS的合成的影响。 l、KN03为18.79×10-3M时有利于1601- L-1生长，为14. 84×10-3M时有利于QHS的合成。NH-4N0-3浓度在10.93-12. 49×10—3M范围内有利于1601-L-1生长，在0-20.62×10-3M范围内对QHS的合成影响不大，大于20. 62×lO-3M不利QHS的合成。培养基中NH-4+／N0-3-比值为0. 37-0. 4-0.52:1时有利于发根的生长，比值为0.52 - 0.58:1时有利于QHS的合成。 2、H-2P0-4-浓度为2.498×10-3M时有利于发根的生长在0-2. 498×l0-3M范围内，随着浓度的提高，促进发根的生长。培养基中的H2P4 -的浓度在0-1.249×lO-3M的范围内，随着浓度的提高，促进QHS的合成，为1.249×10-3M时QHS的含量最高。 3、培养基中最适16 01-L-1生长的Ca-2+浓度为0.198- 0.766×10-3M，大于或小于该浓度范围，显著地抑制发根的生长。但是，在0-3.695×10-3M范围内，随着培养基中Ca-2+浓度提高，促进QHS的合成，最适Ca-2+浓度为3.695×l0-3M。 4、培养基中不加Mg-2+时，完全抑制发根生长，在0. 142×10-3M-7.506×l0-3M浓度范围内，对发根生长影响没有明显的差别。但是，HPLC和UV分析发根中QHS含量，培养基中不加Mg-2+时，发根中QHS含量最高。 5、培养基中的Fe-2+浓度在0. 25 -1．0×10-3M范围内，同时有利于16 01- L-1的生长和QHS的形成。 6、培养基中最适合予16 01- L-3生长的KI浓度为2.5ppm，大于或小予该浓度均显著地抑制发根的生长，培养基中加入KI明显地降低发根中的QHS的含量。 7、H2BO3对l601-L-l生长影响不大，HPLC分析QHS的含量，培养基中的H3BO3浓度为100ppm和400ppm，QHS的含量分别为1.69mg/g和1.80mg/g(DW)。 8、Cu-2+对1601-L-3的生长影响显著，最适合1601-L-3生长的Cu-2+浓度为1.00ppm，在0 -1.00ppm的浓度范围内，随着培养基中的Cu+浓度的提高，发根的生物量不断增加。培养基中QHS合成的最适Cu2+浓度为0.05ppm，大于或小于该浓度均显著地抑制发根中QHS的合成。 比较光培养和暗培养对发根生长的影响，结果表明光照明显地促进1601-L-l的生长，暗培养明显不利于发根的生长。最适合于发根生长的温度为25℃，大于35℃显著地抑制发根的生长，影响发根的根尖细胞的正常分裂。 改变培养基中的蔗糖浓度和在发根培养的不同时期给培养基中添加蔗糖，试验结果表明蔗糖作为碳源对1601-L-3和1601-L-1的生长具有显著的影响。 (1)培养基中缺少蔗糖显著地抑制发根的生长。 (2)发根培养的前5天时间内，蔗糖浓度为30- 60glL昀培养基最有利于发根的生长，50glL的培养基中的发根生长最快，培养基中的蔗糖浓度大于60g/L小于30g／L时，发根的生物量增加较少。 (3)发根培养至第15天时，蔗糖浓度为60g/L的培养基最有利予发根的生物量的增加。发根培养至30天时，蔗糖浓度为60-90g/L的培养基，发根的生物量的增加相差不大，但是为蔗糖浓度为30-40g/L的培养基中的发根生物量一倍。 (4)发根培养过程中，分别于第5和15天给蔗糖浓度为30g/L的培养基中添加一次或二次蔗糖，使培养基中的蔗糖终浓度相当于60g/L或90g/L，培养至30天时，添加蔗糖的培养基中的发根的干重生物量相当于不添加蔗糖培养基中的发根生物量一倍，相当于初始蔗糖浓度为60g/L和90g/L培养基中发根的生物量。 (5)随着培养基中蔗糖浓度的提高，发根干重/鲜重比显著增加。培养基中的蔗糖的消耗量与发根生物量的增加呈正相关，蔗糖消耗越多，发根生物量的增加越大。 比较pH值对发根生长和QHS合成的影响表明，灭菌前pH值在5.O-6.5范围内的培养基适合予1601-L-1的生长，小于5.O不利于发根的生长，pH5.8有利于1601-1-1生长和QHS的生物合成。发根收获时培养基中的pH值一般为4.5-5.2. pH7.O抑制发根的生长，pHl0.O对发根具有强烈的致死作用。发根在培养过程中，对培养基中的pH值具有显著的调节作用，发根能在很短的时间内(24- 48hrs)使pl:l值为5.8、6.4、7.0培养基降低到pH4. 5-5.2，pH为5.8的培养基有利于QHS合成。 比较不同基本培养基对发根生长和QHS合成的影响，试验结果表明N6、DCR、Litvay培养基有利于1601-L-1的生长，WS、White、B5培养基不利于发根的生长。DCR培养基中的QHS含量最高。 根据三水平试验选用三水平正交表来安排试验的原则，选用三水平正交表L7(3-)，研究多因子效应对发根生长和QHS合成的影响，试验结果表明，Mg2+，Fe2+，Mn-2+，NH4NO3，KN03 ,KI,Ca-2+为发根生长的主要因子，NH4N03，KNOs，Mg2+，Ca2+，肌醇为QHS合成的主要因子。 通过TLC分析发根中QHS和其它化学成分，同时比较发根和无菌苗及野生植株的化学成分，发根和无菌苗均能合成包括QHS在内的野生青蒿叶片中的大部分非挥发性的化台 物。 研究青蒿植株在发育过程中QHS的含量的变化以及发根、无菌苗和野生青蒿中QHS的合成，HP分析结果表明，l、不同的单株青蒿之间的QHS量相差很大。2、同一植株幼 叶的QHS含量比老叶的QHS含量高。3、不同单株青蒿之间达到最高QHS含量的时间不一样，开花期或开花之前。4、无菌苗（带根）或者不带根丛生芽均能合成QHS，但是带根的无菌蕾的QHS量比丛生芽中的QIS的含量高。5、不同发根农杆菌转化的发根系1601-L-1和15834-L-1都能合成ＱＨＳ。

根瘤菌感染烟草、水稻及豌豆凝集素基因在烟草中的表达

该文用根据瘤菌合成血红素基因hemA，根瘤菌固氨氮酶调节基因nifA，固氮酶结构基因nifKDH，nifH的启动子与lacZ基因融合的质粒，通过三亲交配法将其思入豌豆根据瘤菌.接种烟草发根、烟草植株和水稻。结果表明β-半乳糖苷酶有不同强度的组织化学染色反应，hemA染色最强，其它次之。显微镜观察表明在烟草发根据的维管束中柱鞘细胞、水稻根皮层细胞内和细胞间隙有根瘤菌存在.从根中分离纯化细菌，LacZ染色，再回接豌豆结瘤和根瘤的LacZ染色，证明是LacZ标记基因的豌豆根据瘤菌。由此说明根瘤菌可以侵染非豆科植物烟草和水稻。除了对烟草、水稻根进行LacZ染色外，还对其茎、叶进行了染色，结果也有正反应现象，说明根瘤菌有可能由根向上部分移动。另一方面，说明根瘤蓖的nifA、nifKDH、 nifH的启动子在植物组织也可能起起动作用表达lacZ基因。用上述不同启动子-LacZ标记的豌豆根瘤菌接种烟草，有促进生长发育和提前开花的现象。 对豌豆凝集素基因转烟草的发根，用蛋白免疫原位杂交检测，表明该基因 的转译产物定位在根毛顶端。对发根接种豌豆根瘤菌、菜豆根瘤菌，结果只有 接种豌豆根瘤菌的发根出现瘤状物的结构。对其切片显微镜观察，可见细胞内 和细胞间隙有细菌颗粒存在。由于豌豆凝集素被认为是豌豆植物对其相应的豌 豆根瘤菌的识别因子，本结果初步表明有可能是转基因发根产生的豌豆凝集素 因子识别豌豆根瘤菌的结果。如果进一步得到证明，这一结果才具有重要的科 学意义，表明今后用基因工程的方法有可能扩大根瘤菌的宿主范围，使非豆科 植物有结瘤和固氮的可能性。

水稻(Oryza sativa L. ssp japonica)幼苗根质膜蛋白质组分析

根质膜具有重要的生物学功能，它参与了根响应脱落酸（ABA）的一系列活动。尽管已经有很多有关ABA影响根的生长和发育的报道，但是在蛋白质组水平上研究参与ABA信号转导及相关活动的质膜蛋白质的报道还未见到。我们期望利用蛋白质组学技术平台研究外源ABA胁迫下水稻根质膜与ABA功能相关的蛋白质组的变化。 本论文通过双向电泳（2DE）结合质谱（MALDI-TOF MS 和 MALDI-TOF/TOF MS）分析的方法鉴定了102个质膜相关蛋白质。这些蛋白质功能涉及到跨膜运输（16.2%）、胁迫反应（14.3%）、物质运输（4.8%）、细胞骨架动态变化（5.7%）、细胞壁重建（3.8%）、碳代谢和能量循环（13.3%）、蛋白质代谢（14.3%）、信号转导（18.1%）和其他功能的蛋白质（4.8%），以及未知功能的蛋白质（2.9%）。其中大约30％的蛋白质以同工型的形式存在。在这些鉴定结果中，有10个斑点（代表10种蛋白质）已被报道为质膜特异的蛋白质;68个蛋白质斑点（代表58种蛋白质）是质膜相关蛋白质。其余54个蛋白质斑点（代表42种蛋白质）是首次在水稻根的质膜囊泡中被鉴定出来。 在ABA处理条件下，我们在2DE胶上发现了15个响应ABA调节的蛋白质斑点。9个上调的蛋白质斑点分别代表以下9种蛋白质：vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit, vacuolar ATPase B subunit、patatin、 Salt-stress root protein RS1、谷氨酰氨合成酶（Glutamine synthetase，GS）、OSR40c1、H+-exporting ATPase （vacuolar ATPase E subunit）、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型（glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, type I，GADPH）和醛缩酶C-1（aldolase C-1）。6个下调的蛋白质斑点分别代表4种蛋白质：endosperm lumenal binding protein、remorin protein、富含脯氨酸蛋白质（glycine-rich protein，GRP）和蔗糖合成酶（sucrose synthase, SuSy）。其中，OSR40c1和endosperm lumenal binding protein与蛋白质合成相关，从它们与ABA的关系中可以看出，ABA可能抑制了细胞的蛋白质合成。而vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit、vacuolar ATPase B subunit和 H+-exporting ATPase参与了细胞质pH的调控，ABA致使了细胞质pH的上升。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型、醛缩酶C-1和蔗糖合酶参与了细胞壁的生长发育，ABA的作用可能导致了细胞壁生长发育的延迟。ABA促使Patatin上升，其作用可能与质膜膜脂的降解有关。而ABA的刺激也使谷氨酰氨合成酶的表达显著上升，谷氨酰氨合成酶可以去除细胞内有害的游离NH+4。同时还有未知功能的富含脯氨酸蛋白质（glycine-rich protein，GRP）同样受到ABA的诱导，但具体的功能及其与ABA的关系还要进一步的实验证据。

根茎在羊草响应短期盐胁迫和干旱胁迫过程中的作用

羊草 (Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.) 又称碱草，隶属禾本科，赖草属，因其营养价值高，富含蛋白质，适口性好，抗旱，耐盐碱，耐贫瘠，抗逆性强，适应广等优点，对我国发展草原畜牧业和退化草地、荒漠化治理方面具有举足轻重的作用。近年来，由于自然环境变劣，荒漠化加剧，以及过渡放牧等不利影响，已对我国草地构成了严重威胁，严重制约了我国人工草地建设和天然草地的改良和沙化治理的步伐。目前, 国内外关于羊草的报道大多集中在草原生态等宏观领域，在羊草根茎生理学方面的研究却十分匮乏。作为一种典型的根状茎型克隆植物，羊草根茎在无性繁殖和克隆基株间的克隆整合、形态可塑性和分工合作等方面具有重要的作用,但羊草根茎在羊草感应环境胁迫中的作用却研究甚少。为了探讨根茎在植物感应环境胁迫中的作用, 本文以羊草为实验材料，通过分别处理羊草根茎和根，研究和比较了短期NaCl、PEG胁迫根、根茎、根和根茎三种处理方式下羊草对盐胁迫和干旱胁迫的生理响应。主要研究结果如下： 1、200 mmol• L-1 NaCl处理羊草根、根茎、根和根茎24小时显著降低羊草叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率，增加叶片渗透浓度与脯氨酸含量;其中同时处理根和根茎，叶片蒸腾速率和净光合速率的降低程度显著高于分别处理根和根茎。在分别处理根与根茎的情况下，叶片含水量、脯氨酸含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率均无显著性差异。不论单独胁迫根、根茎还是同时胁迫根和根茎，羊草根、根茎和叶片内钠离子（Na+）含量增加，而钾离子（K+）含量和K+/Na+ 比降低。 这些结果表明：（1）羊草根茎在感应和响应盐胁迫的生理过程中与根系具有类似的功能;（2）羊草根茎在盐胁迫条件下参与Na+ 吸收和向地上部的转运;（3）鉴于根茎的生物量和表面积都明显的低于根系，在盐胁迫下羊草根茎吸收Na+ 的效率高于根系。 2、15％ 聚已二醇（PEG－6000）处理羊草根、根茎、根和根茎24 小时显著降低羊草叶片含水量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率，增加叶片脯氨酸含量。在分别胁迫根与根茎两种处理下，处理根茎对叶片的净光合速率影响程度更大，表明根茎对干旱胁迫反应更敏感。

Two new compounds and anti-HIV active constituents from Illicium verum

Two new compounds named illiverin A (1) and tashironin A (8) were, isolated from the roots of Illicium verum, together with seven known compounds: 4-allyl-2-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-1,6-methylenedioxybenzene-3-ol (2), illicinole (3), 3-hydroxy-4,5-methylenedi

Anti-HIV Activities of the Compounds Isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum and Polygonum multiflorum

The 70% EtOH extract of Polygonum cuspidatum showed inhibitory action against HIV-1-induced syncytium formation at non-cytotoxic concentrations in vitro with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 13.94 +/- 3.41 mu g/mL. Through bioactivity-guided fractionation, 20 phenolic compounds, including eight stilbenoids, were isolated from the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum, and their anti-HIV-1 activities were evaluated. Results showed that compounds 1, 13, 14, and 16 demonstrated fairly strong antiviral activity against HIV-1-induced cytopathic effects in C8166 lymphocytes at non-cytotoxic concentrations, with EC50 values of 4.37 +/- 1.96 mu g/mL, 19.97 +/- 5.09, 14.4 +/- 1.34 mu g/mL, and 11.29 +/- 6.26 mu g/mL and therapeutic index (TI) values of 8.12, > 10.02, > 13.89, and > 17.71, respectively. Other compounds showed either weak or no effects. Compound 6 also showed weak inhibition (153.42 +/- 19.25 mu g/mL); however, it possesses very good water solubility and showed almost no cytotoxicity (> 2000 mu g/mL), therefore achieving a fairly good TI (13.04). The activities of the two compounds (3 and 18) from Polygonum multiflorum were also assayed. The relationship between molecular structures and their bioactivities was also discussed.

Effects of Organic-Rich Sediment and Below-Ground Sulfide Exposure on Submerged Macrophyte, Hydrilla verticillata

The effects of organic-rich sediment and sulfide exposure on Hydrilla verticillata were investigated. The organic richness of sediment was simulated by adding sucrose into sediments, and sulfide exposure was conducted by adding sodium sulfide to plant roots. The length, biomass and density of shoot reduced in the sucrose-amended sediments, and the largest reduction occurred in the highest 1.0% addition treatment by 84.2%, 56.7% and 92.4%, respectively. However, the 0.1% addition treatment stimulated the growth of root. The effects of below-ground sulfide exposure on the physiological activities of H. verticillata were determined by adding sulfide to the below-ground tissue. Significantly inhibitory effects of sulfide were observed on plant photosynthesis, root carbohydrate and nitrogen synthetic reserves. The net photosynthetic rates, soluble carbohydrate and soluble protein contents in root were reduced by 104%, 71.8% and 49.8%, respectively, in the 0.6 mM sulfide treatment.

An improved method for the extraction of low molecular weight organic acids in variable charge soils

Due to specific adsorption to variable charge soils, low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) have not been sufficiently extracted, even if common extractants, such as water and 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), were employed. In this work, the method for extracting LMWOAs in soils with 0.1 M NaOH was improved for variable charge soils; e.g. 1.0 M potassium fluoride (KF) with pH 4.0 was applied as an extractant jointed with 0.1 M NaOH based on its stronger ability to change the electrochemical properties of variable charge soils by specific adsorption. With the proposed method, the recoveries of oxalic, tartaric, malic, citric and fumaric acids were increased from 83 4, 93 1, 22 2, 63 +/- 5 and 84 +/- 3% to 98 +/- 2, 100 +/- 2, 85 +/- 2, 90 +/- 2 and 89 +/- 2%, respectively, compared with NaOH alone. Simultaneously, the LMWOAs in Agri-Udic Ferrosol with field moisture were measured with a satisfactory result.

Effects of microcystins on the growth and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase of rape (Brassica napus L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Microcystins are naturally occurring hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides produced by some toxic freshwater cyanobacterial species. In this study, crude extract of toxic cyanobacterial blooms from Dianchi Lake in southwestern China was used to determine the effects of microcystins on rape (Brassica napus L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent to 0, 0.024, 0.12, 0.6 and 3 mug MC-LR/ml). Investigations showed that exposure to microcystins inhibited the growth and development of both rice and rape seedlings, however, microcystins had more powerful inhibition effect on rape than rice in germination percentage of seeds and seedling height. Microcystins significantly inhibited the elongation of primary roots of rape and rice seedlings. Determination of the activities of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase demonstrated that microcystin stress was manifested as an oxidative stress. Using ELISA, microcystins were examined from the extract of exposed rape and rice seedlings, indicating that consumption of edible plants exposed to microcystins via irrigation route may have health risks. Significantly different levels of recovered microcystins between exposed rice and rape seedlings Suggested that there might be different tolerant mechanisms toward microcystins. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Heavy metals in plants and phytoremediation - A state-of-the-art report with special reference to literature published in Chinese journals

Goal, Scope and Background. In some cases, soil, water and food are heavily polluted by heavy metals in China. To use plants to remediate heavy metal pollution would be an effective technique in pollution control. The accumulation of heavy metals in plants and the role of plants in removing pollutants should be understood in order to implement phytoremediation, which makes use of plants to extract, transfer and stabilize heavy metals from soil and water. Methods. The information has been compiled from Chinese publications stemming mostly from the last decade, to show the research results on heavy metals in plants and the role of plants in controlling heavy metal pollution, and to provide a general outlook of phytoremediation in China. Related references from scientific journals and university journals are searched and summarized in sections concerning the accumulation of heavy metals in plants, plants for heavy metal purification and phytoremediation techniques. Results and Discussion. Plants can take up heavy metals by their roots, or even via their stems and leaves, and accumulate them in their organs. Plants take up elements selectively. Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in the plant depends on the plant species, element species, chemical and bioavailiability, redox, pH, cation exchange capacity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and secretion of roots. Plants are employed in the decontamination of heavy metals from polluted water and have demonstrated high performances in treating mineral tailing water and industrial effluents. The purification capacity of heavy metals by plants are affected by several factors, such as the concentration of the heavy metals, species of elements, plant species, exposure duration, temperature and pH. Conclusions. Phytoremediation, which makes use of vegetation to remove, detoxify, or stabilize persistent pollutants, is a green and environmentally-friendly tool for cleaning polluted soil and water. The advantage of high biomass productive and easy disposal makes plants most useful to remediate heavy metals on site. Recommendations and Outlook. Based on knowledge of the heavy metal accumulation in plants, it is possible to select those species of crops and pasturage herbs, which accumulate fewer heavy metals, for food cultivation and fodder for animals; and to select those hyperaccumulation species for extracting heavy metals from soil and water. Studies on the mechanisms and application of hyperaccumulation are necessary in China for developing phytoremediation.