Surface pigments,algal biomass profiles,and potential production of the euphotic layer:Relationships reinvestigated in view of remote-sensing applications

Maps of surface chlorophyllous pigment (Chl a + Pheo a) are currently produced from ocean color sensors. Transforming such maps into maps of primary production can be reliably done only by using light-production models in conjuction with additional information about the column-integrated pigment content and its vertical distribution. As a preliminary effort in this direction. $\ticksim 4,000$ vertical profiles pigment (Chl a + Pheo a) determined only in oceanic Case 1 waters have been statistically analyzed. They were scaled according to dimensionless depths (actual depth divided by the depth of the euphotic layer, $Z_e$) and expressed as dimensionless concentrations (actual concentration divided by the mean concentration within the euphotic layer). The depth $Z_e$ generally unknown, was computed with a previously develop bio-optical model. Highly sifnificant relationships were found allowing $\langle C \rangle_tot$, the pigment content of the euphotic layer, to be inferred from the surface concentration, $\bar C_pd$, observed within the layer of one penetration depth. According to their $\bar C_pd$ values (ranging from $0.01 to > 10 mg m^-3$), we categorized the profiles into seven trophic situations and computed a mean vertical profile for each. Between a quasi-uniform profile in eutrophic waters and a profile with a strong deep maximum in oligotrophic waters, the shape evolves rather regularly. The wellmixed cold waters, essentially in the Antarctic zone, have been separately examined. On average, their profiles are featureless, without deep maxima, whatever their trophic state. Averaged values their profiles are featureless, without deep maxima, whatever their trophic state. Averaged values their profiles are featureless, without deep maxima, whatever their trophic state. Averaged values of $ρ$, the ratio of Chl a tp (Chl a + Pheo a), have also been obtained for each trophic category. The energy stored by photosynthesizing algae, once normalized with respect to the integrated chlorophyll biomass $\langle C \rangle _tot $ is proportional to the available photosythetic energy at the surface via a parameter $ψ∗$ which is the cross-section for photosynthesis per unit of areal chlorophyll. By tanking advantage of the relative stability of $ψ∗.$ we can compute primary production from ocean color data acquired from space. For such a computation, inputs are the irradiance field at the ocean surface, the "surface" pigment from which $\langle C \rangle _tot$ can be derived, the mean $ρ value pertinent to the trophic situation as depicted by the $\bar C_pd or $\langle C \rangle _tot$ values, and the cross-section $ψ∗$. Instead of a contant $ψ∗.$ value, the mean profiles can be used; they allow the climatological field of the $ψ∗.$ parameter to be adjusted through the parallel use of a spectral light-production model.

中国两种萤火虫荧光素酶基因的分子克隆表达及其序列分析

本文通过5’-RACE和3’-RACE方法克隆了西双版纳地区的卵黄萤Luciola ovalis和端黑萤Luciola terminalis两种荧光素酶基因。两个荧光素酶基因被连接到pET-15b载体上并在BL21(DE3)菌株中表达。L. ovalis荧光素酶基因的开放阅读框有1635个碱基，编码一个544个氨基酸的蛋白。L. terminalis荧光素酶基因有一个1647bp的开放阅读框，编码一个548个氨基酸的蛋白。它们的氨基酸序列和北美萤火虫(Photinus pyralis)的氨基酸序列分别有65.3%和65.9%的相似性，而彼此之间又有73.5%的相似性。两种在大肠杆菌中表达的荧光素酶均有很高的活性，它们的最大发光波长分别是566 nm和563 nm。同时表达的四种荧光素酶(L. ovalis、L. terminalis、Hotaria parvula和Pyrocoelia miyako)在不同pH下活性变化很大，四种荧光素酶在pH 6.5-7.5之间有比较高的活性，其中L. ovalis和P. miyako两种荧光素酶在pH 7.0时活性最高，而另两种在pH 7.5时活性最高。当pH大于8.0时，这四种荧光素酶的活性都散失很快，可见它们对pH变化非常敏感。序列分析和结构模拟发现，荧光素酶活性位点周围有六个非常保守的结构域，这六个保守区域包含了大多数在催化发光反应中与底物荧光素和ATP结合的氨基酸。L. terminalis萤火虫荧光素酶的三级结构与L. cruciata荧光素酶晶体结构非常相似，而L. ovalis荧光素酶的三级结构在AMP结合位点附近有两个偏离的环。

CNT Templated Regioselective Enzymatic Polymerization of Phenol in Water and Modification of Surface of MWNT Thereby

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as templates to synthesize regioselective polymers from enzymatic polymerization of phenol in water. About 90% of total polymeric units in the obtained polymers are the highly thermally stable oxyphenylene units. The polymer-yields are dependent on the quantities of CNTs used. On the basis of MWNT-templated enzymatic polymerization of phenol, covalent attachment of polyphenol chains to the surface of MWNT by way of a linking molecule, hydroquinone, is achieved. This approach supplies a novel way for producing high-performance polymers and for functionalization of the surface of CNT.

A Monte Carlo simulation of morphology and structure for thin films of symmetric triblock copolymer after quenching and annealing

Self-assembly thin films of symmetric triblock copolymer after annealing and quenching were examined by an effective Monte Carlo simulation method. The defects in the ordered lamellae of the thin films after quenching, which were dependent on the initialization of copolymer melts, are removed in the thin films after annealing. The mean-square gyration radius and end-to-end distance of copolymer chains in the thin films after annealing are smaller than those in the thin films after quenching because of the complete relaxation of polymer during annealing. We also find that the density of A block in the region near to the surface is higher than that in the interior of the thin films. As a result, it is different from the thin films of symmetric A(n)B(n) diblock copolymer, in which surface ordering forms before the interior, that ordering phenomena occurs first in the interior region in the thin films of symmetric A(n)B(m)A(n). triblocl copolymer.

The antioxidative effect of icariin in human erythrocytes against free-radical-induced haemolysis

Icariin (2-(4'-methoxyl phenyl)-3-rhamnosido-5-hydroxyl-7-glucosido-8-(3'-methyl-2-butyleny"chromanone) is the major component in Herba Epimedii used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of atherosclerosis. This work focuses on the antioxidative effect of icariin on freeradical-induced haemolysis of human erythrocytes, in which the initial free radical derives from the decomposition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH) at physiological temperature. To reveal the structure-activity relationship of icariin, the antioxidant effects of two structural analogues of icariin, acacetin (2-(4'-methoxylphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxylchromone) and norwogonin (2-phenyl-5,7,8-trihydroxylchromone), on the same experimental system were examined as well. It was found that all these chromone derivatives (Chm-OHs) dose-dependently protected human erythrocytes against free-radical-induced haemolysis. The order of antioxidative activity was nonvogoni-n > acacetin > icariin by the analysis of the relationship between the concentration of Chm-OHs and the prolongation percentage of the lag time of haemolysis (PP%). It was also proved that the phenyl hydroxyl group attached to the chromone ring at 7-position cannot trap the free radical- On the contrary, phenyl hydroxyl groups at the 5- and 8-position in nonvogonin made it a significant antioxidant in AAPH-induced haemolysis.

Synthesis and solvent enhanced relaxation property of water-soluble endohedral metallofullerenols

Gadolinium fullerenols, as novel and potential contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, were synthesized, which showed excellent efficiency in enhancing water proton relaxation with a relaxivity of 47.0+/-1.0 mM(-1).s(-1).

Study on the fatty acid composition of jellyfish Rhopilema esculentum

The fatty acids composition in different parts of full-grown Rhopilema esculentum jellyfish from Yellow Sea was investigated. The lipids, extracted from the umbrella and oral arms and gonads of R. eculentum jellyfish, respectively were analysed by combined capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results show that there are more than thirty kinds of fatty acids in jellyfish, and the fatty acid compositions of three parts of R. esculentum are almost the same. In the three parts, percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are high, and range from 36.23% to 38.74%. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosatetraenoic acid (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are three major PUFA.

基于VR的视景生成与基于小波变换的图像匹配算法研究

图像匹配是指把一个图像区域从另一个可能在不同时间，不同视点位置或者由不同传感器所获得的图像区域中确定出来或找到它们之间对应关系的一种重要的图像分析与处理技术。 实验结果验证是图像匹配中的一个重要环节。传统的图像匹配实验验证一般是在真实环境中进行。这种验证方式基本都面临实验周期长、成本高、安全性低、不易重复实验、可控性差、受气候条件、实验场地限制等诸多缺陷。在传统实物验证前，我们迫切需要寻找一种新的实验平台。虚拟现实技术的发展为我们构建新的实验平台提供了很好的技术支持代替传统方法。虚拟现实是一种由计算机和电子技术创造的看似真实的虚拟环境。通过多种传感设备，用户可根据自身的感觉，使用人的自然技能对虚拟世界中的物体进行考察和操作，参与其中的事件;同时提供视、听、触等直观而又自然的实时感知，并使参与者“沉浸”于虚拟环境中。作为虚拟现实行业的引导者，由Multigen-Paradigm公司开发的Creator三维建模软件和Vega实时可视化三维视景仿真软件已经广泛应用各种行业。本文采用这两种软件作为我们实验平台的开发工具。结果表明利用虚拟现实技术构建的仿真实验平台能够提供图像和数据，保证图像匹配实验的进行。 基于特征的图像匹配方法是提取图像中的一些特征点，然后借助这些特征点进行匹配。它能够较好的克服基于区域图像匹配算法易受实时性、光照、几何畸变等影响的缺点。边缘特征作为图像的一种基本特征已经广泛应用于图像匹配算法之中。传统的边缘检测方法(如Sobel、Prewitt和Canny算法)对噪声很敏感。 小波变换具有检测局部突变的能力，并且对图像噪声鲁棒，因此是检测图像边缘的有效工具。本文利用小波变换作为图像边缘检测工具，首先对图像分别做两方向的小波变换，进而得到二维小波变换的幅值和梯度，然后利用非极大值抑制方法检测二维小波变换的模极值点作为图像的边缘点。最后利用边缘直方图描述符实现模板边缘与实时图像边缘之间的匹配。 本文完成的主要工作如下： 1、 利用虚拟现实技术进行视景生成，构建图像匹配实验平台。输出实时图像以及加干扰的摄像机拍摄时所对应的水平角、俯仰角、自旋角、高度等指令参数。 2、 根据实时图像及对应参数，利用几何变换将前视图像转换为下视图像。 3、 在图像匹配中，我们在分析传统的边缘检测算子如Sobel、Prewitt、Canny等对噪声敏感的基础上，提出一种基于小波变换的图像边缘检测算法。 本文的实验环境为Vega、VC6.0++、Matlab7.0 实验结果表明本文所提出算法的有效性。

美国普度大学CIM递阶控制系统参考模型简介

本文简要介绍了美国普度大学ＣＩＭ参考模型的具体内容、系统特征、系统经济效益、系统发展趋势以及存在的一些问题。

新元古代陡山沱期古海洋的氧化还原环境演变

High resolution geochemical analysis of Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation deposits in eastern Gorges area, including carbon and sulfur isotope compositions, trace elements, rare earth elements, and so on, show a whole panorama of the oceanic environment in Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. The deposits of Doushantuo II recorded consistent δ13Corg values and variable δ13Ccarb values, which suggets that it is strongly redox stratified in Doushantuo ocean, and there is a large DOC reservior in the deep ocean. The redox state of Doushantuo ocean in Yangtze area was not steady. The movement of chemocline was concerned with the transgression and/or regression. During the transgression, raising sea level and upwelling with anoxic deep water would cause the ocean anoxic; during the regression, declining sea level and weathered sulfate input would cause the suface ocean becoming oxic. The oxidations of this DOC reservior would caused negative δ13C excurions in Doushantuo Formation. Comparing with oceanic redox states and fossils productivity, we found that the stratum with high biologic productivity and diversity did not indicated oxic conditions. In the opposite, these stratum recorded anoxic conditions. We suggeste that it would be relatived to burial and preservation of fossils, because anoxic conditions are in favor of burial and preservation of fossils. It is proved that methane seep occurred at the base of Duoshantuo cap carbonate. However, comparing cap carbonate with seep carbonate, we found that oxidation of methan and the post-diagenesis could not derictely result in cap carbonate deoposition. Cap carbonate would be derived from the high level CO2 in atomosphere.

凯氏蒸馏法和元素分析仪法测定沉积物中全氮含量的异同及其意义

氮循环是生物地球化学研究领域中最重要的课题之一，全氮含量的测定是农业、生物和环境等多领域研究中的常规测试项目。凯氏蒸馏法和元素分析仪法作为常规方法通用于上述领域的全氮含量测定，但两种方法在实际应用中的差异却常被忽视。通过对中国北方某盐湖沉积物序列近百个样品的全氮含量分析，对两种方法测定结果的异同进行了对比研究。凯氏蒸馏法的分析精密度高于元素分析仪法(前者标准偏差为0.007,后者为0.024)，但在样品硝态和亚硝态氮的含量较高时，凯氏蒸馏法所测结果显著低于元素分析仪法的测定结果，此时选择元素分析仪法进行全氮含量的测定更为可靠和准确；对硝态和亚硝态氮含量极低的样品，两种方法的测定结果无显著差异。研究表明，选择全氮含量的测定方法，必须对所测样品的无机氮含量有初步的了解。对于中国北方的多数盐湖和地表环境样品，由于其无机氮的含量较高，选择凯氏蒸馏法进行全氮含量的测定是不适当的。尽管如此，对所研究的湖泊沉积物剖面而言，两种方法的对比却可以提供有价值的气候和环境演变信息。随着沉积物剖面的由深到浅，两种方法的测定结果由一致变化到存在显著差异，表明了湖泊水体从早期的淡水向今天的盐湖演化的过程。因此，凯氏蒸馏法和元素分析仪法测定结果的差异可以作为一种独立的地球化学气候代用指标。