Parameter-transformation relations for traveling-wave solutions of kdv-burgers equation

<span> Burgers suggested that the main properties of free-turbulence in the boundless area without basic flow might be understood with the aid of the following equation, which was much simpler than those of fluid dynamics, span>更多还原

Reflection of shock-wave in pur foam from rigid wall

<span style="color: #333333; font-family: tahoma, arial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px">Keller proposed that a building, a mechanical installation or a body wrapped bya layer of foam plastics may be an efficient means for protection from damage ofblast wave. However, the practical effect was beyond expectation. For example, agunner wearing the foam plastics-padded waistcoat was injured more seriously by theblast wave from a muzzle. Monti took the foam plastics as homogeneous two-phasemedium and analyzed it with the theory of dusty flow. The obtained results showthat the peak pressure behind the reflected shock wave from rigid wall with foamcoat exceeds obviously that without foam coat under the same condition. Gel'fand,Patz and Weaver made experimental observations by means of shock tubes and veri-span>

The geometric structure and dynamic properties of lauwerier attractor

<span> Introduction The strange chaotic attractor (ACS) is an important subject in the nonlinear field. On the basis of the theory of transversal heteroclinic cycles, it is suggested that the strange attractor is the closure of the unstable manifolds of countable infinite hyperbolic periodic points. From this point of view some nonlinear phenomena are explained reasonably. span>更多还原

Fatigue crack-growth from a circular notch under high-levels of biaxial stress

<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">A series of experiments have been conducted on cruciform specimens to investigate fatigue crack growth from circular notches under high levels of biaxial stress. Two stress levels (Δσspan>₁<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">= 380 and 560 MPa) and five stress biaxialities (λ=+1.0, +0.5, 0, −0.5 and −1.0; where λ=σspan>₂<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">/σspan>₁<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px"> were adopted in the fatigue tests in type 316 stainless steel having a monotonic yield strength of 243 MPa. The results reveal that fatigue crack growth rates are markedly influenced by both the stress amplitude and the stress biaxiality. A modified model has been developed to describe fatigue crack growth under high levels of biaxial stress.span>

Creep characterization of a fiber reinforced plastic material

<span style="color: #403838; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify">Creep behavior of [±45°]span>_s<span style="color: #403838; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: justify"> composite material is characterized by using uniaxial creep and recovery tests. The well-known Schapery nonlinear viscoelastic consti tutive relation was modified to make it suitable for characterizing the creep behavior of this material. Then, using this modified Schapery constitutive equation, by which the vis coplastic and creep damage can be taken into consideration, the creep behavior of [±45°]. glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminate was studied. The constitutive parameters of the material were determined experimentally, and the procedure and method of determination of the material parameters are proved to be valid.span>

Quantum and variational monte-carlo interaction potentials for li2 (x1-sigma-g+)

<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">Optimized trial functions are used in quantum Monte Carlo and variational Monte Carlo calculations of the Lispan>₂<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">(X span>¹<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">Σspan>⁺_g<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">) potential curve. The trial functions used are a product of a Slater determinant of molecular orbitals multiplied by correlation functions of electron—nuclear and electron—electron separation. The parameters of the determinant and correlation functions are optimized simultaneously by reducing the deviations of the local energy span>E_L<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px"> (span>E_L<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">  Ψspan>⁻¹_TH<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">Ψspan>_T<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">, where Ψspan>_T<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px"> denotes a trial function) over a fixed sample. At the equilibrium separation, the variational Monte Carlo and quantum Monte Carlo methods recover 68% and 98% of the correlation energy, respectively. At other points on the curves, these methods yield similar accuracies.span>

Fusion energy-production from a deuterium-tritium plasma in the jet tokamak

<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16.200000762939453px">Describes a series of experiments in the Joint European Torus (JET), culminating in the first tokamak discharges in deuterium-tritium fuelled mixture. The experiments were undertaken within limits imposed by restrictions on vessel activation and tritium usage. The objectives were: (i) to produce more than one megawatt of fusion power in a controlled way; (ii) to validate transport codes and provide a basis for accurately predicting the performance of deuterium-tritium plasmas from measurements made in deuterium plasmas; (iii) to determine tritium retention in the torus systems and to establish the effectiveness of discharge cleaning techniques for tritium removal; (iv) to demonstrate the technology related to tritium usage; and (v) to establish safe procedures for handling tritium in compliance with the regulatory requirements. A single-null X-point magnetic configuration, diverted onto the upper carbon target, with reversed toroidal magnetic field was chosen. Deuterium plasmas were heated by high power, long duration deuterium neutral beams from fourteen sources and fuelled also by up to two neutral beam sources injecting tritium. The results from three of these high performance hot ion H-mode discharges are described: a high performance pure deuterium discharge; a deuterium-tritium discharge with a 1% mixture of tritium fed to one neutral beam source; and a deuterium-tritium discharge with 100% tritium fed to two neutral beam sources. The TRANSP code was used to check the internal consistency of the measured data and to determine the origin of the measured neutron fluxes. In the best deuterium-tritium discharge, the tritium concentration was about 11% at the time of peak performance, when the total neutron emission rate was 6.0 span>×<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16.200000762939453px"> 10span>¹⁷<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16.200000762939453px"> neutrons/s. The integrated total neutron yield over the high power phase, which lasted about 2 s, was 7.2 span>×<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16.200000762939453px"> 10span>¹⁷<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16.200000762939453px"> neutrons, with an accuracy of ±7%. The actual fusion amplification factor, Qspan>_DT<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 16.200000762939453px"> was about 0.15span>

Crack tip behavior and crack-propagation in ductile materials

<span style="font-family: Arial, 'Lucida Grande', Geneva, Verdana, Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', sans-serif; line-height: 18px">Dilatational plastic equations, which can include the effects of ductile damage, are derived based on the equivalency in expressions for dissipated plastic work. Void damage developed internally at the large-strain stage is represented by an effective continuum being strain-softened and plastically dilated. Accumulation of this local damage leads to progressive failure in materials. With regard to this microstructural background, the constitutive parameters included for characterizing material behaviour have the sense of internal variables. They are not able to be determined explicitly by macroscopic testing but rather through computer simulation of experimental curves and data. Application of this constitutive model to mode-I cracking examples demonstrates that a huge strain concentration accompanied by a substantial drop of stress does occur near the crack tip. Eventually, crack propagation is simulated by using finite elements in computations. Two numerical examples show good accordance with experimental data. The whole procedure of study serves as a justification of the constitutive formulation proposed in the text.span>

Fatigue crack-growth rate in ferrite martensite dual-phase steel

An empirical study is made on the fatigue crack growth rate in ferrite-martensite dual-phase (FMDP) steel. Particular attention is given to the effect of ferrite content in the range of 24.2% to 41.5% where good fatigue resistance was found at 33.8%. Variations in ferrite content did not affect the crack growth rate <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">span>when plotted against the effective stress intensity factor range <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">span> which was assumed to follow a linear relation with the crack tip stress intensity factor range <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">ΔKspan>span>. A high <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">span> corresponds to uniformly distributed small size ferrite and martensite. No other appreciable correlation could be ralated to the microstructure morphology of the FMDP steel. The closure stress intensity factor <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">span>, however, is affected by the ferrite content with <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">span> reaching a maximum value of 0.7. In general, crack growth followed the interphase between the martensite and ferrite.

Dividing the fatigue crack growth process into Stage I and II where the former would be highly sensitive to changes in <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">ΔKspan>span> and the latter would increase with <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">ΔKspan>span> depending on the <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">span> ratio. The same data when correlated with the strain energy density factor range <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">ΔSspan>span> showed negligible dependence on mean stress or <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">Rspan>span> ratio for Stage I crack growth. A parameter α involving the ratio of ultimate stress to yield stress, percent reduction of area and <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">Rspan>span> is introduced for Stage II crack growth so that the <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc">span> data for different <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">Rspan>span> would collapse onto a single curve with a narrow scatter band when plotted against <span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative" class="mathmlsrc"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; font-family: STIXGeneral, STIXGeneral-Bold, STIXGeneral-BoldItalic, STIXGeneral-Italic, STIXIntegralsDisplay, STIXIntegralsDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsSmall, STIXIntegralsSmall-Bold, STIXIntegralsUp, STIXIntegralsUp-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay, STIXIntegralsUpDisplay-Bold, STIXIntegralsUpSmall, STIXIntegralsUpSmall-Bold, STIXNonUnicode, STIXNonUnicode-Bold, STIXNonUnicode-BoldItalic, STIXNonUnicode-Italic, STIXSize1Symbols, STIXSize1Symbols-Bold, STIXSize2Symbols, STIXSize2Symbols-Bold, STIXSize3Symbols, STIXSize3Symbols-Bold, STIXSize4Symbols, STIXSize4Symbols-Bold, STIXSize5Symbols, STIXVariants, STIXVariants-Bold; cursor: pointer; letter-spacing: 0.15em" class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg">αΔSspan>span>.

The progress of solar-terrestrial sciences in china

<span> SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL SCIENCESThe solar-terrestrial sciences study how the solar energy, momentum and mass transfer through the interplanetary space, the earth magnetosphere, the ionosphere and the neutral atmosphere, and their influence on earth environment. The solar-terrestrial sciences are also called, sometimes, the solar-terrestrial physics, solar-terrestrial relations, solar-terrestrial span>更多还原

Creep behavior of woven roving grp beam in three-point bending

<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">The creep and relaxation behaviour of laminated glass fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) in three-point bending were studied both experimentally and analytically. Creep and relaxation experiments were carried out on eight types of specimens, consisting of glass fibre fabric reinforced epoxy beams. While the bending deflexion and creep strains were measured in the creep tests, the load and relaxation strain were recorded in the relaxation tests. Marked creep effects were seen in the tests, where the environment temperature was 50°C and the period of the measurement was 60 min. An attempt to predict the creep deflexion and relaxation behaviour was made. The transverse shear effect on creep deflexion was taken into account. The predicted results were compared with experimental ones. They were found to be in reasonable agreement, but the linearization assumption, upon which the relaxation behaviour analysis was based, appears to lead to larger inaccuracies in the results.span>

Crack deflection at an interface between dissimilar elastic-materials

<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">A crack intersecting an interface between two dissimilar materials may advance by either penetrating through the interface or deflecting into the interface. The competition between deflection and penetration can be assessed by comparison of span>two ratios<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: -1px">: (i) the ratio of the energy release rates for interface cracking and crack penetration; and (ii) the ratio of interface to material fracture energies. Residual stresses caused by thermal expansion misfit can influence the energy release rates of both the deflected and penetrating crack. This paper analyses the role of residual stresses. The results reveal that expansion misfit can be profoundly important in systems with planar interfaces (such as layered materials, thin film structures, etc.), but generally can be expected to be of little significance in fiber composites. This paper corrects an earlier result for the ratio of the energy release rate for the doubly deflected crack to that for the penetrating crack in the absence of residual stress.span>

Strain-energy density ratio criterion for failure of composite-materials

<span style="color: #333333; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px">n the authors' previous paper, the Strain Energy Density Ratio (SEDR) criterion was proposed. As an example of applications, it was used to predict cracking direction of mixed-mode fracture in a random short fibre laminated composite.span>

Statistical modeling of damage evolution in spallation

<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 15px; text-align: justify">In order to understand the mechanism of the incipient spallation in rolled metals, a one dimensional statistical mode1 on evolution of microcracks in spallation was proposed. The crack length appears to be the fundamental variable in the statistical description. Two dynamic processes, crack nucleation and growth, were involved in the model of damage evolution. A simplified case was examined and preliminary correlation to experimental observations of spallation was made.span>

Objective speckle method using stick-on foil and its applications

<span style="font-family: 'Museo Sans-300', Arial, 'Sans Serif'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px">Objective speckle from a stick-on foil is a new approach to applying the objective white light speckle method to in-plane displacement measurements. By a relatively easy technique a thin aluminum foil is mounted onto the specimen surface and a random grating is scratched onto it, yielding high reflectance and fine optical details. After double exposure by a direct recording system without using a lens, the resulting holographic film possesses a broad spatial spectrum and displacement information. Full-field contour maps of equal displacement can be obtained that are of good contrast and high sensitivity and that have a large adjustable measurement range. The method can be applied to practical engineering problems for both plane and developable curved surfaces.span>