Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration is affected by prevailing climatic conditions and soil organic carbon content: A trans-China based case study

National Natural Science Foundation of China [30590381]; Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [KZCX2YW-432]; International Partnership Project

1876-1878 severe drought in North China: Facts, impacts and climatic background

Chinese Academy of Sciences [KZCX2-YW-315-2]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [40701021, 40625002]; National Key Technology R&D Program of China [2007BAC03A01]

Extreme weathering/erosion during the Miocene Climatic Optimum: Evidence from sediment record in the South China Sea

Investigating the interplay between continental weathering and erosion, climate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations is significant in understanding the mechanisms that force the Cenozoic global cooling and predicting the future climatic and environmental response to increasing temperature and CO2 levels. The Miocene represents an ideal test case as it encompasses two distinct extreme climate periods, the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) with the warmest time since 35 Ma in Earth's history and the transition to the Late Cenozoic icehouse mode with the establishment of the east Antarctic ice sheet. However the precise role of continental weathering during this period of major climate change is poorly understood. Here we show changes in the rates of Miocene continental chemical weathering and physical erosion, which we tracked using the chemical index of alteration ( CIA) and mass accumulation rate ( MAR) respectively from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 and 1148 in the South China Sea. We found significantly increased CIA values and terrigenous MARs during the MCO (ca. 17-15 Ma) compared to earlier and later periods suggests extreme continental weathering and erosion at that time. Similar high rates were revealed in the early-middle Miocene of Asia, the European Alps, and offshore Angola. This suggests that rapid sedimentation during the MCO was a global erosion event triggered by climate rather than regional tectonic activity. The close coherence of our records with high temperature, strong precipitation, increased burial of organic carbon and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration during the MCO argues for long-term, close coupling between continental silicate weathering, erosion, climate and atmospheric CO2 during the Miocene. Citation: Wan, S., W. M. Kurschner, P. D. Clift, A. Li, and T. Li (2009), Extreme weathering/ erosion during the Miocene Climatic Optimum: Evidence from sediment record in the South China Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19706, doi: 10.1029/2009GL040279.

Recent 2000-year geological records of mud in the inner shelf of the East China Sea and their climatic implications

AXIS(14)C dating and grain-size analysis for Core DD2, located at the north of the Yangtze River-derived mud off the Zhejiang-Fujian coasts in the inner shelf of the East China Sea, provide us a high-resolution grain-size distribution curve varying with depth and time. Data in the upper mud layer of Core DD2 indicate that there are at least 9 abrupt grain-size increasing in recent 2000 years, with each corresponding very well with the low-temperature events in Chinese history, which might result from the periodical strengthening of the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM), including the first-revealed maximum temperature lowering event at around 990 a BP. At the same time, the finer grain size section in Core DD2 agrees well with the Sui-Tang Warming Period (600-1000 a AD) defined previously by Zhu Kezhen, during which the climate had a warm, cold and warm fluctuation, with a dominated cooling period of 750-850 a AD. The Little Ice Age (LIA) can also be identified in the core. It starts around 1450 a AD and was followed by a subsequent cooling events at 1510, 1670 and 1840 a AD. Timing of these cold events revealed here still needs to be further verified owing to some current uncertainty of dating we used in this study.

滇西北地区晚更新世以来植被演替与气候变化研究

随着全球环境的变化，人们迫切的希望了解整个地球环境的变化过程、规律和未来发展的趋势。对地质历史时期发生过的环境事件的了解，能为我们研究现在的和预测未来的环境变化提供有价值的资料。 孢粉分析作为一种古环境的代用指标，在恢复古植被与古气候方面起着不可替代的作用。而精确的孢粉分析建立在对现代花粉与当地植被的关系正确的认识基础上，由此才可以更准确地提取地层中的花粉所蕴含的植被和环境信息。 云南省地理位置较特殊，地貌复杂，气候类型多样，与之对应的植物种类多样性丰富，植被类型多样。本项研究选择云南省南部和西部地区作为研究地点，采集表土、地表苔藓、蜘蛛网、树皮和树上地衣苔藓五种天然孢粉捕捉器来研究现代花粉与当地植被的关系，为认识现代花粉雨提供新的研究思路。同时，我们在滇西北选择拉市海、文海、哈里谷和属都湖这四个高原湖泊来研究晚更新世以来滇西北地区植被演替和气候变化，为云南历史时期气候变化提供新的研究资料，同时也为全面认识晚更新世以来的气候变化提供新的证据。研究结果如下： 1. 现代花粉雨与当地植被关系的研究 对云南省西北部、中部和南部采集的19个蜘蛛网样品分析得出：云南省西北部样品中共鉴定20个孢粉类型，分属于16个科;云南省中部样品中共鉴定28个类型，分属于23个科;在云南省南部勐腊县采集的样品中共鉴定28个类型，分属于25个科;在望天树北京植物园中采集的样品共鉴定38个类型，分属于34个科;在西双版纳北京植物园中采集的样品中共有11个类型，分属于10个科。结果表明：蜘蛛网样品中分析出的孢粉类型反映了云南省从南到北不同的植被类型，说明蜘蛛网可以作为一种天然孢粉捕捉器来进行现代花粉雨的研究。 同时，在云南西北部文笔水库采集的五种天然孢粉捕捉器（表土、地表苔藓、树皮、蜘蛛网、树上地衣和苔藓）进行了对比研究。结果表明：表土所得的孢粉中木本植物花粉的百分含量为90.5-96%，远大于地表苔藓（53.1-81.7%）、蜘蛛网（61.7%）、树皮（53.8%）和树上地衣、苔藓（50-53.6%）所获得的木本植物花粉的百分含量。与当地植被进行对比结果表明：这五种天然孢粉捕捉器中，表土、地表苔藓和蜘蛛网比树皮和树上地衣、苔藓能更好的反映当地的植被。 2. 滇西北地区晚更新世以来植被演替与气候变化 在过去2, 5000年左右的地质历史时期，滇西北地区植被和气候变化大致经历了以下三个发展阶段。 （1） 2, 5381 B.P—1, 9335 B.P.：属都湖地区（海拔：3620m）主要是以蓼科植物为主的草甸植被，气候寒冷湿润。 （2） 1, 9335 B.P.—1, 2426 B.P.：属都湖地区是以藜科或蒿属为主的草甸植被，气候从湿润过渡到干旱;而在海拔稍低的文海地区（海拔3080m），主要是阔叶栎林或针阔混交林，气候温凉略湿到寒冷干旱。 （3） 1, 2426 B.P.—至今：属都湖地区是以蓼科为主的草甸植被，气候仍寒冷湿润;海拔稍低的哈里谷（海拔3277m）是以松和冷杉为主的针叶林，气候冷干;文海地区的植被逐渐演替为以松和冷杉为主的针阔叶混交林，但栎属花粉的含量远高于哈里谷地区，说明当时文海的气温虽然低，却比哈里谷稍高;而海拔更低的拉市海（海拔2440m）则是以松为主的针叶林，气候比其他几个地区温暖。 在全新世气候最适宜期（约8000 B.P.以来），哈里谷是以栎和松为主的针阔混交林;文海是以松为主的针阔混交林;而拉市海是以松和蕨类植物为主。说明随着海拔的升高（从拉市海到属都湖），温度逐渐下降，植被类型也由暖性针叶林过渡到针阔混交林再到草甸。 从6000 B.P.至今，文海和哈里谷植被在这一阶段都是以松和冷杉为主的暗针叶林，少量混生一些阔叶类植物，气候变得冷湿;属都湖则仍是以蓼科为主的草甸，气候变得更加寒冷。 研究证明：滇西北地区总的气候变化趋势与全球变化规律基本一致，在1,1805—9990 B.P.期间发生新仙女木事件，在8000B.P.以来，气候变得温暖湿润，为全新世气候最适宜期。此后，气候逐渐变得接近现代。