63 resultados para Xilin river basin


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甲烷(CH4)是增温效应仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)的重要温室气体。内蒙古草原是欧亚温带草原的重要类型,具有典型的生态地域代表性。如何理解该区域CH4 交换的时空格局与环境控制、不同土地利用类型的源汇特征以及CH4 通量对气候变化的响应、对于我们进一步理解全球变化与陆地生态系统关系具有十分重要的意义。本研究以内蒙古草原锡林河流域为对象,首次在国内应用DNDC 生物地球化学模型模拟干草原和河漫滩湿地的CH4 通量,预测CH4 循环对未来气候变化的响应,并对该区域干草原的CH4 吸收进行了区域模拟估算。结果表明: 1.在模型中添加植被生长节律与土壤CH4 吸收的关系函数后,DNDC 模型能够准确地模拟锡林河流域干草原CH4 吸收的大小及其年变化。土壤温度、土壤水分和植被生长状况是影响干草原大气CH4 吸收的主要因素。 2.水位,土壤温度,质地和植被生长节律是控制河漫滩湿地CH4 通量的主要因子。根据有限水位测定值估算模拟周期内全部水位数据的方法能够应用于模拟水位相对比较稳定区域的未知时期水位。经过该修正的DNDC 模型能够较为准确的捕获锡林河流域河边湿地的CH4 排放通量的大小及年变化。 3.干草原和湿地年CH4 通量对温度变化敏感,而对降水量变化不敏感,其中湿地比干草原对温度变化的响应更加敏感。 4.温度升高可显著地促进干草原和湿地的日CH4 吸收和排放能力,其CH4 通量的增加均表现出明显的季节性差异。干草原日CH4 通量对降水量增加20% 的响应并不显著,而河漫滩湿地的响应虽显著,变幅却很小且增减程度不同。 5.与2005 年相比,2050 年干草原河漫滩湿地的CH4 吸收和排放量将分别增加10%和77%。锡林河流域CH4 通量对未来气候变化产生正反馈作用,并且湿地CH4 排放对未来气候变化的响应大于干草原CH4 吸收的响应。未来气候变化将增加锡林河流域CH4 源强度。 6. 锡林河流域干草原CH4 吸收量达2.42Gg C•yr-1。干草原CH4 吸收量的空间异质性较大,各栅格单元(0.01 ×0.01 度)的CH4 吸收量变化为0-404.6 kg C,其中大部分区域CH4 吸收量变化在150-250 kg C•yr-1 之间。草甸草原的大气CH4 吸收能力显著高于典型草原。干草原CH4 吸收率平均为2.59 kg C• ha-1 •yr-1。干草原CH4 吸收量的空间异质性是土壤有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤温度湿度,植被类型等因素共同作用的结果,与单一变量的关系并不明显。

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内蒙古锡林河流域是我国典型温带草原分布地区,也是我国重点牧区之一。近年来,由于人口增加、过度放牧以及管理不善等原因导致草原退化加剧,草原生态系统养分输入输出失衡,草地生产力下降。 豆科植物不仅是高蛋白优质牧草,而且具有生物固氮能力,对维持草地生态系统中土壤-植物-动物之间的氮平衡有重要作用。本论文主要调查研究了内蒙古锡林河流域放牧草原生态系统中豆科植物的分布、固氮能力、微生物状况,并探讨了目前草原大量出现的豆科植物小叶锦鸡儿灌丛在养分供给上对草原生态系统的影响。 豆科植物的分布调查采用样线法在4 种草原植被类型7 个植物群落进行,包括典型草原(羊草群落、大针茅群落及小叶锦鸡儿群落和冷蒿群落2 个退化草原群落)、草甸草原(贝加尔针茅群落)、河漫滩草甸(灰脉苔草群落)及沙地(榆树疏林群落),除榆树疏林群落仅放牧处理外,其他群落均包括放牧和不放牧对照处理。结果显示,豆科植物共有12 属,16 种。放牧总体上降低了豆科植物种群在群落中的数量特征(平均高度、密度、频度)和种类组成,但在退化草原群落中有不同的变化趋势。小叶锦鸡儿在典型草原中分布广、密度大、出现频率高;尤其在小叶锦鸡儿群落放牧样地,出现频度为95%,密度近4 株•m-2。花苜蓿在4 种草原植被类型中均有分布。 典型草原4 个群落在放牧和不放牧条件下土壤微生物碳氮含量和微生物呼吸速率的测定结果显示,放牧影响了豆科植物根际土壤的微生物量和微生物呼吸速率,但各群落变化规律不一致。放牧后小叶锦鸡儿分布最为广泛的小叶锦鸡儿群落在放牧条件下微生物碳含量和微生物呼吸速率都显著增加。小叶锦鸡儿灌丛与其他草本豆科植物相比,根际土壤的微生物量和微生物呼吸速率较高。土壤水分对微生物呼吸速率以及微生物碳氮含量有重要作用,存在极显著的正相关关系。 采用15N 自然丰度法评估野外条件下小叶锦鸡儿和花苜蓿的固氮百分率,计算结果高于100%,这主要是由野外植物叶片δ15N 值低于室内无氮培养的B 值引起的。15N 自然丰度法是否适用于评估草原植物的固氮能力还有待深入研究,但从野外δ15N 测定中也得到了一些有趣的结果。优势豆科和非豆科植物之间的δ15N 差异很大。小半灌木木地肤δ15N 值最高,并在放牧后显著下降,杂类草、禾本科大针茅与之变化趋势相同;具有潜在固氮能力的豆科植物和禾本科羊草在放牧后无显著差异或显著增加;豆科植物小叶锦鸡儿、乳白花黄芪和花苜蓿的叶片δ15N 值均为偏低负值,显著低于非豆科植物。研究结果说明不同植物的氮利用方式不同,豆科植物和羊草的生物固氮可能同时为受氮限制的内蒙古草原提供氮源。 小叶锦鸡儿灌丛影响了周围土壤的有效氮含量。灌丛内部土壤硝态氮和氨态氮有高于外部土壤的趋势。土壤含水量与硝态氮浓度显著正相关。土壤有效氮含量变异系数平均高于50%,土壤资源表现出很强的空间异质性。灌丛内部植物体内全氮含量高于灌丛外,而灌丛斑块发育时间对植物化学元素没有显著影响。

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Soil net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) of four grasslands across the elevation and precipitation gradients was studied in situ in the upper 0-10 cm soil layer using the resin-core technique in Xilin River basin, Inner Mongolia, China during the growing season of 2006. The primary objectives were to examine variations of NNM among grassland types and the main influencing factors. These grasslands included Stipa baicalensis (SB), Aneulolepidum Chinense (AC), Stipa grandis (SG), and Stipa krylovii (SK) grassland. The results showed that the seasonal variation patterns of NNM were similar among the four grasslands, the rates of NNM and nitrification were highest from June to August, and lowest in September and October during the growing season. The rates of NNM and nitrification were affected significantly by the incubation time, and they were positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, total soil nitrogen (TN) content, soil temperature, and soil water content, but the rates of NNM and nitrification were negatively correlated with available N, and weakly correlated with soil pH and C:N ratio. The sequences of the daily mean rates of NNM and nitrification in the four grasslands during the growing season were AC > SG > SB > SK, and TN content maybe the main affecting factors which can be attributed to the land use type.

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Pseudobagrus fui Miao is a valid bagrid species that can be separated from all its congeners in having 27-33 anal-fin rays. Among the species of Pseudobagrus, it forms part of a group of approximately 20 species putatively characterized by having a smooth anterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine and short maxillary barbels not extending to the base of the pectoral-fin spine. Pseudobagrus fui, together with P. nitidus and P. vachelli, can be differentiated from all other fork-tailed species of this group by having no fewer than 20 branched anal-fin rays, the posterior end of the anal-fin base posterior to the vertical through the posterior end of the adipose-fin base, and anal-fin base longer than the adipose-fin base. It further differs from P. nitidus in having a gas bladder without beaded lateral and posterior margins, and from P. vachelli in having short maxillary barbels not extending to the base of the pectoral-fin spine. Pseudobagrus fui is currently known from the main stream of the upper Yangtze River and its tributaries, the Min River, Jialing River, Tuo River, Wu River and Chishui River in Sichuan Province, Guizhou Province, and the Chongqing City. The identity and nomenclature of Pseudobagrus nitidus is also discussed.

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In this paper, we estimate the inputs of phosphorus (P) to the Yangtze River Basin and exports of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) from the river to the estuary for the period 1970-2003, by using the global NEWS-DIP model. Modeled DIP yields range from 2.5 kg P km(-2) yr(-1) in 1970 to 4.6 kg P km(-2) yr(-1) in 1985, and then dramatically increase to 14.1 kg P km(-2) yr(-1) in 2003. No significant difference between the modeled and measured values at the level of P = 0.05 is observed. The study also demonstrates variable source contributions of P to the modeled DIP during the period 1970-2003. Point sewage P input accounted for approximately 100% in the period 1970-1985 and substantially decreased to 24.8% in 2003. Chemical fertilizer contributed 25.4% of DIP yields in 1986 and increased continuously to 50.3% in 2003, while a stable trend in manure P contribution averaging 22.9% of DIP yields was shown in the same period. The study concludes that P inputs to the Yangtze River Basin and the river DIP export to the estuary have substantially increased during the study period consequence to human pressure.

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在归纳和总结国内外关于土地利用和土地覆被变化(LUCC)及其水文效应研究大量文献的基础上,以胶东半岛海岸带的夹河流域为案例,利用1979、1990、2000和2009年四个时相的遥感影像信息进行分类,得到土地利用分布数据,对夹河流域土地利用分布与变化、土地利用变化驱动力、土地利用变化的模拟、预测及其水文效应等问题等进行了较为系统的研究。研究表明:夹河流域的土地利用以耕地、林地和草地为主;土地利用分布受高程、坡度、到河流距离、到居民点距离和政策等因素的影响显著,而且自1979年以来,流域内土地利用发生了很大的变化,最显著的特点是受人口增长、经济发展和城市化的影响,城镇、农村居民点以及独立工矿等建设用地的面积大幅增加。应用LTM模型和CA-Markov模型对夹河流域土地利用变化进行模拟、预测,并分析和比较两个模型的特征与精度水平,结果表明:CA-Markov模型的原理与技术均较明确,模拟精度整体较高;LTM模型的灵活性、可扩展性和可探索性较强,但模拟精度受驱动力选择、数据制备方法等因素的影响,因而案例区模拟结果的精度略低。基于N-SPECT水文分析模型,利用土壤分布数据、多时相土地利用数据和过去10年(2000~2009年)的年降水数据,以年径流量指标为代表,对土地利用变化的水文效应进行模拟及未来情景分析,结果表明,未来20年夹河流域土地利用变化具有促使流域年径流量及河口入海通量持续增加的趋势。通过研究认为,为服务于海岸带区域可持续发展的框架目标,宜于强化流域综合管理和海岸带综合管理的集成与衔接,科学规划、合理配置夹河流域土地资源的结构特征和空间布局,促进经济、社会和生态环境的协调发展。

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对于一个特定的区域特定的时间段来说影响植被覆盖变化的主要因素是气候因素,主要包括降水、温度和光照。珠江流域地形复杂,东西狭长,气象因子差异较大,地表植被覆盖较好,研究珠江流域植被覆盖变化与气象因子之间的关系具有重要意义。 本文利用1982-1999年月平均NDVI和气象因子资料,分析了珠江流域植被和气象因子的时空分布特征,采用奇异值分解(SVD)方法和联合EOF方法研究了珠江流域NDVI和降水在年和年际尺度上的异常关系,利用相关系数、多元线性回归方法分析了NDVI与降水及其他一些气象因子的年际相关及滞后相关。 研究发现,珠江流域植被和气象因子在空间分布上具有明显的东西差异性,除温度以外均具有较好的经度方向一致性、纬度方向差异性。植被和气象因子均存在较大的季节变化和明显的年际变化。在1982-1999年期间,流域整体的NDVI在春季和秋季呈增加趋势,夏季和冬季呈下降趋势,整体呈下降趋势。降水在夏季呈明显的增加趋势,其他季节呈下降趋势,整体呈增加趋势,温度夏季呈下降趋势,其他季节呈上升趋势,整体呈升高趋势,光照在春、秋两季呈增强趋势,夏、冬两季呈减弱趋势,整体呈增强趋势。 方差分析发现,珠江流域NDVI和气象因子的年际方差均呈明显东西差异性,在季节上也有较大差异,且NDVI方差较大的季节基本会对应出现一些气象因子方差较大的现象。6-7月NDVI变化较大,降水变化也较大,说明该流域6-7月的植被有可能受当地降水的变化较大影响。早春季节NDVI变化较大,而早春的温度及光照变化也较大,说明早春的植被生长有可能受温度及光照影响较大。 SVD分析发现,NDVI和降水在年内异常上具有较好的空间一致性,在时间上具有1—2个月的滞后;年际尺度上两者异常在空间上存在明显的差异,流域东部(下游)异常为负相关,西部(上游)异常为正相关。NDVI和温度年内异常呈空间一致性,时间上滞后温度一个月,年际异常也表现为空间一致性。NDVI和光照在年内异常具有空间差异性,西北高原地区NDVI和光照年内异常反向,其他地区年内异常同向。 NDVI和各气象因子在整个区域上的年际相关分析发现,NDVI和同期降水呈负相 I 珠江流域 NDVI 和气候因子的变化及相关分析 关,值为-0.2017,NDVI和温度及短波辐射强度呈正相关,相关系数分别为:0.45和0.4,但是在不同的时间段也有很大的不同。流域NDVI和各气象因子年际相关存在明显的空间和季节差异:空间上,流域东部NDVI和降水负相关明显,和温度及太阳短波辐射正相关明显;流域西部NDVI和降水呈弱的正相关,滞后正相关明显,和温度相关不明显;季节上,NDVI在夏季和降水呈显著负相关,在春、秋季节滞后降水、成明显正相关且滞后三个月正相关最为明显。

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By using 19 Y chromosome biallelic markers and 3 Y chromosome microsatellite markers, we analyzed the genetic structure of 31 indigenous Sino-Tibetan speaking populations (607 individuals) currently residing in East, Southeast, and South Asia. Our results showed that a T to C mutation at locus M122 is highly prevalent in almost all of the Sino-Tibetan populations, implying a strong genetic affinity among populations in the same language family. Furthermore, the extremely high frequency of H8, a haplotype derived from M122C, in the Sino-Tibetan speaking populations in the Himalayas including Tibet and northeast India indicated a strong bottleneck effect that occurred during a westward and then southward migration of the founding population of Tibeto-Burmans. We, therefore, postulate that the ancient people, who lived in the upper-middle Yellow River basin about 10,000 years ago and developed one of the earliest Neolithic cultures in East Asia, were the ancestors of modem Sino-Tibetan populations.

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我国曾经记录有(鱼芒)科鱼类4种.国际上近年来对(鱼芒)科鱼类的分类进行了许多重要的修订,物种数量已达3属22种.我国的(鱼芒)科鱼类也因长时间没有进行及时的分类修订而存在许多疑问.基于国内自1960年以来所收集的珍贵标本和记录,确认我国记录有(鱼芒)科鱼类1属3种.它们是:长丝(鱼芒)(Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith)、贾巴(鱼芒)(Pangasius djambal Bleeker)、短须(鱼芒)(Pangasius micronemus Bleeker).在此基础上,根据掌握的资料对我国(鱼芒)科鱼类的种群现状和濒危原因、洄游的性质及洄游群体数量下降原因以及水电站建设对大型洄游鱼类的影响进行了分析.以往记录显示,捕获时间都集中于4-5月份,无冬季捕获记录.捕获季节与(鱼芒)科鱼类产卵繁殖季节高度吻合,提示其上溯到我国澜沧江下游应属生殖洄游,而不是索饵洄游.被捕获记录主要出现于20世纪60-70年代,之后则数量锐减.导致这种情况发生的主要原因可能有三方面:1)下游湄公河对(鱼芒)科鱼类的捕捞压力过大;2)湄公河-澜沧江航运船只对(鱼芒)科鱼类有损害作用;3)由于西南季风变化的影响,澜沧江径流量发生变化,可能间接导致(鱼芒)科鱼类洄游行为发生改变.分析显示,(鱼芒)科鱼类的洄游与3-4月份澜沧江流量呈密切相关规律,提示适合鱼类产卵的雨季及西南夏季风比往年较早到达该地区,从而激发它们较往年提前启动生殖洄游,并且溯河的高度较高.以往的捕获记录还表明,(鱼芒)科鱼类主要洄游至景洪下方的澜沧江河段及支流补远江,上述水域是其喜好的产卵场之一.景洪大桥以下的干支流不适合建设水电站,因为电站大坝必然会阻断(鱼芒)科鱼类的繁殖洄游,影响其繁殖活动.而景洪大桥上方的干流电站不在(鱼芒)科鱼类正常繁殖洄游通道中,大坝阻隔作用对(鱼芒)科鱼类的影响相对较小.建议把补远江建设成为鱼类和水生生物保护区.

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2004年10—11月,对独龙江的鱼类资源进行了调查,根据不同的海拔及生境在整个独龙江流域共计设置了26个采样点,采集鱼类标本883号。对各采集点渔获物的统计分析的结果显示:(1)独龙江干流、支流的鱼类生物量、物种多样性,随海拔的上升呈下降趋势;(2)干流的Shannon-Wiener指数、物种均匀性指数均高于支流;(3)除了独龙裂腹鱼、大鳍异齿在整个独龙江流域均有分布外,其余5种鱼类的分布与海拔因子的变化有明显的关系。

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2001 年7 月,于澜沧江下游支流勐腊县境内的南腊河中采获一尾南鳅属( Schistura) 鱼类标本,经鉴定为一新 种。命名为版纳南鳅( S . bannaensis sp. nov. ) 。其主要鉴别特征:侧线完全;尾鳍叉形,两叶稍尖,下叶稍长于上叶; 胸腹鳍均较短小,胸鳍长约为胸鳍和腹鳍基部起点之间距离的一半;腹鳍末端后伸不达肛门,其长约为腹鳍基部至 臀鳍基部起点之间距离的一半;颊部无斑;体侧有4 个醒目的棕褐色宽横斑,由背部延伸至腹面;横斑显著,在侧线 以下较窄,其宽度等于或小于斑纹间距;在侧线以上较宽,其宽度远大于斑纹间距;沿体侧无黑色纵纹。

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Most morphological characters diagnostic of the 13 Chinese species of the cyprinid genus Sinilabeo Rendahl, 1932, are identical to those of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822. Consequently, these 13 species are transferred to Bangana. A revised diagnosis is provided for the now-expanded genus Bangana, and a dichotomous key and taxonomic and nomenclatural notes are included for the following valid Chinese species: B. decora, B. dero, B. devdevi, B. discognathoides, B. lemassoni, B. lippa, B. rendahli, B. tonkinensis, B. tungting, B. wui, B. xanthogenys, B. yunnanensis, and B. zhui. Literature reports, by Chinese authors, of Sinilabeo dero from the upper Irrawady River basin, in Yunnan, are based on misidentifcations of B. devdevi. Sinilabeo cirrhinoides Wu and Lin in Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, and S. laticeps Wu and Lin in Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, are junior subjective synonyms of B. devdevi and B. lippa, respectively. Sinilabeo yunnanensis Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977, is an available name, and a lectotype is designated for the species. Bangana zhui ( Zheng and Chen, 1983) is a valid species distinct from B. yunnanensis.

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The first description of the male and a redescription of the female of the nematode Philometra clavaeceps Dogiel and Akhmerov, 1959, a parasite of east Asian cyprinids, are presented on the basis of specimens collected from Culter erythropterus Basilewsky and Culler dabryi Bleeker from Liangzi Lake (the Yangtze River basin), Hubei Province, central China. Gravid females from the fish abdominal cavity, penetrating often into ovaries, occurred in May-June, whereas conspecific males and young mature females on the swimbladder were recorded in January. Philometra clavaeceps seems to have a pronounced annual maturation cycle in the locality. The finding of P. clavaeceps in C. dabryi represents a new host record.