解集GCM输出模拟黄土塬区土壤水分平衡的潜在变化

壤水分平衡对气候变化存在着响应,在全球变化的大背景下,研究土壤水分的可能变化是气候变化影响评估中非常重要的一项内容。目标是利用经验统计方法解集GCM网格逐月的降水和温度数据,并使用建立的气候变化情景作为WEPP的输入文件评估黄土高原王东沟流域2010～2039年土壤水分平衡(土壤水分、蒸发、渗漏和蒸腾)的可能变化。结果表明,3种情景预测2010～2039年王东沟流域年均降水可能增长1.8%～17.5%,年最高温度和最低温度分别可能增长0.5～0.9℃和2.0～2.3℃。作物蒸腾变化主要在4～6月份,土壤蒸发变化主要发生在7～9月份;作物蒸腾年均变化-5%～19%,土壤水分年均变化-4%～4%,土壤蒸发年均变化-7%～7%,均为A2a减少,B2a和GGal增大;A2a的土壤水分渗漏增长最大,GGal次之,B2a基本不变。这些结果表明气候变化及其导致的作物生长变化对土壤水分平衡存在重要的影响。

黄土丘陵区铁杆蒿光合特性

铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)是菊科(Compositae)蒿属(Artemisia)半灌木状草本,主根木质,生长于我国西北部陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆和西南部的西藏等省区海拔1500～4900m的山坡、半荒漠草原、滩地,而且在局部地区为植物群落优势种的主要伴生种(林有润,1991)。铁杆蒿群落是半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区一种较稳定的地带性植被,也是黄土高原生态脆弱带植被恢复中需要重点研究的天然植物群落之一(王国梁等,2002)。至今对铁杆蒿的研究还不多,主要集中于精油的化学成分(顾静文等,1999)、群落种间联结性(王国梁等,2002)、群落生物量及地上部数量特征(张娜等,1999a;1999b)上,而对铁杆蒿的光合蒸腾特性研究尚未见报道。本文利用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统在野外测定了自然条件下铁杆蒿的光合作用及其对光的响应曲线,旨在了解铁杆蒿的光合与蒸腾特性,为黄土高原植被建设提供理论依据。1试验区自然概况试验地设于陕西延安燕沟流域的康家屹崂沟小流域内。位于109°16′10″E,36°26′36″N,海拔1000～1200m,属暖温带半湿润偏干旱季风气候区,位于黄土丘陵区森林草原地带,...

土壤养分对小偃22叶片光合特性影响的初步研究

在大田不同供肥条件下 ,于小麦灌浆后期对小麦旗叶光合特性参数进行了连续测定。结果表明 ,小麦叶片气体交换参数均有明显的日变化趋势 ,肥力条件对其日变化进程具有明显的调控作用。不施肥处理小麦叶片 Pn有明显午休现象 ,而低肥处理第一高峰不明显 ,没有明显午休现象 ;高肥处理的 Pn呈单峰曲线 ,峰值来得也较晚。养分条件可改善小麦叶片水分利用效率

黄土丘陵区柳枝稷光合生理生态特性的初步研究

研究了黄土丘陵区引种草种柳枝稷 ( Panicum virgatum)的光合生理生态特性 ,比较了不同叶位叶片光合速率 ( Pn)、蒸腾速率 ( Tr)、水分利用效率 ( WUE)的日变化以及环境因子的作用。结果表明 ,柳枝稷叶片 Pn日变化曲线为双峰型 ,中午“光合降低”主要是由于叶温过高导致呼吸高引起的净光合速率降低。叶龄增大 ,叶片 Pn日变化相对较平缓 ,其中壮龄叶Pn日变化最为平缓。幼龄叶 Tr的日变化为双峰型 ,随叶龄增大 (叶位下降 )而成为单峰型。WUE的日变化可划分为上午的降低和下午的波动 2个阶段 ,最上充分展开叶 (旗叶 )的WUE始终最高。

黄土高原土壤干层初步研究

在详细描述土壤干层现象和类型的基础上 ,分析了土壤干层的成因 ,即低降水高蒸发、水土流失、植被类型选择失当、群落生产力过高和群落密度过大等 ,指出土壤干层的危害主要表现为使局部小气候环境趋于旱化、土地退化、植被生长衰退、天然下种更新不良及加大造林难度等 ,最后提出了缓解土壤干层对黄土高原生态环境的恢复和重建的意义和重要性。

不同光照条件下作物蒸腾量计算的研究

作物蒸腾量的计算是水资源开发利用和农业生产运筹的关键参数之一 .本文以彭曼 -蒙特斯方程为基础 ,通过引入临界阻力 ,根据实测资料建立冠层阻力和空气动力学阻力比值与临界阻力和空气动力学阻力比值二者之间的函数关系 ,得到一个只需气象参数就能计算作物蒸腾量的简单方法 .文章对该方法进行了理论分析 ,并用实例给予验证 .结果表明 ,该方法在理论上和实践上都是可行的 ,是一个值得研究和发展的新方法 .作物蒸腾量的日变化表明 ,炎热夏季晴天中午遮光处理后作物蒸腾量的增大是可能的

两种施氮水平下不同基因型冬小麦叶片光合特性与形态差异的研究

田间试验研究不施N和施N(90kg/hm2)条件下“NR9405”、“9430”、“偃师9号”、“小偃6号”、“陕229”、“西农2208”、“矮丰3号”和“商188”等8种不同基因型冬小麦中后期生理特性及其叶片形态的差异结果表明,抽穗期倒二叶和灌浆期旗叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及瞬时水分利用效率在不同基因型间存在显著差异,施N仅能显著降低抽穗期倒二叶的蒸腾速率,而对功能叶的其他生理指标无明显影响。小麦成熟期旗叶和倒二叶的长度、宽度及叶面积在不同基因型间也存在极显著差异,施N对这些叶片形态指标有极显著地促进作用,基因型和N肥同时影响灌浆期旗叶的SPAD值,而叶片衰老指数主要受基因型调控。总体上看,冬小麦叶片形态指标同时受施N和基因型影响,而生理指标主要受基因型影响,N肥的影响相对较小。

土壤水分状况对长白山阔叶红松林主要树种叶片生理生态特性的影响

Potted seadlings of Pinus koraiensis , Fraxinus mandshurica,Juglans mandshurica,Tilia amurensis, and Quercus mongolica ,which are five dominant species in the Korean pine broadleaf forest at Changbai mountain,were grown in different soil moistures.We designed three soil moisture scenarios:85%～100%(high water,CK),65%～85% (medium water,MW) and 45%～65% (low water,LW) of field water holding capacity.The results show that characteristics of typical drought resistance on the leaves are significantly developed.The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of F. mandshurica were higher compared with CK at MW.The net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of other 4 tree species at CK were lower than those at MW and LW.The transpiration rate of 5 tree species responses differently to various soil water status.

Separation of ethyl acetate-ethanol azeotropic mixture using hydrophilic ionic liquids

The separation of ethyl acetate and ethanol (EtOH) is important but difficult due to their close boiling points and formation of an azeotropic mixture. The separation of the azeotropic mixture of ethyl acetate and EtOH using the hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (alkyl = butyl, hexyl, and octyl) ([C(n)mim]Cl, n = 4, 6, 8) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and bromide ([Amim]Cl and [Amim]Br) has been investigated. Triangle phase diagrams of five ILs with ethyl acetate and EtOH were constructed, and the biphasic regions were found as follows: [Amim]Cl > [Amim]Br > [C(4)mim]Cl > [C(6)mim]Cl > [C(8)mim]Cl. The mechanisms of the ILs including cation, anion, and polarity effect were discussed.

Effects of vegetation control on ecosystem water use efficiency within and among four grassland ecosystems in China

Through 2-3-year (2003-2005) continuous eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes, we examined the seasonal, inter-annual, and inter-ecosystem variations in the ecosystem-level water use efficiency (WUE, defined as the ratio of gross primary production, GPP, to evapotranspiration, ET) at four Chinese grassland ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and North China. Representing the most prevalent grassland types in China, the four ecosystems are an alpine swamp meadow ecosystem, an alpine shrub-meadow ecosystem, an alpine meadow-steppe ecosystem, and a temperate steppe ecosystem, which illustrate a water availability gradient and thus provide us an opportunity to quantify environmental and biological controls on ecosystem WUE at different spatiotemporal scales. Seasonally, WUE tracked closely with GPP at the four ecosystems, being low at the beginning and the end of the growing seasons and high during the active periods of plant growth. Such consistent correspondence between WUE and GPP suggested that photosynthetic processes were the dominant regulator of the seasonal variations in WUE. Further investigation indicated that the regulations were mainly due to the effect of leaf area index (LAI) on carbon assimilation and on the ratio of transpiration to ET (T/ET). Besides, except for the swamp meadow, LAI also controlled the year-to-year and site-to-site variations in WUE in the same way, resulting in the years or sites with high productivity being accompanied by high WUE. The general good correlation between LAI and ecosystem WUE indicates that it may be possible to predict grassland ecosystem WUE simply with LAI. Our results also imply that climate change-induced shifts in vegetation structure, and consequently LAI may have a significant impact on the relationship between ecosystem carbon and water cycles in grasslands.