略论武汉东湖枝角类种类演替及其与生态因子的关系

本文报道了武汉东湖1980—1988年间枝角类的种类演替,并分析了种类演替与主要生态因子间的关系,同时还与他人的研究结果进行了比较。研究结果表明,二十年来,枝角类种类组成已趋于简单,并由六十年代的47种减少为八十年代的26种。优势种群也发生了较大的变化。虽然冬、春季节仍以透明溞(Daphnia hyalina)为第一优势种,但以往夏、秋季节的优势种群隆线溞一亚种(Daphnia carinata ssp.)规模却日趋减少,并趋于消失;而杂食性的短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)种

武汉东湖透明溞和隆线溞一亚种的种群变动和生产量

本文报道了1980—1982年东湖二种优势枝角类:透明溞(Daphnia hyalina)和隆线溞一亚种(Daphnia carinata ssp.)的种群变动和生产量的研究结果。分析了影响种群变动和生产量的生态因子。尽管这二种枝角类在一年中有一段共存时间,但高峰期从来是错开的。一般来说,透明溞的高峰期出现在春季或冬季;而隆线溞一亚种则出现在夏季或秋季源沓ㄋ蘑蛘纠此?1980—1982年透明溞的种群密度的年平均值为28.43(17.59—38.50)个/升;隆线溞一亚种为4.64(3.79—5.3

温度对透明溞和隆线溞一亚种发育及生长的影响

透明溞(Daphnia hyalina)和隆线溞一亚种(D.carinata ssp.)的发育、生长与温度的关系极为密切。胚胎发育时间随温度升高而缩短。低温培养的个体普遍大于高温。龄期、寿命也随温度升高而变短。在15—30℃温度范围内,实验种群的内禀增长力(r_m)随温度升高而增加。透明溞的产卵率以20℃为最高,达1.4936;而隆线溞一亚种则在15℃为最高,达1.490。不同种类在各种温度下,卵一胚胎,幼体,成体3个发育阶段所需时间的百分比变化甚小。卵一胚胎占总发育时间(从卵进入孵育囊起至成体死亡止)的

Enzymatic activities in constructed wetlands and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) biodegradation

The bioaccumulation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) from industrial products and their mutagenic action has been suggested to be a potential threat to human health. The effects of the most frequently identified PAE, Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and its biodegradation, were examined by comparison of two small scale plots (SSP) of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands. The influent DBP concentration was 9.84 mg l(-1) in the treatment plot and the control plot received no DBP. Soil enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase, urease, cellulase, beta-glucosidase, were measured in the two SSP after DBP application for 1 month and 2 months, and 1 month after the final application. Both treatment and control had significantly higher enzyme activity in the surface soil than in the subsurface soil (P < 0.001) and greater enzyme activity in the down-flow chamber than in the up-flow chamber (P < 0.05). In the constructed wetlands, DBP enhanced the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase and inhibited the activities of urease, cellulase and beta-glucosidase. However, urease, cellulase, beta-glucosidase activities were restored 1 month following the final DBP addition. Degradation of DBP was greater in the surface soil and was reduced in sterile soil, indicating that this process may be mediated by aerobic microorgansims. DBP degradation fitted a first-order model, and the kinetic equation showed that the rate constant was 0.50 and 0.17 d(-1), the half-life was 1.39 and 4.02 d, and the r(2) was 0.99 and 0.98, in surface and subsurface soil, respectively. These results indicate that constructed wetlands are able to biodegrade organic PA-Es such as DBP. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

HLA-DRB1 allele polymorphisms in genetic susceptibility to esophageal carcinoma

AIM: To probe into the genetic susceptibility of HLA-DRB1 alleles to esophageal carcinoma in Han Chinese in Hubei Province. METHODS: HLA-DRB1 allele polymorphisms were typed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) in 42 unrelated patients with esophageal cancer and 136 unrelated normal control subjects and the associated HLA-DRB1 allele was measured by nucleotide sequence analysis with PCR.SAS software was used in statistics. RESULTS: Allele frequency (AF) of HLA-DRB1*0901 was significantly higher in esophageal carcinoma patients than that in the normal controls (0.2500 vs0.1397, P=0.028, the odds ratio 2.053, etiologic fraction 0.1282). After analyzed the allele nucleotide sequence of HLA-DRB1*0901 which approachs to the corresponded exon 2 sequence of the allele in genebank. There was no association between patients and controls in the rested HLA-DRB1 alleles. CONCLUSION: HLA-DRB1*0901 allele is more common in the patients with esophageal carcinoma than in the healthy controls, which is positively associated with the patients of Hubei Han Chinese. Individuals carrying HLA-DRB1*0901 may be susceptible to esophageal carcinoma.

Long-term changes in crustacean zooplankton and water quality in a shallow, eutrophic Chinese lake densely stocked with fish

From surveys made in 1962-1963, 1973-1974, 1979-1996 at two Stations in Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic water body near Wuhan, P. R. China, the authors, derive long-term changes in species composition, standing crop and body-size of planktonic crustaceans. The species number decreased from the 1960s to the 1990s. The cladocerans dropped from 46 (1960s) to 26 (1980s) to 13 (1990s); the copepods decreased from 14 (1960s) to 10 (1980s) to 7 (1990s). From the mid-1980s on, the dominant crustaceans also changed: Daphnia hyalina and D. carinata ssp. were replaced by Moina micrura and Diaphanosoma brachyurum at Stations 1 and 2, respectively; Cyclops vicinus replaced Mesocyclops leuckarti. Densities and biomass of Cladocera decreased markedly after 1987. Annual average densities and biomass of cladocerans were statistically differences between 1962-1986 and 1987-1996 (P < 0.01). Annual average densities of Daphnia (Station 1 + Station 2) were negatively correlated with fish yield. Since the 1980s, annual average body length of Cladocera and Calanoida decreased, while annual average body length of Cyclopoida increased. In the same years, average body length of copepods was lower during May-October than during January-April and November-December. A 12-yr data analysis showed annual average concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) to be negatively correlated with annual average density of Daphnia, whilst lake transparency was positively correlated with annual average densities of Daphnia. The results imply that, since Daphnia feeds efficiently on phytoplankton, it could decrease concentration of Chl-a, and enhance water transparency.

QE and Suns-V-oc study on the epitaxial CSiTF solar cells

In order to clarify the major factors having confined the efficiencies of as-prepared crystalline silicon thin film (CSiTF) solar cells on the SSP (silicon sheets from powder) ribbons, QE (quantum efficiency) and Suns-V-oc study were performed on the epitaxial CSiTF solar cells fabricated on the SSP ribbons, the SSP ribbons after surface being zone melting recrystallized (ZMR) and single crystalline silicon (sc-Si) substrates. The results show that the epi-layers deposited on the SSP ribbons have rough surfaces, which not only increases the diffusion reflectance on the surfaces but also makes the anti-reflection coatings become structure-loosened, both of which would deteriorate the light trapping effect; in addition, the epi-layers deposited on the SSP ribbons possess poor crystallographic quality, so the heavy grain boundary (GB) recombination limits the diffusion length of the minority carriers in the epi-layers, which makes the as-prepared CSiTF solar cells suffer the worse spectra response at long-wavelength range. Nearly all the dark characteristic parameters of the CSiTF solar cells are far away from the ideal values. The performances of the CSiTF solar cells are especially affected by too high I-02 (the dark saturation current of space charge region) values and too low R-sh (parallel resistance) values. The higher 102 values are mainly caused by the heavy GB recombination resulting from the poor crystallographic qualities of the silicon active layers in the space charge regions, while the lower R-sh values are attributed to the electrical leakage at the un-passivated PN junction or solar cell edges after the solar cells are cut by the laser scriber.

中国沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis)天然群体的遗传变异分析

近十年，植物群体遗传学的研究飞速发展，然而与海拔相关的植物群体遗传结构和遗传变异研究却相对较少。到目前为止，还不清楚遗传变异与海拔之间是否有一个通用的格局。在山区，各种生态因子，如温度、降水、降雪、紫外线辐射强度以及土壤成分都随海拔梯度急剧变化，造成了即使在一个小的空间区域，植被类型变化显著，这种高山环境的异质性和复杂性为我们研究植物群体遗传结构和分化提供了方便。沙棘(Hippophea)属于胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)为多年生落叶灌木或乔木，雌雄异株，天然种群分布极为广泛。中国沙棘(H. rhamnoides subsp. sinensis)是沙棘属植物中分布较广的一个亚种，种内形态变异非常丰富，加之其具有独特的繁育系统和广泛的生态地理分布，是研究沙棘属植物遗传变异和系统分化的理想材料。本文从1,800 m 到3,400 m 分5 个海拔梯度进行取样，用RAPD 和cpSSR 分子标记研究了卧龙自然保护区中国沙棘天然群体的遗传结构和遗传变异。5 个取样群体依次标记为A、B、C、D 和E，它们分别代表分布在海拔1,800，2,200，2,600，3,000 和3,400 m 的5 个天然群体。RAPD实验用11 条寡核苷酸引物，扩增得到151 个重复性好的位点，其中143 个多态位点，多态率达94.7%。在5 个沙棘群体中，总遗传多样性值(HT)为0.289，B群体内的遗传多样性值为0.315，这完全符合沙棘这种多年生、远交的木本植物具有高遗传变异的特性。5 个群体内遗传多样性随海拔升高呈低－高－低变异趋势，在2,200 m海拔处的B群体遗传多样性达最大值0.315，3,400 m海拔处的E群体则表现最小仅0.098。5 个群体间的遗传分化值GST＝0.406，也即是说有40.6%的遗传变异存在于群体间，1,800 m海拔处的A群体与其它群体的明显分离是造成群体间遗传分化大的原因。UPGMA聚类图和PCoA散点图进一步确证了5 个群体间的关系和所有个体间的关系。最后，经过Mantel检测，遗传距离与海拔表现了明显的相关性(r = 0.646, P = 0.011)。cpSSR 实验中，经过对24 对cpSSR 通用引物筛选，11 对引物能扩增出特异性条带，只有2 对引物(ccmp2 和ARCP4)呈现多态性。4 个等位基因共组合出4 种单倍型，单倍型Ⅰ出现在A 群体的所有个体和B 群体的8 个个体中，C、D、E 三个群体均不含有，而单倍型Ⅱ出现在C、D、E 三个群体的所有个体及B 群体的18 个个体中，A 群体不含有。另外两种单倍型Ⅲ和Ⅳ为稀有类型，仅B 群体中的4 个个体拥有。这种单倍型分布模式和TFPGA 群体聚类图揭示了，C、D、E 群体可能来源于同一祖先种，而A 群体却是由另一祖先种发展起来的，B 群体则兼具了这两种起源种的信息，这可能是因为在历史上的某一时期，在中国沙棘群体高山分化的过程中，B 群体处某个或者某些个体发生了基因突变，具备了适应高海拔环境的能力，产生了高海拔沙棘群体的祖先种。 In recent ten years, studies about population genetics of plants developed rapidly,whereas their genetic structure and genetic variation along altitudinal gradients have beenstudied relatively little. So far, it is uncleared whether there is a common pattern betweengenetic variation and altitudinal gradients. In the mountain environments, importantecological factors, e.g., temperature, rainfall, snowfall, ultraviolet radiation and soil substratesetc., change rapidly with altitudes, which cause the vegetation distribution varying typically,even on a small spatial scale. The mountain environments, which are heterogeneous andcomplex, facilitate and offer a good opportunity to characterize population genetic structureand population differentiation.The species of the genus Hippophae L. (Elaeagnaceae) are perennial deciduous shrubs ortrees, which are dioecious, wind-pollinated pioneer plants. The natural genus has a widedistribution extending from Northern Europe through Central Europe and Central Asia toChina. According to the latest taxonomy, the genus Hippophae is divided into six species and12 subspecies. The subspecies H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis shows significant morphologicalvariations, large geographic range and dominantly outcrossing mating system. Thesecharacteristics of the subspecies are favourable to elucidate genetic variation and systemevolution. To estimate genetic variation and genetic structure of H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensisat different altitudes, we surveyed five natural populations in the Wolong Natural Reserve at altitudes ranging from 1,800 to 3,400 m above sea level (a.s.l.) using random amplifiedpolymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) and cpSSR molecular methods. The five populations A,B, C, D, and E correspond to the altitudes 1,800, 2,200, 2,600, 3,000 and 3,400 m,respectively.Based on 11 decamer primers, a total of 151 reproducible DNA loci were yielded, ofwhich 143 were polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphic loci equaled 94.7%. Amongthe five populations investigated, the total gene diversity (HT) and gene diversity within population B equaled 0.289 and 0.315, respectively, which are modest for a subspecies of H.rhamnoides, which is an outcrossing, long-lived, woody plant. The amount of geneticvariation within populations varied from 0.098 within population E (3,400 m a.s.l.) to 0.315within population B (2,200 m a.s.l.). The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) amongpopulations equaled 0.406 and revealed that 40.6% of the genetic variance existed amongpopulations and 59.4% within populations. The population A (1,800 m a.s.l.) differed greatlyfrom the other four populations, which contributes to high genetic differentiation. A UPGMAcluster analysis and principal coordinate analyses based on Nei's genetic distances furthercorroborated the relationships among the five populations and all the sampling individuals,respectively. Mantel tests detected a significant correlation between genetic distances andaltitudinal gradients (r = 0.646, P = 0.011).Eleven of the original 24 cpSSR primer pairs tested produced good PCR products, onlytwo (ccmp2 and ARCP4) of which were polymorphic. Four total length variants (alleles) werecombined resulting in 4 haplotypes. The haplotype was present in all individuals of Ⅰpopulation A and 8 individuals of populations B, the other three populations (C, D and Epopulations) did not share. The haplotype was present in all individuals of populations C, D Ⅱand E and 18 individuals of populations B, population A did not share. The other twohaplotypes and were rare haplotypes, which were only shared in 4 individuals of Ⅲ Ⅳpopulation B. The distribution of haplotypes and TFPGA population clustering map showedthat the populations C, D and E might be origined from one ancestor seed and population Amight be from another, whereas population B owned information of the two ancestor seeds. Itwas because that gene mutation within some individual or seed in the location of population Bwas likely to happen in the history of H. rhamnoides, which was the original ancestor of thehigh-altitude populations.

不同抗旱性青稞LEA2/LEA3蛋白基因的克隆与表达

作物的抗旱性是一个多基因控制的、极为复杂的数量性状，植物对干旱在分子水平上的差异反应通过植物组织生理和细胞生物学水平，最终表现为植物抗旱性的不同。在我国，旱地农业超过耕地面积的50%，但水资源短缺，因此培育和选育抗旱高产作物是发展节水型农业最有效的途径。 青藏高原气候恶劣、年均降雨量少，也是世界大麦初生起源中心，因而蕴藏了十分丰富的与抗逆相关的种质资源材料，从这些特殊的资源材料克隆抗旱基因，不仅对培育抗旱、优质、高产大麦新品种具有重要理论意义和经济价值，而且对整个作物抗旱基础和育种应用研究都具重大促进作用。 为了筛选青稞（裸大麦，Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare）抗旱性材料，本研究选用来自青藏高原不同地区的84份青稞为材料，在叶片失水率(water loss rate, WLR)检测分析的基础上，选择失水率值差异显著的12个品种，通过相对含水量（relative water content, RWC）和反复干旱法评价其抗旱性，并通过植株对干旱胁迫下的丙二醛（MDA）含量和游离脯氨酸（free-proline）含量变化，了解不同抗旱性材料的生理反应特性。选择抗旱性强弱不同的品种各两份进行LEA2蛋白基因(Dhn6基因)、LEA3蛋白基因(HVA1基因)的克隆，比较LEA蛋白结构差异与作物抗旱性之间的关系。同时，对抗旱性不同的青稞品种受到干旱时间不同的失水变化率（dynamics water loss rate, DWLR）进行了检测；对抗旱性不同的青稞对照材料进行2 h、4 h、8 h和12 h的快速干旱处理，通过SYBR Green实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术对Dhn6基因、Dhn11基因、Dhn13基因和HVA1基因在不同抗旱性材料受到不同干旱时间处理后的相对表达水平进行了检测。本研究对LEA蛋白基因在抗旱性不同的青稞材料中的干旱胁迫分子水平上的差异反应进行了研究，也对植物的抗旱机理进行了初步探讨。主要研究结果如下： 1. 青稞苗期进行离体叶片失水率测定结果表明，来自青藏高原的84份青稞材料的WLR在0.086~0.205gh-1g-1DW之间。选择WLR低于0.1gh-1g-1DW和WLR高于0.18gh-1g-1DW的品种各6份，并对苗期分别进行未干旱及干旱12小时的处理。相对含水量检测结果表明，低失水率青稞材料干旱后的具有更高的相对含水量，盆栽缺水试验也显示叶片失水率低的材料耐旱能力强于失水率高的材料。通过水合茚三酮法测定离体叶片游离脯氨酸的含量，结果表明，所有品种未干旱处理时，游离脯氨酸含量差异不大（17.10~25.74 µgg-1FW）；干旱12小时后，低失水率的品种游离脯氨酸含量明显增高（32.99~53.45µgg-1FW），高失水率品种的游离脯氨酸含量与干旱前变化不明显(P<0.05)。硫代巴比妥酸法测定离体叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量，结果显示，12份所选对照品种中，丙二醛的含量在0.97~2.74nmolg-1FW，干旱12小时后丙二醛的含量显著上升（1.46~4.74nmolg-1FW），高失水率的6个品种的丙二醛含量在未干旱和干旱处理时都明显高于低WLR品种。本研究结果表明青稞的低失水率、低丙二醛含量、高相对含水量和高脯氨酸含量具相关性（P<0.05）。综上研究，我们认为作物失水率的测定可以作为快速检测作物抗旱性的指标之一，因此，强抗旱品种喜玛拉10号(TR1)、品比14号(TR2)和弱抗旱品种冬青8号(TS1)、QB24 (TS2)被选作抗旱基因克隆和表达分析的研究材料。 2. 高等植物胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(late embryogenesis abundant proteins, LEA proteins)与植物耐脱水性密切相关，为了探讨青稞LEA蛋白结构差异性与植物抗旱性的关系，本研究以强抗旱品种（喜玛拉10号、品比14号）和弱抗旱品种（冬青8号、QB24）为材料，利用同源克隆法，通过RT-PCR，分别克隆了与抗旱性密切相关的Dhn6基因和HVA1基因。Dhn6基因序列分析结果表明，强抗旱品种品比14号和弱抗旱品种冬青8号Dhn6基因所克隆到的序列为1026bp，它们之间只有5个碱基的差异；喜玛拉10号和QB24克隆到的序列长963bp。在强弱不同的抗旱品种中有22个核苷酸易突变位点，相应的脱水素氨基酸序列推导结果表明，22个核苷酸突变位点中，仅有8个位点导致相应的氨基酸残基的改变，其余的位点系同义突变，另外，21个富含甘氨酸序列的缺失并没有联系作物抗旱性特征。推测这些同义突变位点的氨基酸残基对维持青稞DHN6蛋白的正常结构和功能起着非常重要的作用，也可能DHN6蛋白对青稞长期适应逆境胁迫和遗传进化的结果。对HVA1基因的序列分析结果表明，冬青8号、QB24、品比14号和喜玛拉10号的目的基因核苷酸序列全长分别为661bp、697bp、694bp和691bp，它们都包含1个完整的开放阅读框。相应的LEA3蛋白氨基酸序列结果表明，11个高度保守的氨基酸残基组成基元重复序列的拷贝数与青稞抗旱性之间没有必然关系，在强抗旱品种（喜玛拉10号、品比14号）中三个共同的氨基酸突变位点Gln32、Arg33和Ala195可能对抗旱蛋白的结构和功能有影响；另外，强抗旱青稞品种LEA3蛋白质中11-氨基酸保守基元序列拷贝数和极性氨基酸占蛋白的比例更高，推测LEA3蛋白中基元序列拷贝数和极性氨基酸占蛋白的比例对该蛋白的结构和功能影响更大。 3. LEA蛋白基因的表达水平的上调与植物的耐脱水性密切相关，我们对强抗旱性材料（喜玛拉10号、品比14号）和弱抗旱材料（冬青8号、QB24）进行干旱处理2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h和10 h的失水变化率进行测定，结果表明弱抗旱品种在2~4小时之间失水率变化最明显，而四个对照品种的失水率在8小时后和24小时的失水率值变化不大。进一步提取青稞苗期进行2 h、4 h、8 h和12 h的干旱处理后的总RNA，通过SYBR Green实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术对青稞脱水素基因(Dhn6、Dhn11和Dhn13)和LEA3蛋白基因(HVA1)的相对表达水平受干旱时间和作物抗旱性的影响进行了检测。研究发现，抗旱性不同的青稞品种随干旱处理的时间延长，Dhn6、Dhn11、Dhn13和HVA1基因的相对表达水平不同。 Dhn6基因的相对表达水平在强抗旱青稞品种干旱8小时后快速上升，但在弱抗旱青稞品种干旱处理12小时后检测到更高表达量；Dhn11基因在对照青稞抗旱品种的表达累积水平随干旱时间的延长持续下降；整个干旱过程中，Dhn13基因的相对表达水平在弱抗旱品种持续上升，在强抗旱品种中干旱处理8小时快速上升并达到最高，干旱12小时后降低。与脱水素基因相比较，强抗旱青稞品种在干旱2小时后HVA1基因的相对表达水平显著升高，相对表达量随干旱处理的时间持续上升，在干旱12小时后达到最高；与之相比较，在整个干旱过程中，弱抗旱品种的相对表达水平显著低于强抗旱品种，在干旱8小时之前弱抗旱品种的相对表达水平变化不明显；在干旱8~12小时后却显著上升。上述结果表明，不同的LEA蛋白在植物耐脱水过程中的干旱表达累积水平不同；干旱不是诱导高等植物Dhn11基因表达的主要因素；植物的抗旱性不同，不同LEA蛋白基因对干旱的反应有差异。推测某些LEA蛋白基因的干旱胁迫早期表达累积程度与植物的抗旱性直接相关；其中，Dhn11基因和Dhn12基因不同的表达模式可能与干旱调控表达顺式作用成分(dehydration responsive element, DRE)的有无或结构上的差异有关。 本研究结果认为，(1)失水率和相对含水量可作为植物抗旱性检测的指标之一；(2) DHN6同义突变位点的氨基酸残基对维持该蛋白的正常结构和功能起着重要作用；(3) 11-氨基酸保守基元序列拷贝数和极性氨基酸的比例对LEA3蛋白结构和功能有重要影响；(4)LEA蛋白表达随着干旱胁迫程度而增加，但Dhn11基因并不受干旱诱导表达；(5)作物的抗旱性不同，LEA蛋白对干旱的累积反应并不相同，干旱早期LEA蛋白的累积程度可能会影响植物的抗旱性。 Drought resistance was a complex trait which involved multiple physiological and biochemical mechanisms and regulation of numerous genes. Because its complex traits, it is difficult to understand the mechanisms of drought resistance in plants. Plants respond to water stress through multiple physiological mechanisms at the cellular, tissue, and whole-plant levels. Tibetan hulless barley, a pure line, is a selfing annual plant that has predominantly penetrated into the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and remains stable populations there. The wide ecological range of Tibetan hulless barley differs in water availability, temperature, soil type and vegetation, which makes it possess a high potential of adaptive diversity to abiotic stresses. This adaptive genetic diversity indicates that the potential of Tibetan hulless barley serves as a good source for drought resistance alleles for breeding purposes. 12 contrasting drought-tolerant genotypes were selected to measure relative water content (RWC), maldondialdehyde (MDA) and proline content, based on values of water loss rate (WLR) and repeated drought methods from Tibetan populations of cultivated hulless barley. As a result of the screening, sensitive and tolerant genotypes were identified to clarify relationships between characteristics of LEA2/LEA3 genes sequences and expression and drought-tolerant genotypes, associated with resistance to water deficit. In addition, dynamics water loss rate (DWLR) was measured to observe the changes on diffrential drought-tolerant genotypes. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was applied to detect relative expression levels of Dhn6, Dhn11, Dhn13 and HVA1 genes in sensitive and tolerant genotypes with 2 h, 4 h, 8h and 12 h of dehydration. In the present study, differential sequences and expression of LEA2/LEA3 genes were explored in Tibetan hulless barley, associated with phenotypically diverse drought-tolerant genotypes. 1. The assessments of WLR and RWC were considered as an alternative measure of plant water statues reflecting the metabolic activity in plants, and the parameters of MDA and proline contents were usually consistent with the resistance to water stress. The values of detached leaf WLR of the tested genotypes were highly variable among 84 genotypes, ranging from 0.086 to 0.205 g/h.g DW. The 12 most contrasting genotypes (6 genotypes with the lowest values of WLR and 6 genotypes with the highest values of WLR) were further validated by measuring RWC, MDA and free-proline contents, which were well watered and dehydrated for 12 h. Results of RWC indicated that the values of 12 contrasting genotypes RWC ranged from 89.94% to 93.38% under condition of well water, without significant differences, but 6 genotypes with lower WLR had higher RWC suffered from 12 h dehydration. The results indicated that lower MDA contents, lower scores of WLR and higher proline contents were associated with drought-tolerant genotypes in hulless barley. Remarkably, proline amounts were increased more notable in 6 tolerant genotypes than 6 sensitive genotypes after excised leaves were dehydrated for 12 h, with control to slight changes under condition of well water. Results of MDA contents showed that six 6 tolerant genotypes had lower MDA contents than the 6 sensitive genotypes under both stressed and non-stressed conditions. As a result of that screening, drought- resistant genotypes (Ximala 10 and Pinbi 14) and drought-sensitive genotypes (Dongqing 8 and QB 24) were chosen for comparing the differential characteristics of LEA2/LEA3 genes and their expression analysis. It was conclusion that measurements of WLR could be considered an alternative index as screening of drought-tolerant genotypes in crops. 2. Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins were thought to protect against water stress in plants. To explore the relationships between configuration of LEA proteins and phenotypically diverse drought-tolerant genotypes, sequences of LEA genes and their deduced proteins were compared in Tibetan hulless barley. Results of comparing Dhn6 gene in Ximala 10 and QB24 indicated that absence of 63bp was found, except that only 5 mutant nucleotides were found. While 22 mutant sites were taken place in Dhn6 gene between sensitive and tolerant lines, 14 synonymous mutation sites appeared in the contrasting genotypes. The additional/absent polypeptide of 21 polar amino acid residues was not consistent with phenotypically drought-tolerant genotypes in hulless barley. It was deduced that synonymous mutation sites would play important roles in holding out right configurations and functions on DHN6 protein. The sequencing analysis results indicated that each cloned HVA1 gene from four selected genotypes contained an entire open reading frame. The whole sequence of HVA1 gene from Dongqing 8, QB24, Pinbi 14 and Ximala 10 was respectively 661bp, 697bp, 694bp and 691bp. Results of DNA sequence analyses showed that the differences in nucleotides of HVA1 gene in sensitive genotypes were not consistent with that of tolerant genotypes, except for absence of 33 nucleotides from +154 to +186 (numbering from ATG) in QB24. Database searches using deduced amino acid sequences showed a high homology in LEA3 proteins in the selected genotypes. Multiple sequence alignments revealed that LEA3 protein from Dongqing 8 was composed of 8 repeats of an 11 amino acid motif, less the fourth motif than Pinbi 14, Ximala 10 and QB24. Consistent mutant amino acid residues appeared in contrasting genotypes by aligning and comparing the coding sequence region, including Gln32, Arg33 and Ala195 in tolerant genotypes as compared to Asp32, Glu33 and Thr195 (Thr184 in Dongqing 8) in sensitive lines. It was concluded that consistent appearance of Gln32, Arg33 and Ala195 would contributed to functions of LEA3 protein in crops, as well as higher proportion of 11-amino-repeating motifs and polar amino acid residues. 3. Most of the LEA genes are up-regulated by dehydration, salinity, or low temperature, are also induced by application of exogenous ABA, which increases in concentration in plants under various stress conditions and acts as a mobile stress signal. Higher levels of proteins of LEA group 3 accumulated was correlated well with high level of desiccation tolerance in severely dehydrated plant seedlings. Dehydrins (DHNs), members of LEA2 protein, are an immunologically distinct protein family, and Dhn genes expression is associated with plant response to dehydration. Dynamic water loss rate was measured between sensitive genotypes and tolerant genotypes after they were dehydrated for 2 h, 4 h, 6h and 8 h. Detailed measurements of WLR at the early stage of dehydration (2, 4, 6, and 8 h) showed that WLR was stabilizing after 8 h, and there were no significant changes between these values and WLR after 24 h. Drought stress was applied to 10-day-old seedlings by draining the solution from the container for defined dehydration periods. Leaf tissues of the selected genotypes were harvested from control plants (time 0); and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 h of dehydration. Differential expression trends of Dhn6, Dhn11, Dhn13 and HVA1 genes were detected in phenotypically diverse drought-tolerant hulless barleys, related to different time of dehydration. Results of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that relative level of HVA1 expression was always higher in tolerant genotypes, rapidly increasing at the earlier stages (after 2-4 h of dehydration). However, HVA1 expressions of sensitive genotypes had a fast increase from 8 h to 12 h of stress. Significant differences in expression trends of dehydrin genes between tolerant genotypes and sensitive lines were detected, mainly in Dhn6 and Dhn13 gene, depending on the duration of the dehydration stress. The relative expression levels of Dhn6 gene were significantly higher in tolerant genotypes after 8 h dehydration, by control with notable higher expression levels after 12 h water stress in sensitive ones. The relative expression levels of Dhn13 gene tended to ascend during exposure to dehydration in drought-sensitive genotypes. However, fluctuate trends of Dhn13 expression level were detected in drought-resistant lines, including in lower expression levels of 12 h dehydration as compared to 8 h water stress. It was conclusion that (1) diverse LEA proteins would play variable roles in resisting water stress in plants; (2) expression of Dhn11 gene was not induced by dehydrated signals because of the trends of expression descended in contrasting genotypes suffered from water deficit and (3) variable accumulations on LEA proteins would be appear in diverse drought-tolerant genotypes during dehydrations. It is deduced that higher accumulations of Dhn6 and Dhn13 expression in 8 h dehydration are related to diverse drought-tolerant lines in crops. The present results indicated that different dehydrin genes would play variable functional roles in resisting water stress when plants were suffered from water deficit. The authors suggest physiologically different reactions between resistant and sensitive genotypes may be the results of differential expression of drought-resistant genes and related signal genes in plants. In addition, contrarily induced expression of Dhn11 and Dhn12 was related to dehydration responsive element (DRE) in barleys. The present study indicated that (1) measurements of WLR and RWC could be considered as one index of drought-tolerant screenings; (2) synonymous mutation sites would play important roles in holding out right configurations and functions on DHN6 protein, (3) higher proportion of 11-amino-repeating motifs and polar amino acid residues would contribute to functions on LEA3 protein, (4) the longer drought, the more accumulation on LEA proteins, except for Dhn11 gene in crops and (5) differential responses on expression of LEA protein genes would result in physiological traits of drought tolerance in plants.

中国青藏高原青稞抗穗发芽资源评价与α-淀粉酶基因的克隆及表达

穗发芽（PHS，preharvest sprouting）是影响禾本科作物生产的重要的灾害之一。收获时期如遇潮湿天气容易导致穗发芽发生。发生穗发芽的种子内部水解酶（主要是α-淀粉酶）活性急剧升高，胚乳贮藏物质开始降解，造成作物产量和品质严重降低。因此，选育低穗发芽风险的品种是当前作物育种工作中面临的重要任务。 青稞(Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare)主要分布于青藏高原，自古以来就是青藏高原人民的主要粮食。近年来，由于青稞丰富的营养成分和特有的保健品质、在燃料工业中的潜力以及在啤酒酿造工业中的利用前景，在发达国家日趋受到重视，掀起综合研究利用的热潮。我国拥有占全世界2/3 以上的青稞资源，具有发展青稞产业的得天独厚的条件。然而，由于青稞收获期间恰逢青藏高原雨季来临，常有穗发芽灾害发生，使青稞生产损失巨大。目前对青稞穗发芽研究很少，适用于育种的穗发芽抗性材料相对缺乏，不能很好的满足青稞穗发芽抗性育种的需要。本研究以青藏高原青稞为材料，对其穗发芽抗性的评价指标和体系进行构建，同时筛选青稞抗穗发芽品种并对其抗性进行评价，还利用分子生物学手段对青稞穗发芽抗性的分子机理进行了初步探讨。主要研究结果如下： 1. 本试验以来自于我国青藏高原地区的青稞为材料，对休眠性测定的温度范围进行探讨，并对各种穗发芽抗性测定方法的对青稞的适用性进行评测。通过探讨温度对13 个不同基因型的青稞籽粒发芽和休眠性表达的影响，对筛选青稞抗穗发芽资源的温度条件进行探索，并初步分析了其休眠性表达的机理。在10，15，20，25，30℃的黑暗条件下，选用新收获的13 个青稞品种为材料进行籽粒发芽实验，以发芽指数（GI）评价其休眠性。结果发现，不同品种对温度敏感性不同，其中温度不敏感品种，在各温度条件下均表现很低的休眠性；而温度敏感品种，其休眠性表达受低温抑制，受高温诱导。15℃至25℃是进行青稞休眠性鉴定的较适宜的温度范围。通过对供试材料发芽后的α-淀粉酶活性，发现温度对青稞种子的休眠性表达的影响至少在一定程度上表现在对α-淀粉酶活性的调控上。随后，对分别在马尔康和成都进行种植的34 份青稞穗发芽指数（SI），穗发芽率（SR），籽粒发芽指数（GI）和α-淀粉酶活性（AA）进行了测定和分析，发现它们均受基因型×栽培地点的极显著影响，且四个参数之间具有一定相关性。GI 参数由于其变异系数较低，在不同栽培地点稳定性好，且操作简便，是较可靠和理想的穗发芽评价参数。SI 参数可作为辅助，区别籽粒休眠性相似的材料（基因型）或全面评价材料（基因型）的穗发芽抗性特征。AA 参数稳定性较差，并且检测方法复杂，因此不建议在育种及大量材料筛选和评价时使用。此外，青稞穗发芽抗性受环境影响较大，评价时应考虑到尽可能多的抗性影响因素及其在不同栽培条件下的变异。 2. 对来自青藏高原的青稞穗发芽抗性特征及其与其它农艺性状间的关系进行研究。通过测定穗发芽指数（SI）、籽粒发芽指数（GI）和α-淀粉酶活性（AA），表明113 份青稞材料的穗发芽抗性具有显著差异。SI、GI 和AA 参数的变幅分别为1.00~8.86、0.01~0.97 和0.00~2.76，其均值分别为4.72、0.63 和1.22。根据SI 参数，六个基因型，包括‘XQ9-5’，‘XQ33-9’，‘XQ37-5’，‘XQ42-9’，‘XQ45-7’和‘JCL’被鉴定为抗性品种。综合SI、GI 和AA 参数，可以发现青稞的穗发芽抗性机制包含颖壳等穗部结构的抗性和种子自身的抗性（即种子休眠性），且供试材料中未发现较强的胚休眠品种，除‘XQ45-7’外，所有品种在发芽第四天均能检测出α-淀粉酶活性。穗部结构和种子休眠的抗性机制因基因型不同而不同，在穗发芽抗性中可单独作用或共同作用。农家品种和西藏群体分别比栽培品种和四川群体的穗发芽抗性强，而在不同籽粒颜色的青稞中未发现明显差异。相关性检验发现，青稞的穗发芽抗性，主要是种子休眠性，与百粒重、开花期、成熟期、穗长、芒长和剑叶长呈显著负相关关系，与株高相关性不显著。农艺性状可以作为穗发芽抗性材料选育中的辅助指标。本试验为青稞穗发芽抗性育种研究提供了必要的理论基础和可供使用的亲本材料。 3. α-淀粉酶是由多基因家族编码的蛋白质，在植物种子萌发时高度表达，与植物种子的萌发能力密切相关。在大麦种子发芽时，高等电点α-淀粉酶的活性远大于低等电点的α-淀粉酶。为了研究不同穗发芽抗性青稞品种中编码高等电点α-淀粉酶Amy1 基因结构与抗性间的关系，我们以筛选得到的抗性品种‘XQ32-5’（TR1）、‘XQ37-5’（TR2）、‘XQ45-7’（TR3），易感品种‘97-15’（TS1）、‘9657’（TS2）以及强休眠大麦品种‘SAMSON’（SAM）为材料，对其Amy1 基因的编码区序列进行克隆和结构分析，并对它们推导的氨基酸序列进行比较。结果显示，青稞Amy1 基因具有三个外显子、两个内含子，编码区中有13 个核苷酸变异位点，均位于2、3 号外显子，2 个变异位点位于2 号外显子。SAM 和TS1 分别在2 号外显子相应位置有5 个相同的碱基(GAACT)的插入片段。相应α-淀粉酶氨基酸序列推导发现，所有核苷酸变异中有8 个导致相应氨基酸残基的改变，其余位点为同义突变。青稞Amy1 基因编码区序列品种间相似度高达99%以上，部分序列变异可能与其穗发芽抗性有关。随后，我们又通过SYBR Green 荧光定量技术对该基因在不同发芽时间（1d~7d）的相对表达水平进行了差异性检测。结果发现，7 天内不能检测到SAM 的Amy1 基因表达，5 个青稞品种间的Amy1 基因的相对表达量均随着发芽时间延长而上升，但上升方式有所不同。弱抗品种该基因表达更早，转录本增加速率更大，且在4~5 天可达到平台期。发芽7 天中，抗性品种总转录水平明显低于易感品种。本研究结果表明，青稞Amy1 基因的转录水平是与其穗发芽抗性高度相关。 我国青藏高原青稞，尤其是农家品种的穗发芽抗性具有丰富的变异，蕴藏着穗发芽抗性育种的宝贵资源。本研究为青稞穗发芽抗性育种建立了合理抗性评价体系，筛选出可供育种使用的特殊材料，阐明了农艺性状可辅助穗发芽抗性育种，同时还对穗发芽抗性与α-淀粉酶基因的结构和表达关系进行分析，为青稞穗发芽抗性资源筛选奠定了基础。 Preharvest sprouting (PHS) is a serious problem in crop production. It often takes place when encountering damp, cold conditions at harvest time and results in the decrease of grain quality and great loss of yield by triggering the synthesis of endosperm degrading enzymes (mostly the α-amylase). Therefore, PHS is regarded as an important criterion for crop breeding. In order to minimize the risk of PHS, resistant genotypes are highly required. Hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) is the staple food crop in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from of old, where is one of the origin and genetic diversity centers of hulless barley. Recently, interest in hulless barley has been sparked throughout the world due to the demonstrations of its great potential in health food industry and fuel alcohol production. Indeed, hulless barley can also be utilized to produce good quality malt if the appropriate malting conditions are used. In China, overcast and rainy conditions often occur at maturity of hulless barley and cause an adverse on its production and application. PHS resistant genotypes, therefore, are highly required for the hulless barley breeding programs. However, few investigations have been made so far on this issue. The objectives of this study were: 1) to assessment of methods used in testing preharvest sprouting resistance in hulless barley; 2) to evaluate the variability and characteristics of PHS resistance of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China; 3) to select potential parents for PHS resistance breeding; 4) to primarily study on the molecular mechanism of PHS resistance of hulless barley. Our results are as followed: 1. We investigated the temperature effects on seed germination and seed dormancy expression of hulless barley, discussed appropriate temperature range for screening of PHS resistant varieties, and analyzed the mechanism of seed dormancy expression of hulless barley. The dormancy level of 13 hulless barley were evaluated by GI (germination index) values calculating by seed germination tests at temperature of 10，15，20，25，30℃ in darkness. There were great differences in temperature sensitivity among these accessions. The insensitive accessions showed low dormancy at any temperature while the dormancy expression of sensitive accessions could be restrained by low temperature and induced by high temperature. The temperature range of 15℃ to 25℃ was workable for estimating of dormancy level of hulless barley according to our data. Analysis of α-amylase activity showed that the temperature effects on seed germination and the expression of seed dormancy be achieved probable via regulating of α-amylase activity. Furthermore, we evaluated the differences in sprouting index (SI), sprouting rate (SR), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) between Maerkang and Chengdu among 34 accessions of hulless barley from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China. These PHS sprouting parameters were significantly affected by accession×location, and they had correlation between each other. GI was the most reliable parameter because of its low CV value, good repeatability and simple operation. SI could assist in differentiating between accessions of similar dormancy or overall evaluation of the resistance. AA was bad in repeatability and had relatively complex testing method, therefore, not appropriate for breeding and evaluation and screening of PHS resistant materials. Besides, since PHS resistance of hulless barley was greatly influenced by its growth environment, possibly much influencing factors and variations between cultivated conditions should be considered. 2. In this study, large variation was found among 113 genotypes of hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp.vulgare) from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, based on the sprouting index (SI), germination index (GI) and α-amylase activity (AA) which derived from sprouting test of intact spikes, germination test of threshed seeds and determination of α-amylase activity, respectively. The range of SI, GI and AA was 1.00~8.86, 0.01~0.97 and 0.00~2.76，the mean was 4.72, 0.63 and 1.22 espectively. Six resistant genotypes, including ‘XQ9-5’, ‘XQ33-9’, ‘XQ37-5’, ‘XQ42-9’, ‘XQ45-7’ and ‘JCL’, were identified based on SI. Integrating the three parameters, it was clear that both hulls and seeds involved in PHS resistance in intact spikes of hulless barley and there was no long-existent embryo dormancy found among the test genotypes. All the genotypes, except ‘XQ45-7’, had detectable α-amylase activity on the 4th day after germination. There was PHS resistance imposed by the hull and seed per se and the two factors can act together or independent of each other. Besides, landraces or Tibet hulless barley had a wider variation and relatively more PHS resistance when compared with cultivars or Sichuan hulless barley. No significant difference was found among hulless barley of different seed colors. The correlation analysis showed PHS resistance was negatively related to hundred grain weight, days to flowering, days to maturity, spike length, awn length and flag length but not related to plant height. This study provides essential information and several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. 3. Alpha-amylase isozymes are encoded by a family of multigenes. They highly express in germinating seeds and is closely related to seed germination ability. In barley germinating seeds, the activity of high pI α-amylase is much higher than low pI α-amylase. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between preharvest sprouting resistance of hulless barley and the gene structure of Amy1 gene which encodes high pI α-amylase. The coding region and cDNA of Amy1 gene of three resistant accessions, including ‘XQ32-5’ (TR1), ‘XQ37-5’ (TR2), ‘XQ45-7’ (TR3), two susceptible accessions ‘97-15’ (TS1), ‘9657’ (TS2) and one highly dormant barley accession ‘SAMSON’ (SAM) was cloned. Analysis of their DNA sequences revealed there were three exons and two introns in Amy1 gene. Thirteen variable sites were in exon2 and exon3, 2 variable sites were in intron2. SAM and TS1 had a GAACT insert segment in the same site in intron2. Only 8 variable sites caused the change of amino acid residues. There were 99% of similarity between the tested hulless barley and some of the variable sites might be related with preharvest sprouting resistance. Then, we investigated the expression level of Amy1 gene in the 7-day germination test. Results of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the relative expression trends of Amy1 gene were the same but had significant differences in the increase fashion between hulless barleys and no detectable expression was found in SAM. Susceptible accessions had earlier expression and faster increase and reached the maximum on day 4 ~ day 5. Besides, total transcripts level was found lower in resistant accessions than susceptible accessions. This study indicated that α-amylase activity was highly related to the transcription level of Amy1 gene which not correlated to missense mutation sites. In conclusion, hulless barley, especially the landraces from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China possesses high degree of variation in PHS performance, which indicates the potential of Tibetan hulless barley as a good source for breeding of resistance to PHS. This study provides several donor parents for breeding of resistance to PHS. Our results also demonstrate that agronomic traits may be used as assistants for PHS resistance selection in hulless barley. Besides, analysis of high pI α-amylase coding gene Amy1 revealed the relative high expression of was Amy1 one of the mainly reason of different PHS resistance level in hulless barley.

SrF2 hierarchical flowerlike structures: Solvothermal synthesis, formation mechanism, and optical properties

We present a solvothermal route to the synthesis of SrF2 hierarchical flowerlike structures based on thermal decomposition of single source precursor (SSP) of strontium trifluoroacetate in benzylamine solvent. These flowerlike superstructures are actually composed of numerous aggregated nanoplates, and the growth process involves the initial formation of spherical nanoparticles and subsequent transformation into nanoplates. which aggregated together to form microdisks and finally flowerlike superstructures. The results demonstrate the important role of benzylamine in the formation of well-defined SrF2 superstructures, not only providing size and shape control to form nanoplates but also contributing to the self-assembly behavior of nanoplates to build into flower-like superstructures. Additionally, the photoluminescence properties of the obtained SrF2 superstructures are studied.

全球及北太平洋环流诊断模式研究

本文在基于GFDL的MOM模式基础上，分别建立了一个全球和一个北太平洋大洋环流的诊断模式（Robust diagnostic model），并分别进行了月平均的（全球模式还进行了年平均）模拟。积分的时间长度全球模式为11年，北太平洋模式为8年。水平空间分辨率，全球模式为1°* 1°，北太平洋模式为1／3°* 1／3°，垂向都分为21层。所用的温度、盐度数据基本是Levitus的资料进行了插值所得，表面风应力为Hellerman and Rosenstein的全球风场数据插值而来。从模拟的结果来看，全球大洋中的主要环流均得到体现，如：湾流，南北赤道流，北赤道逆流，南极绕极流，黑潮等等。与Fujio，Bryan等人的结果相吻合。基于模拟的结果，本文还分析了一些断面上的体积运输和热盐输运以及主要海区的热平衡。结果显示：南极绕极流从西向东，从印度洋南部（SSI）流往太平洋南部（SSP���的流量为170－190 Sv，而从SSP���面上流向大西洋南部（SSA）以及从SSA流向SSI的流量都大约为150－170 Sv。从SSP���南太平洋的流量为17－26 Sv，从太平洋通过印度尼西亚海流向印度洋的流量为15－29 Sv。从南印度洋到SSI的流量为17－26 Sv。各大洋中通过赤道的流量均很小。对于中国近海，由太平洋通过吕宋海峡进入南海的流量为0.6－2.1Sv，台湾海峡中的北向流量和台湾岛东部黑潮入侵东海的流量分别为0.1－1.9Sv和14－23Sv。琉球群岛北部和对马海峡中的流量分别为13－22Sv、1.6－2.1Sv。从日本海通过津轻和宗谷海峡流向太平洋的流量则分别为0.9v以及0.5－1.0Sv。一些断面上的热、盐通量也进行了分析。

国产赖草属（禾本科）两个类群的修订

根据标本研究、野外考察和实验观察，对国产赖草属Leymus两个类群进行了分类修订，将阿尔金山赖草Leymus arjinshanicus D．F．Cui和L．aerginshanicus D．F．Cui ssp���ruoqiangensis（S．L．Lu＆Y.H．Wu）D．F.Cui处理为若羌赖草L．ruoqiangensis S．L．Lu＆YH．Wu的新异名，将纤细赖草L．secalinus（Georgi）Tzvel．var．tenuis L．B．Cai提升为一个独立的种L．tenuis（L．B．Cai）L．B．Cai．

Molecular evidence for double maternal origins of the diploid hybrid Hippophae goniocarpa (Elaeagnaceae)

Homoploid hybrid plant species are rare, and the mechanisms of their speciation are largely unknown, especially for homoploid hybrid tree species. Two contrasting hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of Hippophae goniocarpa: (1) it is a diploid hybrid originating from H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis x H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa, and (2) it originated via marginal differentiation from H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis. Regardless of which of these hypotheses is true (if either), previous studies have suggested that H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis is the only maternal donor for this hybrid species. In this study, we aim to elucidate the maternal composition of H. goniocarpa and to test the two hypotheses. For this purpose, we sequenced the maternal chloroplast DNA trnL-F region of 75 individuals representing H. goniocarpa, H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis, and H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa in two co-occurring sites of the taxa. Seven haplotypes were identified from three taxonomic units, and their phylogenetic relationships were further constructed by means of maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and network analyses. These seven haplotypes clustered into two distinct, highly divergent lineages. Two haplotypes from one lineage were found in H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis, and five (representing the other lineage) in H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa. Hippophae goniocarpa shared four common haplotypes from both lineages, but the haplotypes detected from the two populations differed to some extent, and in each case were identical to local haplotypes of the putative parental species. Thus, both H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis and H. neurocarpa ssp. neurocarpa appear to have together contributed to the maternal establishment of H. goniocarpa. These results clearly demonstrate that the marginal origin hypothesis should be rejected, and support the hybrid origin hypothesis. Hippophae goniocarpa exhibits a sympatric distribution with its two parent species, without occupying new niches or displaying complete ecological isolation. However, this species has effectively developed reproductive isolation from its sympatric parent species. Our preliminary results suggest that H. goniocarpa may provide a useful model system for studying diploid hybrid speciation in trees. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.

油气藏自然电位异常与油气赋存的相关性研究

The Stack Spontaneous Potential (SSP) is a direct hydrocarbon location technology and a new hydrocarbon detection method with independent intellectual property. A subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation associated with the upward hydrocarbon micro seepage induces a relatively strong negative potential abnormal zone, of which the anomaly can be measured on the surface with specially designed instruments through careful field measuring procedures. With special software programmed according to a unique geochemical and geophysical model, the original data are analyzed, processed and interpreted on the computer, and then on a series of resulting anomaly distribution maps and/or profiles, the favorable surface locations of the hydrocarbon accumulations can be easily identified. The study of the SSP has been started since 1989, and especially from 1996 to 1997, both profile and area tests were conducted in the Daqing Oilfield. On the testing line of 15kms, there are 6 wells in total, among which some are oil-producing wells, and some are water-producing wells. The final matching ratio of the favorable oil well locations and the possible water well locations predicted by the SSP to those of known wells was up to 83 percent. In the area test, of which the acreage is 800 km2, the matching ratio compared with the existing wells was 87 percent; furthermore, regarding to wells subsequently drilled after the test, the matching ratio was 85 percent. The matching ratio in the development area is more about 10 percent than those of in exploration area. The reason is that, comparing the exploration area, the development area acreage is less and the container rocks are more simplex. In development area there is not so much interference of SSP also. Since 1997 the SSP has been tested and applied all over China to a number of hydrocarbon bearing basins and known oil fields, including the Daqing, Jiangsu, Changqing, Shengli, Nanyang, Jianghan and Zhongyuan Oilfields, only to name a few. The SSP surveys in total areas of over 10,000km2 in more than 30 regions in China so far have been completed in various exploration and development stages, the satisfactory outcomes of which have further evidenced that the dependence between the SP anomaly and abundance of hydrocarbon. Up to date, a substantial amount of successful tests and actual surveys finished in exploration and development practices have evidenced that the SSP is significantly more reliable in comparison with any other similar direct hydrocarbon indication technique generally known to the oil industry, such as the Redox. The SSP can be applied to search for almost all kinds of hydrocarbon accumulations, regardless of the type of traps, such as structural, stratigraphic, buried hill traps, and so on; however, it is interesting to be noted that the SSP seems to be particularly effective in detecting the stratigraphic oil traps according to our practices. On the other hand, there is virtually no surface geographical constrains in terms of field data acquisition, except for those water covered areas, because of the inherent characteristics of the technology itself. Furthermore, utilizing the SSP requires no special considerations to subsurface geological conditions in regard to formation resistivity, since the SSP measurements will not be influenced by either overly high or overly low resistivity of formations lying above the hydrocarbon accumulations. There are two kind of theory, of which, as we know one is called hypbyssal theory such as "Redox"[61 the other is call plutonic theory such as cracking of hydrocarbon [8][9] and natural polarization [3], to describe the mechanism of SP anomaly of oil reservoir and to indicate that the dependence between the SP abnormality and abundance of hydrocarbon has be existed theoretically/The quantitative dependence, which has not been founded due to the complicity of container rocks, be discovered during the exploration and development practices is the crux to the quantitative analysis of SP Anomaly processing. Based on the thorough study of the complex of collector rocks, every kind of thickness of collector rock can be conversed to be a standard effective thickness; the thickness is called apparent effective thickness (AET). The conversation coefficient (ai, 1=1,2,3) could be determined by the variety of every collector rock storability (CRS). The discoveration of quantitative: dependence between AET and the amplitude of SSP, in the practices of exploration and development, is a promotion for the SSP supplied in the oil exploration, and make the data analysis forward to the quantitative stage.