Effect of body size on growth and energy budget of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

A growth trial was conducted at 30 degrees C to investigate the effect of body size on growth and energy budget of Nile tilapia. The average initial body weights of the four size groups tested were 9.3, 34.1, 80.3 and 172.4 g, respectively. Fish were fed to satiation twice a day with a diet containing 35.6% crude protein. Food consumption (C-max: kJ/day) increased with body size (W: g) according to the relationship: Ln C-max = 1.45 + 0.42 LnW. The final body contents of dry matter, crude protein and ash per unit body weight increased with increasing body size while contents of fat and energy were independent of body size. Specific growth rates of wet weight, dry weight, protein and energy decreased as the fish increased in size. Feed efficiencies in wet weigh, dry weight and crude protein decreased with increasing body size, while that of energy remained unchanged. The proportions of energy intake allocated to the various components (faecal energy, excretory energy, heat production and recovered energy) of the energy budget were not significantly affected by body size, and the average budget was: 100IE-18.5(+/- 1.33)FE + 5.9 (+/- 3.09)(ZE + UE) + 49.3(+/- 3.77)HE + 26.3(+/- 6.23)RE, where IE, FE, (ZE + UE), HE and RE represent gross energy intake, faecal energy, excretory (non-faecal) energy loss, heat production and recovered energy (growth), respectively. It is suggested that the decrease in growth rate in larger fish is mainly due to the decrease in relative food intake. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Energy budget of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in relation to ration size

Nile tilapia weighing 8.29-11.02 g were fed a practical diet at seven ration levels (starvation, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4% body weight per day and satiation) twice a day at 30 degrees C. Feed consumption, apparent digestibility, nitrogenous excretion and growth were determined directly, and heat production was calculated by difference of energy budget. The relationship between specific growth rate in wet weight (SGR(w), percentage per day) and ration size (RL, percentage per day) was a decelerating curve described as SGR(w) = 2.98 (1 - e(-0.61(RL-0.43))). The apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter and protein showed a decreasing pattern with increasing ration while the apparent digestibility coefficient of energy was not significantly affected by ration size. The proportion of gross energy intake lost in nitrogenous excretion tended to decrease with increasing ration. Feed efficiency was highest, and the proportion of gross energy intake channelled to heat production was lowest, at an intermediate ration level (2% per day). The energy budget at the satiation level was: 100IE = 16.9FE + 1.2(ZE + UE) + 62.3HE + 19.6RE, where IE, FE, (ZE + UE), HE and RE represent gross energy intake, faecal energy, excretory (non-faecal) energy loss, heat production and recovered energy (growth), respectively. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

EFFECT OF RATION SIZE ON THE GROWTH AND ENERGY BUDGET OF THE GRASS CARP, CTENOPHARYNGODON-IDELLA VAL

Young grass carp (12-13 g) were kept at five ration levels ranging from starvation to ad libitum feeding at 30-degrees-C. They were fed duckweed. Food consumption, absorption efficiency and growth were determined directly, and metabolism and nitrogenous excretion calculated indirectly from energy and nitrogen budgets, respectively. The relationship between specific growth rate and ration size was linear. Absorption efficiency for energy was not affected by ration size and averaged 50.6 +/- 0.57% (mean +/- s.e.). Depending on ration size, energy lost in excretion accounted for 4.5-5.9% of the food energy, energy channelled to metabolism accounted for 34.4-48.3% of the food energy, and energy retained as growth accounted for 6.7-11.9% of the food energy. Regardless of ration, a constant proportion of food energy (30.7%) was accounted for by feeding metabolism (total metabolism minus fasting metabolism). The energy budget at the maximum ration was: 100 C = 49.1F + 4.5U + 3.6R(fa) + 30.9R(fe) + 11.9G, where C, F, U, R(fa), R(fe) and G represent food consumption, faecal production, excretion, fasting metabolism, feeding metabolism and growth, respectively.

Isolation and Characterization of a Methomyl-Degrading Paracoccus sp mdw-1

Methomyl, an extremely toxic pesticide, is widely used in agriculture. A strain named mdw-1 capable of degrading methomyl rapidly was successfully isolated from activated sludge in this study. It could utilize methomyl as the sole carbon or nitrogen source. The optimal temperature and medium pH for its growth and methomyl biodegradation were 30 degrees C and 7.0, respectively. It was identified as a Paracoccus sp. according to its morphological features, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of 16S rDNA. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that methomyl could be completely transformed to S-methyl-N-hydroxythioacetamidate in 10 h of incubation with the isolate mdw-1.

快重离子在固体中引起的电子发射

简要介绍了快重离子与固体相互作用研究的状况和快重离子引起固体电子发射的机制 ,讨论了电子能损导致原子位移的 3种微观模型 ,即“库仑爆炸”模型、“热峰”模型和“激发排斥”模型 ,简述了研究电子发射的实验测量装置和测量方法 ,讨论了总电子发射产额与电子能损的关系以及靶俄歇电子和快传输电子测量在电子激发诱发辐照损伤微观机制研究中的应用 ,并介绍了重离子在 C靶中产生的离子径迹处的电子温度和聚丙稀靶中离子径迹势的提取方法

2-酮-L-古龙酸还原酶分离纯化及其理化、酶学性质的研究

从发酵Ｌ山梨糖的Ｇｌｕｃｏｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｏｘｙｄａｎｓ和Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｍｅｇａｔｅｒｉｕｍ２９８０混和菌株的无细胞抽提液中分离到了２酮Ｌ古龙酸还原酶（ＫＧＲ），测得其分子量为９０ｋＤａ。动力学性质研究表明它为一个典型的ＭｉｃｈａｅｌｉｓＭｅｎｔｅｎ氏酶，对２酮Ｌ古龙酸作用的Ｋｍ值为３４２×１０－３ｍｏｌ，最适作用ｐＨ为６５，最适作用温度为３０℃。２酮Ｌ古龙酸还原酶的合成不受Ｌ山梨糖和２酮Ｌ古龙酸的诱导，故推测２酮Ｌ古龙酸还原酶是Ｇｌｕｃｏｎｏｂａｃｔｅｒｏｘｙｄａｎｓ的一个组成酶。

NBPT在土壤中的降解及其影响因子

采用实验室培养方法研究了NBPT在土壤中的降解动态。结果表明,在未灭菌的土壤中,NBPT的半衰期为7.2~7.6 d,远远小于在灭菌土壤中22.4 d的半衰期;随着环境温度增高(20℃上升至30℃),NBPT降解速度略有提升(半衰期由7.6 d缩短至6.5 d);NBPT在黑暗条件下降解半衰期为4.5 d,而在光照条件下的半衰期为5.9 d。可见,几种试验因子对土壤中NBPT的降解均有不同程度的影响。其中土壤微生物是影响NBPT降解的主要因素,有利于土壤中微生物生长的环境因素,如偏酸的土壤,对土壤中NBPT的降解有促进作用。而葡萄糖则可能因为增加了土壤颗粒的团聚性及其还原性能,增加了土壤对NBPT的吸附而抑制了NBPT的降解。

磁处理土壤对油菜品质的影响及土壤健康质量指示

用室外盆栽试验的方法,将土壤磁效应与生物磁效应相结合,以草甸土为供试土壤,油菜为供试作物,研究了盆栽条件下,磁处理土壤对油菜(BrassicanapusL.)油菜生物学产量和品质的影响,进一步探讨了磁场处理对土壤健康质量的改善作用。研究结果表明,磁场强度处理土壤不仅可提高盆栽条件下油菜的生物学产量,还促使其维生素C含量得以增加,而且油菜叶柄和叶片内的硝酸盐含量也降低,说明磁处理可以使土壤健康质量得到改善。200mT磁场强度是适于油菜生长的最佳磁处理参数。

科尔沁沙地不同人工植物群落对土壤养分和生物活性的影响

选取小叶锦鸡儿、山杏、杨树和差巴嘎蒿4种典型人工固沙群落为研究对象,以半流动沙丘为对照,对土壤养分含量、微生物量和主要酶的活性进行了对比研究。结果表明,4种固沙植物均能明显改善土壤C、N、P、K和微生物量C、N含量,提高土壤水解酶和氧化还原酶的活性,尤其是对土壤表层0~10 cm的改良效果更加明显。其中小叶锦鸡儿群落0~30 cm土层内微生物量C、N含量、脲酶、磷酸单酯酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、脱氢酶和硝酸还原酶的活性以及有机质、N、P、K等养分含量明显高于其它3种植物群落,表现出强大的改善沙土环境的能力,可在沙化土地植被建设中大面积应用。土壤微生物量C、N分别与有机质和全N以及与各种土壤酶活性之间均存在显著的正相关性。

科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿人工林防风固沙及改良土壤效应研究

为探讨小叶锦鸡儿防风固沙、改良土壤养分状况和生物活性的能力,选取6年和11年生小叶锦鸡儿人工固沙林为对象,以流动沙丘为对照,研究不同年龄固沙林降低风速和风沙流结构特征、土壤有机质和N,P含量、土壤酶的活性以及微生物生物量C,N,P含量的变化特征。结果表明:在小叶锦鸡儿灌木林内,各个高度风速和输沙量均显著低于流动沙丘,防风固沙效果明显。随着小叶锦鸡儿固沙群落发育时间的增长,其综合防风性能提高,土壤有机质、N,P,K含量和生物活性逐渐得到改善。O～30 cm土层中磷酸单酯酶、蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶、多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶的活性和土壤微生物生物量C,N和P含量均大幅度提高,其中0~10 cm土层增幅最大。土壤酶中蔗糖酶的活性增加最为迅速,6年和11年生固沙林0～10 cm土层分别是流动沙丘的28.58倍和55.2l倍。小叶锦鸡儿不仅具有较好的防风固沙性能,而且表现出强大的改善土壤养分和生物活性的能力,可作为优良的固沙植物材料在科尔沁沙地大面积推广应用。

辽西褐土施肥及养分循环再利用中长期试验Ⅳ.土壤肥力变化

经 12年田间试验 ,各施肥处理耕层土壤的肥力变化表明 ,在保持农业系统养分循环再利用基础上 ,施用适量化肥以平衡土壤养分收支 ,不仅可实现作物高产 ,减少过剩养分进入环境 ,并可改善土壤肥力 ,表现为明显提高了耕层土壤的有机C、N浓度 .不过 ,在本例中欲保持较高的土壤有效P水平 ,恐需在平衡土壤P收支基础上适当增加P肥施用量 .

文冠果壳提取物对β-淀粉样蛋白致动物学习记忆障碍的改善作用

目的研究文冠果壳乙醇提取物对动物学习记忆障碍的改善作用并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法采用水迷宫法、避暗法测定小鼠的学习记忆能力;用Y迷宫法及Morris水迷宫法测试大鼠的学习记忆能力,显微镜下观察海马组织形态学改变。结果文冠果壳乙醇提取物显著减少侧脑室注射β-淀粉样蛋白(25-35)(Aβ(25-35))致记忆障碍小鼠水迷宫实验的逃避潜伏期和避暗实验的错误次数,延长避暗潜伏期;文冠果壳乙醇提取物显著提高D-半乳糖合用Aβ(25-35)致记忆障碍大鼠Y迷宫测试中正确反应率,显著缩短Morris水迷宫测试中的潜伏期及游泳路程;抑制海马神经元的变性及脱落。结论文冠果壳乙醇提取物对Aβ(25-35)致鼠学习记忆障碍有显著的改善作用,其作用机制可能与对抗Aβ(25-35)的毒性有关。

香味全缘孔菌培养条件的研究

香味全缘孔菌是一种可以提取天然香料的高等真菌。本项研究对分离于野外的香味全缘孔菌从不同的温度、pH值以及不同的C源和N源的营养成分进行室内培养。其结果显示香味全缘孔菌营养菌丝生长的相对最适温度为33℃;最佳N源为酵母汁,其次为牛肉膏;相对在培养基pH值为6.0时菌丝生长较快,较好的C源为葡萄糖。这些结果为大规模人工培养香味全缘孔菌提供了很好的指导作用。

有机污染物在表层土壤中光降解的研究进展

土壤是承载有机污染物的重要介质,而光降解是降解土壤表层有机污染物的一种非常重要的非生物转化途径。研究土壤表层有机物的光降解对认识污染物土壤环境行为有非常重要的意义。20世纪90年代以来对土壤中有机污染物的光降解研究有了大量报道。本文阐述了土壤组成和质地、土壤湿度、土壤pH值和土壤厚度等因素对光解影响的研究现状;介绍了目前研究土壤光降解所采用的研究方法:土壤表层直接光解、土壤悬浮液光解、溶剂萃取与光降解联合处理,及其研究土壤光降解应用的动力模型;对不同农药和其它有机污染物在土壤中的光降解研究进行了综述,并对今后的研究作了展望。

中国东北杨树上两种新多孔菌

本文报道了两种生于杨树上的多孔菌,杨生薄孔菌(AntrodialeucaenaY.C.Dai&Niemel )和西伯利亚毡被孔菌(Spongipellissibirica(Penzina&Ryvarden)Penzina&Kotir.)。根据所采集标本对其进行了详细描述。杨生薄孔菌的主要特征为子实体平伏反转,二系菌丝系统,生殖菌丝具锁状联合,担孢子圆柱形,造成杨树木材褐色腐朽。杨生薄孔菌目前只发现在中国东北,该种与垫状薄孔菌(Antrodiapulvinascens(Pilat)Niemel )和大孔薄孔菌Antrodiamacra(Sommerf.)Niemel 较类似,但垫状薄孔菌的担子果不形成真正的菌盖,其担孢子为椭圆形,菌丝组织中无结晶体存在。大孔薄孔菌也生长在杨树上,但该种只形成平伏的子实体,其孔口和担孢子均比杨生薄孔菌大。西伯利亚毡被孔菌目前只发现在中国东北和俄罗斯的西伯利亚地区,其主要特征为子实体盖状、白色、肉质,单系菌丝系统,生殖菌丝具锁状联合,担孢子椭圆形至近圆形,通常生长在杨树活立木上,造成木材白色腐朽。该种与同属的松软毡被孔菌Spongipellisspumea(Sower by:Fr.)Pat.很接近,但后者的孔口为圆形且完整,其担孢子比西伯利亚毡被孔菌的大。