130 resultados para Radiation-use efficiency
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本研究通过粗枝云杉不同种群进行的温室半控制试验,采用植物生态学、生理学和生物化学的研究方法,系统地研究了粗枝云杉不同种群抗旱性的生长、形态、生理和生化机理,并结合有关研究进行综合分析,得出主要研究结论如下: 1.粗枝云杉对干旱胁迫的综合反应 粗枝云杉在干旱胁迫下的适应机制为:(1)相对生长速率及植株结构的调整:干旱胁迫下虽然植株相对生长速率显著降低,且有相对较多的生物量向根部分配,但并未发现细根/总根比增加。(2)粗枝云杉对干旱胁迫的光合作用表现为:干旱胁迫显著地降低了控制的理想条件下的气体交换,但干旱胁迫对PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)没有影响,表明干旱并未影响到光合机构。(3)干旱还影响了很多生理生化过程,包括渗透调解物质(游离脯氨酸)、膜脂过氧化产物、脱落酸(ABA)含量的增加,以及保护酶活性的升高。这些结果证明植物遭受干旱胁迫后发生了一系列的形态、生理和生化响应,这些变化能提高干旱时期植物的存活和生长能力。 2.粗枝云杉不同种群对干旱胁迫反应的种群差异 粗枝云杉三个种群-干旱种群(四川丹巴和甘肃迭部)和湿润种群(四川黑水)对干旱适应不同,这种不同应归因于它们采用的用水策略不同:在水分良好和干旱胁迫条件下,受试种群在相对生长速率和水分利用效率(WUE)方面都表现出显著的种群间差异。与湿润种群相比,干旱种群在两种水分条件下有更高的WUE。粗枝云杉不同种群的碳同位素组分(δ13C)只在干旱胁迫下有显著差异,并且这种差异在水分良好时比干旱胁迫条件下小,说明生理响应和干旱适应性之间的关系受植物内部抗旱机制和外部环境条件(如水分可利用性)或两者互作效应的影响。这些结果说明干旱种群和湿润种群所采用的用水策略不同。干旱种群有更强的抗旱能力,采用的是节水型的用水策略,而湿润种群抗旱能力较弱,采用的是耗水型的用水策略。 3. 遮荫对粗枝云杉不同种群抗旱性影响 干旱胁迫显著降低了全光条件下叶相对含水量(RWC)、相对生长速率、气体交换参数、PSII的有效量子产量(Y),提高了非光化学猝灭效率(qN)、水分利用效率、脯氨酸(PRO)积累、脱落酸(ABA)含量及保护酶活性。然而这种变化在遮荫条件下不明显。我们得出结论适度遮荫降低了干旱对植物的胁迫作用。另一方面,在干旱条件下,与湿润种群相比,干旱种群抗旱性更强,表现在干旱种群净光合速率与单位重量上叶氮含量(Nmass)降低较少。另外,干旱种群表现出更为敏感的气孔导度,更高的热耗散能力(qN)能力、用水效率、ABA积累、保护酶活性,以及更低的总用水量、相对生长速率。这一结果表明这两种群采用不同的生理策略对干旱和遮荫做出反应。许多生长和生理反应差异与这两个种群原产地气候条件相适应。 4. 外源脱落酸(ABA)喷施对粗枝云杉不同种群抗旱性影响 外源ABA喷施在干旱和水分良好条件下均不同程度地提高了根/茎比,表明根和茎对ABA敏感程度不同。实验结果还表明,外源ABA喷施对这两个种群在干旱胁迫期间影响不同。干旱胁迫期间,伴随着ABA喷施,湿润种群净光合速率(A)显著降低,而干旱种群净光合速率变化不明显。另一方面,外源ABA喷施显著提高了干旱条件下干旱种群的单位叶面积重(LMA)、根/茎比、细根/总根(Ft)比、水分利用效率(WUE)、ABA含量, 以及保护酶活性。然而,外源ABA喷施对湿润种群的上述测定指标没有显著影响。这一结果表明干旱种群对外源ABA喷施更为敏感, 反应在更大的气孔导度降低,更高的生物量可塑性,及更高的水分利用效率、ABA含量和保护酶活性。综上所述,我们得出结论,粗枝云杉对外源ABA敏感性因种群的不同而不同。该研究结果可为两个明显不同种群在适应分化方面提供强有力的证据。 Arid or semi-arid land covers more than half of China's land territory. In arid systems, severe shortages of soil water often coincide with periods of high temperatures and high solar radiation, producing multiple stresses on plant performance. Protection from high radiation loads in shaded microenvironments during drought may compensate for a loss of productivity due to reduced irradiance when water is available. Additionally, ABA, a well-known stress-inducible plant hormone, has long been studied as a potential mediator for induction of drought tolerance in plants. Picea asperata Mast., which is one of the most important tree species used for the production of pulp wood and timber, is a prime reforestation species in western China. In this experiment, different population of P. asperata were used as experiment material to study the adaptability to drought stress and population differences in adaptabiliy, and the effects of shade and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application on the drought tolerance. Our results cold provide a strong theoretical evidence and scientific direction for the afforestation, and rehabilitation of ecosystem in the arid and semi-arid area, and provide a strong evidence for adaptive differentiation of different populations, and so may be used as criteria for species selection and tree improvement. The results are as follows: 1. A large set of parallel response to drought stress Drought stress caused pronounced inhibition of the growth and increased relatively dry matter allocation into the root; drought stress also caused pronounced inhibition of photosynthesis, while drought showed no effects on the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) in dark-adapted leaves, indicating that drought had no effects on the primary photochemistry of PSII. However, in light-adapted leaves, drought reduced the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Y) and increased the non-photochemical quenching (qN). Drought also affected many physiological and biochemical processes, including increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities, malondialdehyde and ABA content. These results demonstrate that there are a large set of parallel changes in the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses when plants are exposed to drought stress; these changes may enhance the capability of plants to survive and grow during drought periods. 2. Difference in adaptation to drought stress between contrasting populations of Picea asperata There were significant population differences in growth, dry matter allocation and water use efficiency. Compared with the wet climate population (Heishui), the dry climate population (Dan ba and Jiebu) showed higher LMA, fine root/total root ratio and water use efficiency under drought-stressed treatments. The results suggested that there were different water-use strategies between the dry population and the wet population. The dry climate population with higher drought tolerance may employ a conservative water-use strategy, whereas the wet climate population with lower drought tolerance may employ a prodigal water-use strategy. These variations in drought responses may be used as criteria for species selection and tree improvement. 3. The effects of shade on the drought tolerance For both populations tested, drought resulted in lower needle relative water content (RWC), relative growth rate (RGR), gas exchange parameters and effective PSII quantum yield (Y), and higher non-photochemical quenching (qN), water use efficiency (WUE), proline (PRO) and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and electrolyte leakage in sun plants, whereas these changes were not significant in shade plants. Our study results implied that shade, applied together with drought, ameliorated the detrimental effects of drought. On the other hand, compared with the wet climate population, the dry climate population was more tolerant to drought in the sun treatment, as indicated by less decreases in A and mass-based leaf nitrogen content (Nmass), more responsive stomata, greater capacity for non-radiative dissipation of excitation energy as heat (analysed by qN), and higher WUE,higher level of antioxidant enzyme activities,higher ABA accumulation as well as lower MDA content and electrolyte leakage. Many of the differences in growth and physiological responses reported here are consistent with the climatic differences between the locations of the populations of P. asperata. 4. The effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) application on the drought tolerance For both populations tested, exogenous ABA application increased root/shoot ratio (Rs) under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions, indicating that there was differential sensitivity to ABA in the roots and shoots. However, it appeared that ABA application affected the two P. asperata populations very differently during drought. CO2 assimilation rate (A) was significantly decreased in the wet climate population, but only to a minor extent in the dry climate population following ABA application during soil drying. On the other hand, ABA application significantly decreased stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and significantly increased leaf mass per area (LMA), Rs, fine root/total root ratio (Ft), water use efficiency (WUE), ABA contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities under drought condition in the dry climate population, whereas ABA application did not significantly affect these parameters in the wet population plants. The results clearly demonstrated that the dry climate population was more responsive to ABA application than the wet climate population, as indicated by the strong stomata closure and by greater plasticity of LMA and biomass allocation, as well as by higher WUE, ABA content and anti-oxidative capacity to defense against oxidative stress, possibly predominantly by APX. We concluded that sensitivity to exogenous ABA application is population dependent in P. asperata. Our results provide strong evidence for adaptive differentiation between populations of P. asperata.
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植物生长和生产力受到自然界各种形式的生物和非生物胁迫因子的影响。这些胁迫包括低温、高温、盐碱、干旱、洪水、重金属、虫害、病害和紫外线辐射等等。而人类活动大大加剧了这些胁迫所带来的影响。由于人类污染而导致臭氧层衰减以及由此产生的地球表面紫外辐射增强已经成为全球气候变化的一个主要方面。UV-B胁迫,甚至当前的辐射水平,所带来的影响已经引起科学工作者的广泛关注。 为了生存和繁殖,植物不得不面临环境中各种潜在胁迫所带来的负面影响。然而,植物生活型的不可移动性决定了其逃避胁迫的局限性。因此,绝大多数植物都是通过对胁迫作出反应,通过修复或者更新组织来降低伤害。而植物应对环境变化的能力则是由其生长模式的种属特异性和本身的遗传组成所决定。在自然界,植物常常同时面临多种胁迫,这些胁迫所引发的植物反应可能具有叠加、协同或者拮抗作用。沙棘是一种具刺、具有固氮功能的多年生雌雄异株灌木,广泛分布于亚欧大陆的温带地区和亚洲亚热带的高海拔地区。在中国,沙棘常常被用作植被恢复中的先锋树种而大量栽培。本文采用沙棘作为模式植物,试图探索木本植物对低温,UV-B辐射增强以及其与干旱的复合胁迫的响应以及沙棘对这些胁迫响应是否具有种群差异性。 对来自南北两个种群的沙棘进行短日照和低温处理,检测了其在抗寒锻炼和抗寒性发育过程中存在的性别差异。结果表明,短日照和低温都分别能够诱导抗寒锻炼的发生,而两者同时存在对所有实验植株抗寒性的大小具有叠加效应。然而,短日照和低温所诱导的抗寒性在两个种群中都具有性别差异性,雄性植株比雌雄植株对短日照和低温更为敏感。同时,南北种群间也存在差异性,北方种群的植物比南方种群的植物对短日照和低温敏感,从而在短日照下抗寒锻炼的发生时间更早,低温诱导的抗寒性更大。短日照和低温诱导植物增加抗寒性的同时伴随着脱落酸的变化。脱落酸的变化因处理,种群和性别的不同而不同。这些生理反应表明不同的沙棘种群,不同的植株性别对同一环境胁迫可能存在不同的生存策略。 比较了来自高低两个海拔的沙棘种群对于干旱和UV-B辐射增强以及两者复合胁迫条件下的生理生态反应。干旱使两个种群中植株总的生物量,总叶面积,比叶面积,叶片含碳量,含磷量,木质素含量和碳氮比显著降低,使根冠比,粗根细根比和叶片脱落酸含量显著增加。干旱而非UV-B使得δ13C 值显著增加。但是,比较而言,来自高海拔的种群对干旱反应更为强烈,而来自低海拔的种群对UV-B更敏感。在UV-B辐射增强的处理下,干旱所诱导的脱落酸的积累被显著抑制。而且我们检测到在一些指标上存在显著的干旱×UV-B交互作用,如两个种群中在总生物量上,低海拔种群中在总叶面积,粗根细根比上,高海拔种群中在比叶面积,δ13C值,木质素含量上都存在明显的交互作用。这些结果表明这两个种群对胁迫具有不同的适应性反应,来自高海拔的种群比来自低海拔的种群更能够抵御干旱和UV-B胁迫。 室外实验表明,UV-B 去除/增补对沙棘高低两个海拔种群的影响都不大。对生物量的积累,植株高度以及一些常见的胁迫反应生理指标比如丙二醛、ABA 和游离脯氨酸都没有显著影响。UV-B 的效应比UV-A 大,植物反应在无UV 和仅有UV-A 的处理间没有什么区别。然而,UV-B 去除的两个处理和UV-B 存在的两个处理间存在显著区别。UV-B 使得两个种群都显著降低了比叶面积(SLA),但却使长期用水效率增加。但UV-B对光合色素和光合系统II 的影响不大。总体看来,来自低海拔的种群对UV-B 更为敏感。 Plant is adversely affected by various abiotic and biotic stress factors. These stressors includelow temperature, heat, salt, drought, flooding, heavy metal toxicity, wounding by herbivores,infecting by pathogenic microorganisms, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and so on. Variousanthropogenic activities have accentuated the existing stress factors. One of the mostimportant aspects of global change is that of stratospheric ozone depletion caused by seriousanthropogenic pollution and the resulting increase in UV radiation reaching the surface of theEarth. Scientists have become concerned about the effects that considerable UV-B stress, evenat current levels. In order to survive and reproduce, plants have to be able to cope with lots of potentiallyharmful stress factors that are almost constantly present in their environment. Most plants’responses under stress are to neutralize the stress, repairing the damage or regrowing newtissue rather than to avoid it due to their sessile life style. The plant defense capacity dependson plant-specific modular growth patterns and genetic make-up that allows for flexibleresponses to changing environments. Plants usually encounter several stresses simultaneouslyunder field conditions, and the stresses may cause a variety of plant responses, which can beadditive, synergistic or antagonistic. Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.), a thorny nitrogen fixing deciduously perennialshrub, which is widely distributed throughout the temperate zones of Asia and Europe and thesubtropical zones of Asia at high altitudes. It has been widely used in forest restoration as thepioneer species in China. In this paper, we used sea buckthorn as a model, tried to get some understand of how plants fight low temperature, enhanced UV-B radiation level and thatcombination of drought. And also, want to know whether does there exist some populationspecific responses to such stressors. Sexual differences in cold acclimation and freezing tolerance development of two contrastingsea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) ecotypes from northern and southern regions inChina were recorded after exposure to short day photoperiod (SD) and low temperature (LT).The results demonstrated that cold acclimation could be triggered by exposing the plants toSD or LT alone, and that a combination of both treatments had an additive effect on freezingtolerance in all plants tested. However, development of freezing tolerance was dependent onthe sex of plants under SD and LT, the males were clearly more responsive to SD and LT thanthe females in both ecotypes studied. On the other hand, development of freezing tolerancewas also ecotype-dependent, the northern ecotype was more responsive to SD and LT than thesouthern ecotype, resulting in earlier cold acclimation under SD and higher freezing toleranceunder LT. Moreover, development of freezing tolerance induced by SD and LT wasaccompanied by changes in ABA levels. These alterations in ABA levels were different indifferent treatments, ecotypes and sexes. Therefore, the differences in SD and LT-inducedphysiological responses showed that the different ecotypes and the different sexes mightemploy different survival strategies under environmental stress. Two contrasting populations from the low and high altitudinal regions were employed toinvestigate the effects of drought, UV-B and their combination on sea buckthorn. Droughtsignificantly decreased total biomass, total leaf area, specific leaf area,leaf carbon (C),phophous (P), lignin content and the ratio of C: N in both populations, and increasedroot/shoot ratio, fine root/coarse root ratio and abscisic acid content (ABA), in bothpopulations. Drought but not UV-B resulted in significantly greater carbon isotopecomposition (δ13C) values in both populations. However, the high altitudinal population wasmore responsive to drought than the low altitudinal population. The drought-inducedenhancement of ABA in the high altitudinal population was significantly suppressed in thecombination of drought and elevated UV-B. Moreover, significant drought × UV-B interactionwas detected on total biomass in both populations, total leaf area and fine root/coarse root inthe low altitudinal population, specific leaf area, δ13C value and leaf lignin content in the high altitudinal population. These results demonstrated that there were different adaptive responsesbetween two contrasting populations, the high altitudinal population exhibited highertolerance to drought and UV-B than the low altitudinal population. A field experiment was conducted to investigate effects of UV-B exclusion/supplementationon two altitudinal populations of sea buckthorn. UV-B exclusion or supplementation had littleeffects on both populations investigated. For instance, the total biomass, plant height andsome physiological index such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), ABA and free proline were notchanged significantly. The UV-B effects are more significant than that of UV-A, nodifferences were found between treatments of excluded UV and excluded UV-B. However,compared with treatments of UV-B exclusion (including absent of UV-B and all UV band),the present of UV-B (including near ambient environment and enhanced UV-B) significantdecreased specific leaf area, and increased long time water use efficiency as evaluated by δ13Cvalue. UV-B had little effects on photosynthetic pigments and Photosystem II (PSII). The lowaltitude population is more sensitive to UV-B than that of the high altitude population.
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杨树具有分布广、适应性强的特征,在生态环境治理和解决木材短缺方面均占有重要位置。青杨(Populus cathayana Rehd.)是青杨派树种的重要成员之一,也是生长较迅速、易繁殖的重要杨树资源。本研究选取了来自不同气候地区的青杨两种群为材料,采用植物生态学、生理学和生物化学的研究方法,系统地研究了青杨对干旱与遮荫、干旱与外源脱落酸(ABA)喷施的生长、形态、生理和生化响应及种群间差异,研究成果可为我国干旱半干旱地区的造林以及生态恢复提供理论依据和科学指导。主要研究结论如下:1.青杨在干旱胁迫下的适应机制为:生长性状及生物量的分配变化:干旱胁迫下虽然植株生长受抑,株高、基茎及各部分生物量都显著减小,但有相对较多的生物量向根部分配,根/冠比以及细/粗根比增加。青杨对干旱胁迫的光合作用表现为:干旱胁迫降低了青杨的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度以及光合氮利用效率,提高了瞬时用水效率。干旱还引起了活性氧的产生,使得膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)增加,同时也增强了植物抗氧化酶系统(如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的增加)及非酶系统的能力(如抗坏血酸(AsA)含量的增加)。干旱降低了植物叶片的相对含水量,而促进了渗透调节物质(游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖)的积累,增加了植物的渗调能力。干旱下青杨两种群的内源ABA含量显著增加,碳同位素组分(δ13C)也显著提高。这些结果证明植物遭受干旱胁迫后发生一系列的形态、生理和生化响应,这些变化能提高植物在干旱下的存活和生长能力。2.青杨两种群对干旱胁迫反应的种群差异:与来自湿润地区的汉源种群相比,来自干旱地区的乐都种群在干旱条件下生物量向根系分配的可塑性更强,同时具有更强的抗氧化系统能力,所受到活性氧的伤害也更少,并且累积更多的脯胺酸和ABA,具有更高的δ13C。这些都说明了乐都种群对干旱的适应性比汉源种群更强。两种群对干旱的响应差异应归于它们的用水策略的不同:汉源种群来自湿润地区,采用了耗水型的用水策略,抗旱能力较弱;而乐都种群,来自干旱地区,通常采用节水型的用水策略,有更强的抗旱能力。3.遮荫对青杨两种群抗旱性的影响:遮荫对青杨抗旱性的影响决定于遮荫程度的不同,我们的结果表明中度的遮荫可以有效的提高干旱下植物的生长,对干旱胁迫有明显的缓解作用,具体体现在中度遮荫下受旱植物的叶片相对含水量得到提高,使得植物体内水分状况得到了改善;光合速率并未降低,植物光合氮利用效率增加,说明中度的遮荫并未明显限制植物的碳获得;抗氧化酶活性与膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量的同时降低,说明中度遮荫下所受到的活性氧伤害减少;中度遮荫下的ABA及δ13C的变化也不如在全光下变化明显,这也说明中度遮荫缓解了干旱胁迫。但是重度的遮荫却对干旱胁迫有明显的加剧作用,主要表现在重度遮荫降低了植物的光合速率,严重抑制了植物的生长;同时重度遮荫下脯胺酸含量和抗氧化酶活性的急剧下降,导致了植物渗调能力的下降及膜脂过氧化产物MDA的显著升高;重度遮荫还显著降低了内源ABA的累积和δ13C,降低了植物的抗旱能力。此外,青杨两种群在对干旱和遮荫的响应中,也表现出种群差异。汉源种群,来自湿润且年日照辐射较少的地区,表现出相对更强的耐荫性和需水性。而乐都种群,来自干旱且年日照辐射丰富的地区,表现出相对更强的耐旱性和需光性。这说明了植物对环境胁迫的耐受性是其长期适应原生境的结果,并且来自不同气候地区的两种群在面临环境胁迫时会采取不同的生存策略。4. 外源ABA喷施对青杨两种群抗旱性的影响:外源ABA的喷施可以提高两种群的抗旱性,具体表现为外源ABA喷施促进了青杨根系的生长,显著提高了干旱下植物的根/冠比和细/粗根比,减少了比叶面积;在生理生化方面,外源ABA降低了干旱下植物叶片的气孔导度,降低了蒸腾速率和净光合速率,但提高了瞬时用水效率,提高了叶片的相对含水量,增加了干旱下植物的保水能力。外源ABA进一步增加了干旱下植物内源ABA的积累,促进了植物渗调物质如脯胺酸和可溶性糖的积累,增加了抗氧化酶系统(如SOD、APX、CAT)的活性和非酶系统AsA的含量,降低了活性氧(如超氧阴离子(O2和过氧化氢(H2O2))对植株的伤害。此外,外源ABA还进一步提高了干旱下植物的δ13C,提高了植物的长期用水效率,由此提高了植物的抗旱能力。另一方面,两种群对外源ABA和干旱的响应也有所差别。来自湿润地区的汉源种群,对干旱较为敏感,所受干旱的影响也较大,而外源ABA的喷施对汉源种群抗旱性的提高作用也更为突出。乐都种群,由于其长期适应干旱地区的生长,本身已具有较强的抗旱能力,因此外源ABA喷施对其抗旱性的提高不如对汉源种群的效果明显。由此我们可以得出对于一些抗性弱或干旱敏感的物种或者种群,可以采用外施ABA的方法来提高其抗性。Poplars play an important role in lumber supply, and are important component ofecosystems due to their wide distribution and well adaptation. Populus cathayana Rehd.,which belongs to Populus Sect. Tacamahaca Spach, is one of the most important resources ofpoplars for its fast growth and reproductive. In this study, different populations of P.cathayana were used as experiment material to investigate the adaptability to drought stressand population differences in adaptability, and the effects of shade and exogenous abscisicacid (ABA) application on the drought tolerance. Our results could provide a strongtheoretical evidence and scientific direction for the afforestation, and rehabilitation ofecosystem in the arid and semi-arid area, and provide a strong evidence for adaptivedifferentiation of different populations, and so may be used as criteria for species selectionand tree improvement. The results are as follows:1. A large set of parallel response to drought stress: Drought stress caused pronouncedinhibition of the growth and increased relatively dry matter allocation into the root. For thetwo populations, the shoot height, basal diameter and total biomass were decreased but theroot/shoot ratio and fine root/coarse root ratio were increased under drought conditions;Drought stress caused pronounced inhibition of photosynthesis, decreased the stomatalconductance, transpiration rate, and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE) butincreased the instantaneous water use efficiency. Drought significantly improved the levels ofreactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) and to induce the entire set ofantioxidative systems including the increase of activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD),ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate (AsA) content. Drought decreased the leaf relative water content (RWC) but improved the capability of osmotic adjustmentindicated by the higher proline accumulation. Drought also increased the ABA content andcarbon isotope composition (δ13C), which indicating the long period water use efficiency wasimproved under drought. These results demonstrate that there are a large set of parallelchanges in the morphological, physiological and biochemical responses when plants areexposed to drought stress; these changes may enhance the capability of plants to survive andgrow during drought periods.2. Difference in adaptation to drought stress between contrasting populations of P.cathayana: Compared with the Hanyuan population (wet climate), the Ledu population (dryclimate) showed higher root/shoot ratio and water use efficiency, exhibited higherantioxidative systems capability thus resulting in less oxidative damage, accumulated moreABA and free proline content under drought conditions. The results suggested that there weredifferent water-use strategies between the two populations. The Ledu population, whichcomes from dry climate region, with higher drought tolerance, may employ a conservativewater-use strategy, whereas the Hanyuan population, which comes from wet climate, withlower drought tolerance, may employ a prodigal water-use strategy. These variations indrought responses may be used as criteria for species selection and tree improvement.3. The effects of shade on the drought tolerance: The reduction in the availability of lightand water affected the morphological and physiological responses of the two P. cathayanapopulations. In addition, the light environment modified the growth responses of P.cathayana seedlings to varying water environments in different ways depending upon theintensity of the light levels considered. There is an apparent alleviation to drought effects bymoderate shade in P. cathayana seedlings, as indicated by the higher leaf RWC, and unchanged net photosynthesis and PNUE, as well as by the lower antioxditative enzymeactivity, MDA, ABA and δ13C levels, which implied moderate shade did not significantlylimited the carbon acquisition or inhibited the plant growth, but ameliorated the detrimentaleffects of drought. On the other hand, an apparent aggravation to drought effects by severeshade was also observed, as indicated by the pronounced decrease of plant growth and net photosynthesis, the lower total biomass, ABA level, δ13C, free proline content andantioxditative enzyme activity and higher MDA accumulation. By contrast, the twopopulations showed different responses to shade and drought. The Hanyuan population,which comes from a riparian basin having a relatively wet climate and less annual solarradiation, is more sensitive to drought but more tolerant to shade. The Ledu population, whichcomes from a mountainous plateau with less rainfall and with more annual solar radiation, ismore tolerant to drought but more sensitive to shade. The results demonstrated that theendurance of plants to stress is a result of long-term evolution and adaptation to theenvironment, as suggested by the different strategies employed by the P. cathayanapopulations originating from contrasting habitats when they were exposed to drought andshade.4. The effects of exogenous ABA application on the drought tolerance: For bothpopulations under drought conditions tested, exogenous ABA application significantlyimproved the root/shoot ratio, fine root/coarse root ratio, and decreased the specifical leaf area.On the physiological and biochemical traits, exogenous ABA application significantlydecreased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and net photosythesis but increased theinstance water use efficiency and leaf RWC. On the other hand, exogenous ABA applicationsignificantly increased endogenous ABA, proline, solube sugar and AsA content, as well asSOD, APX and CAT activities, thus reduced the damage of reactive oxygen species. Moreover,the long period water use efficiency as indicated by δ13C was also improved by exogenousABA application. In additionally, there was different responsive between the two populationsto drought and exogenous ABA application. The Hanyuan population, which comes from wetclimate region, is more sensitive to drought, and the effect of exogenous ABA is moreobviously than that in the Ledu population, which comes from dry climate region and is moredrought-responsive. Therefore, we can use exogenous ABA application to improve theresistance of plants, especially for the drought- sensitive species or populations.
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光是植物赖以生存的重要环境因子,但是植物在获得光的同时不可避免的会受到紫外辐射的伤害。尤其是近年来,人类向大气中排放的大量氮氧化合物和氟氯烃类化合物(CFC’s)引起臭氧分子的分解,导致到达地球表面的紫外辐射增加,特别是UV-B辐射增强。而另一方面,植物对UV-B辐射反应的敏感性在种间和品种间存在差异,主要受植物基因型,生态型和生活型的控制。本项目分别以粗枝云杉和青杨组杨树为模式植物,从形态和生理生化方面分别研究了来自不同水分背景下的粗枝云杉种群和来自不同UV-B背景下的青杨种群在增强UV-B下的反应及其反应差异,并探讨了干旱、喷施外源脱落酸(ABA)对它们抗UV-B能力的影响。研究成果可为生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据和科学指导。主要研究结果如下: 1. 粗枝云杉的两个种群,湿润种群(来自四川黑水)和干旱种群(来自甘肃迭部)在水分良好和干旱状况下表现出对增强UV-B的不同响应。同时,干旱对粗枝云杉抗UV-B能力的影响也得到研究:两种胁迫共同作用时,干旱表现出在一定程度上减弱了增强UV-B对粗枝云杉的生理特性的影响。 干旱胁迫显著降低了两个粗枝云杉种群的光合同化速率(A), 气孔导度(gs)和PSII的有效光量子产量(Y), 同时,提高了非光化学猝灭效率(qN)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。与湿润种群相比,干旱种群抗旱性更强,表现为干旱种群拥有更高的SOD和干旱进一步加剧了UV-B的胁迫效应。 本研究中,干旱胁迫单独作用时,显著降低了青杨两个种群的生物量积累和气体交换,具体包括A、gs、蒸腾速率(E)和光合氮利用效率(PNUE),提高了两个种群的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)、长期水分利用效率(WUET)、碳同位素组分(δ13C)和氮含量(N)。同时,UV吸收物质和ABA含量也得到积累。另一方面,增强UV-B对青杨两个种群各个指标的影响,同干旱所引起的效应有着相似的趋势。同低海拔种群相比,高海拔种群有着更强的抗旱和抗UV-B能力,具体表现在高海拔种群有着更多的生物量积累,更强的气体交换和水分利用效率及更高水平的ABA和UV吸收物质含量。相比干旱诱导的生物量积累和气体交换的降低,在干旱和增强UV-B两个胁迫同时作用于青杨时,这种降低表现的更为明显。显著的干旱和UV-B的交互作用还表现在WUEi, WUET, δ13C, 可溶性蛋白含量, UV吸收物质含量, ABA, 叶片和茎中的N含量以及C/N比中。 3. 经过一个生长季的试验观察,增强UV-B、外源ABA及两因子共同作用对青杨的生物量积累、气体交换、内源ABA和UV吸收物质含量、抗氧化系统以及碳、氮含量和碳/氮比均产生显著影响。本试验中,青杨的两个种群分别来自中国西南部的不同海拔地区,高海拔种群来自青海大通而低海拔种群来自四川九寨。外源ABA的胁迫为直接喷施ABA到青杨叶片,而增强UV-B胁迫是利用平方波系统分别保证青杨苗暴露于外界UV-B强度和两倍于外界UV-B强度下。 研究结果显示,增强UV-B显著的降低了两个青杨种群的株高、基茎、总叶面积和总生物量等生长指标,同时也导致其A、gs、E和叶片中碳含量的减少。而显著增加了SOD和过氧化物酶(GPx)活性水平,诱导了过氧化氢(H2O2)和MDA的显著增加,促进了UV吸收物质和不同器官中内源ABA含量的显著积累。另一方面,外源ABA引起了青杨光合同化速率的下降,SOD和GPx酶活性的增强,H2O2 和 MDA含量也表现出显著增加,同时,内源ABA含量得到显著累积。同低海拔种群相比,高海拔种群具有更加抗UV-B和外源ABA的特性。显著的UV-B和ABA的交互作用表现在A, E, SOD和GPx活性,以及叶片和根部的内源ABA等一系列指标中。在所有胁迫下,叶片中的碳和氮含量同其在茎和根中的含量显著相关,另外,叶片和茎中的氮含量同茎中的碳含量显著相关。 Sunlight is an indispensable environment factor for plants survival and development. Meanwhile, photosynthetic organisms need sunlight and are thus, inevitably, exposed to UV radiation. Especially for recent years, ultraviolet radiation, especially UV-B reaching the Earth’s surface increased because of depletion of ozone layer resulted from emission of NxO and CFC’s from human activities. On the other hand, the sensitivity of plants to UV-B radiation depends on the species, developmental stage and experimental conditions. In this experiment, two populations of Picea asperata Mast from different water background and two populations of Populus cathayana Rehder from different altitude background were selected as model plants to assess the effects of enhanced UV-B radiation. Morphological and physiological traits induced by enhanced UV-B in each plant species were observed and the different responses were discussed, furthermore the influences of drought and exogenous ABA on responses induced by enhanced UV-B were studied. The study could provide a strong theoretical evidence and scientific direction for the afforestation and rehabilitation of ecosystem. The results are as follows: 1. Different responses of two contrasting Picea asperata Mast. populations to enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation under well-watered and drought conditions were investigated. And the effects of enhanced UV-B on tolerance of drought were also observed in our study that the UV-B exposure may have alleviated some of the damage induced by drought. Two contrasting populations, originating from a wet and dry climate region in China, respectively, were employed in our study. Drought significantly decreased CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and effective PSII quantum yield (Y), while it significantly increased non-photochemical quenching (qN) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in both populations. Compared with the wet climate population, the dry climate population was more acclimated to drought stress and showed much higher activities of SOD and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and much lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and electrolyte leakage. On the other hand, enhanced UV-B radiation also induced a significant decrease in the chlorophyll (Chl) content in both populations under well-watered conditions, and a significant increase in UV-absorbing compounds in the wet climate population. After one growing season of exposure to different UV-B levels and watering regimes, the increases in MDA and electrolyte leakage, as induced by drought, were less pronounced under the combination of UV-B and drought. In addition, an additive effect of drought and UV-B on A and gs was observed in the wet climate population, and on the activity of APX and qN in the dry climate population. 2. The significant effects of drought, enhanced UV-B radiation and their combination on Populus cathayana Rehd. growth and physiological traits were investigated in two populations, originating from high and low altitudes in south-west China. Our results showed that UV-B acts as an important signal allowing P. cathayana seedlings to respond to drought and that the combination of drought and UV-B may cause synergistically detrimental effects on plant growth in both populations. In both populations, drought significantly decreased biomass accumulation and gas exchange parameters, including A, gs, E and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE). However, instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi), transpiration efficiency (WUET), carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and nitrogen (N) content, as well as the accumulation of soluble protein, UV-absorbing compounds and abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly increased by drought. On the other hand, cuttings from both populations, when kept under enhanced UV-B radiation conditions, showed very similar changes in all above-mentioned parameters, as induced by drought. Compared with the low altitude population, the high altitude population was more tolerant to drought and enhanced UV-B, as indicated by the higher level of biomass accumulation, gas exchange, water-use efficiency, ABA concentration and UV-absorbing compounds. After one growing season of exposure to different UV-B levels and watering regimes, the decrease in biomass accumulation and gas exchange, induced by drought, was more pronounced under the combination of UV-B and drought. Significant interactions between drought and UV-B were observed in WUEi, WUET, δ13C, soluble protein, UV-absorbing compounds, ABA and in the leaf and stem N, as well as in the leaf and stem C/N ratio. 3. During one growing season, significant effects induced by enhanced UV-B radiation, exogenous ABA and their combination on biomass accumulation, gas exchange, endogenous ABA and UV-absorbing compounds concentrations, antioxidant system as well as carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N) content and C/N ratio were investigated in two contrasting Populus cathayana populations, originating from high and low altitudes in south-west China. Exogenous ABA was sprayed to the leaves and enhanced UV-B treatment was using a square-wave system to make the seedlings under ambient (1×) or twice ambient (2×) doses of biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-BBE). Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly decreased height, basal diameter, total leaf area, total biomass, A, gs, E and carbon (C) content in leaves, and significantly increased activities of SOD and guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content as well as the accumulation of UV-absorbing compounds and endogenous ABA concentrations among different organs in both populations. In contrast, exogenous ABA showed significant decrease in A and significant increases in activities of SOD and GPx, H2O2, MDA content and the endogenous ABA concentrations. Compared with the low altitude population, the high altitude population was more tolerant to enhanced UV-B and exogenous ABA. Significant interactions between UV-B and ABA were observed in A, E, activities of SOD and GPx, as well as in endogenous ABA in leaves and roots of both populations. Across all treatments, C and N content in leaves was strongly correlated with those were in stems and roots, respectively. Additionally, leaf and stem N content were significant correlated with stem C content.
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The eddy covariance technique provides measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) Of CO2 between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, which is widely used to estimate ecosystem respiration and gross primary production (GPP) at a number Of CO2 eddy flux tower sites. In this paper, canopy-level maximum light use efficiency, a key parameter in the satellite-based Vegetation Photosynthesis Model (VPM), was estimated by using the observed CO2 flux data and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) data from eddy flux tower sites in an alpine swamp ecosystem, an alpine shrub ecosystem and an alpine meadow ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China. The VPM model uses two improved vegetation indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Land Surface Water Index (LSWI)) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectral radiometer (MODIS) data and climate data at the flux tower sites, and estimated the seasonal dynamics of GPP of the three alpine grassland ecosystems in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seasonal dynamics of GPP predicted by the VPM model agreed well with estimated GPP from eddy flux towers. These results demonstrated the potential of the satellite-driven VPM model for scaling-up GPP of alpine grassland ecosystems, a key component for the study of the carbon cycle at regional and global scales. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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本论文是国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应模式研究”下子项目“对全球变化反应植物生态生理学的基础模型研究”中的重要部分。 本文研究了紫花苜蓿(Medicago Sativa L.)在C02倍增下光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度、叶面积、物候进程、高度、以及生物量的生态生理变化,并在此基础上对苜蓿进行了生态生理模型化的研究。 在倍增(694ppm)和对照(375ppm) C02浓度下,对紫花苜蓿的生态生理学的研究表明,以整个生育期计,倍增组的表观光合作用比对照组可提高18.7%:气孔导度略有下降(2%);蒸腾作用减少了2.7%;水分利用效率提高了30.1%;叶面积增加了48.9%;每株植物白天的净光合总量可提高76.7%,另外,植株高度和整株生物量的测定也显示了C02增加对苜蓿的正效应。 本文还对生理指标的实测数据进行了模型化的研究。对光合作用模型和气孔导度模型中参数的拟合结果表明,C02倍增下,苜蓿的光能转化效率(α),电子传递速率(Jmax)比对照组都有明显的提高,最大气孔开度(Gsmax)略有下降.
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本文研究了北京山区落叶阀叶林优势种一辽东栎、大叶白蜡、北京丁香、核桃楸、山杏和荆条等乔灌木的稳定碳同位素比率,长期水分利用效率、植物蒸腾特性和土壤植物体的水分运动特点,并从植物解剖学的角度研究了这些植物叶片特点和其水分生理生态特性的关系。 对北京山区落叶阔叶林生态系统这几种乔、灌木植物叶片中的碳稳定性同位素比率(δ¹³C值)测定结果显示,这些植物叶片的δ¹³C值受多种因子的影响,具有较大的种间差异及时空异质性。主要表现在不同植物种叶片δ¹³C值不同,其排列顺序为山杏(- 24.75±0.85%。>大叶白蜡(- 25,94±1.52%。)=荆条(- 26.01±1.63%。)=辽东栎(一26.07±1.17%。)=北京丁香(-26.46±0.80c70。)>核桃楸(-28.11±1.52%。);生长初期叶片δ¹³C值较生长末期高,尤以核桃楸和辽东栎表现明显其生长初期和末期的叶片δ¹³C值皆相差达3‰;生境条件,特别是土壤水分含量和土层厚度,对植物叶片的813C值的高低有较大的影响,生长在于旱生境中的植物具有较高的δ¹³C值。另外,即使是同一株植物,叶片δ¹³C值也因其在冠层中所处的位置不同而异,冠层项部叶片的δ¹³C值高于林冠内部的叶片。北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的长期水分利用效率与种的特点有关,山杏最高(4.950±0.l71mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O),核桃楸最低(3.760±0.203mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O),大叶白蜡、荆条、辽东栎和北京丁香居中(4.346- 4.530 mmolCO_2•mol-1H_2O),大部分植物长期水分利用效率在春季(5月)较高,秋季较低,荆条由于物候期的特殊性在其生长季初期较低,而后逐渐增高。核桃楸在不存在水分亏缺情况下,树干液流速率受微气候因子的影响,液流速率的最大值达1600g•hour 左右。树干液流速率的日进程和大气相对湿度、温度的日进程具有相当好的生态学同步性。通过对核桃楸夜晚树干液流的分析可以得出其有根压存在的结论。 植物叶片和枝条中自由水和束缚水含量主要决定于植物种的特性,枝条的年龄、生境特点,特别是土壤水分特点。在落叶阔叶林I(样地2)中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是:北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡>辽东栎;而杂灌丛(样地1)中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是:核桃楸>大叶白蜡>山杏>荆条>北京丁香>辽东栎,可见群落类型对植物自由水含量影响是很大的,植物束缚水含量与其自由水含量的格局完全相反,荆条、山杏等植物含量高,核桃揪含量低。枝条水分含量有与叶片水分含量相类似的特点。 北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的水分生理生态学特性和其叶片的特点有很大的关系,首先是植物叶片的特点总是和其种的特性相联系,主要表现在叶的类型、叶片上毛、气孔密度、着生方式等,如荆条叶片上下表面都密被披针形毛,气孔小,核桃楸气孔较大且凸出,大叶白蜡叶片上的气孔凹陷,辽东栎的气孔呈椭圆状,保卫细胞上有许多白色蜡质结晶。有一些种有环状的气孔外缘。生境的变化对叶片的形态特征有影响,在全光照条件下叶片小而犀,而在庇荫条件下叶片大而薄,在扫描电镜下可见全光照条件下北京丁香叶片基本无毛,庇荫条件下则有短微毛,全光条件下荆条叶片上毛有小乳头状凸起,庇荫条件下没有。本文所研究的植物种气孔都着生在叶片的下表面,气孔密度的大小排列顺序是:辽东栎>山杏>北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡。经方差分析显示种闷气孔密度存在极显著性差异。对所研究植物的气孔导度和环境因子、叶片解剖特点进行线性回归分析,得到了总体的和各个种的回归模型,结果表明光照强度、气孔密度等对气孔导度影响显著,但因种的不同相互之间存在差别。 植物的蒸腾速率受多因子的影响,主要有种的特点、微气候因子(光照强度、大气相对湿度、叶面温度、叶室温度等)和土壤水分特点。植物的蒸腾速率日进程和微气候因子日进程有相当好的生态学同步性。对辽东栎的蒸腾速率和光照强度的研究发现二者有很好的线性关系。这些植物蒸腾速率都表现出一定规律的日进程和季节进程,大多数植物蒸腾速率在一天中有数次波动,最高峰一般出现在中午12时之前;在整个生长季中,6月底至8月初的蒸腾速率高于其他月份。
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本研究利用稳定性碳同位素法,测定了西双版纳城子片断化季雨林和补蚌沟谷雨林7条样线上70个科226种林下植物叶片δ13C值,并以此为表征研究了片断化雨林植物WUE边缘效应,结果表明: 西双版纳热带雨林林下植物叶片δ13C值与世界范围内其他热带雨林的研究结果相近。补蚌样地的植物叶片δ13C值显著低于城子样地植物叶片δ13C值,说明水分条件是植物水分利用效率的主要决定因素。 常绿植物的δ13C值显著低于落叶植物,由此可推知常绿植物的WUE显著低于落叶植物;乔灌草和藤本植物叶片δ13C值也存在显著差异,表现为:藤本>灌木,乔木>草本。 方位对边缘效应的影响不容视。东、西、南、北四个方位相比,边缘的产生对四面影响最大,北面最小。森林边缘对植物WUE的影响深度至少进入林内30m。 侵入物种所占比例在林缘较大,而进入林内锐减。有些植物δ13C值与距离显著负相关,说明这些植物对水分条件敏感(如假海桐,木奶果),若小气候条件继续变干,他们有在林缘消失的危险;有些相关不显著(如冬叶、锡金粗叶木、小叶藤黄),则植物对水分条件不敏感,这些物种在边缘产生后对环境条件变化影响不敏感,不会因森林片断化而迅速灭绝。
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本文选择东灵山地区具有代表性的11种植物,研究了植物叶片养分元素动态特征以及各个层次物种、生活型和生境等对植物叶片养分元素再吸收的影响。主要结论如下: 1、不同物种间、以及相同物种在不同森林类型内的叶片C素含量变化程度较小;11个物种之间叶片N素养分浓度差很大,但各种植物叶片的N素含量的季节变化比较一致,大多数情况下表现为单峰型或双峰变化曲线;各种森林类型中11种植物叶片P的最高含量都出现在生长初期,以后开始下降。 2、在物种水平、养分再吸收是一种重要的养分保存机制,N素和P素再吸收率大约为50%,对这两种养分元素而言,相同生境下生长的不同植物种的养分再吸收率不同,存在显著差异,而同一植物种不同生境下养分再吸收率之间也存在差异,而S素的差异则不显著。 3、同一生活型在不同的森林类型中养分再吸收率差异不明显,同一森林类型中不同生活型的养分再吸收率差异也不明显;高养分再吸收率不是低养分环境所选择的优势性状,低养分环境中的物种主要通过延长叶片寿命和加强低养分浓度状况下的物质合成来适应低养分环境。 4、除了土壤pH值外,土壤容重、土壤有机质、土壤全氮、土壤阳离子交换量在三种生境下都表现出一定的差异性。华北落叶松林生境下的土壤养分含量较丰富,其次是落叶阔叶混交林,辽东栎林相对前二种生境其土壤养分相对低一些,但在三种生境之间养分元素再吸收率差异不显著,植物养分再吸收没有或微弱地受控于土壤养分获得的能力。
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鄂尔多斯高原是一个多层次、复杂的生态地理过渡带,具有复杂多样的环境条件和生态特点。因而,研究该地区植被与环境复杂多变的相互关系有助于我们认识鄂尔多斯高原生态系统的脆弱性和植被对于维持该区生态系统结构和功能过程的重要性。 降水、温度及其组合特点决定了鄂尔多斯高原特殊的生态环境格局,分析其演变趋势有助于理解鄂尔多斯高原生态环境的演变过程。从旬、月、生长季和非生长季及年四个不同的时间分辨率对鄂尔多斯高原八个气象台站近30年的气象资料进行分析。结果表明30年来年平均气温、2、9、12月均温明显增高;年降水未发生显著变化,降水分配模式变化明显。采用与植物生长密切相关的气候因子对整个鄂尔多斯高原的气候特征进行综合分析,将鄂尔多斯高原划分为三个综合气候类型,即:半湿润、低蒸发型,半干旱、半湿润、中等蒸发型和偏干旱、高蒸发型。根据不同的气候类型,确定适宜恢复的植被类型,对目前该区域进行的生态恢复工作具有重要指导意义。 在鄂尔多斯高原从东向西的降水梯度上,选取三个实验点测定柠条的光合、蒸腾和水分利用效率等主要生理生态指标,分析了同种植物对不同环境的反应。鄂托克旗柠条光合速率最高,东胜东部柠条次之,杭锦旗柠条光合速率最低而蒸腾速率最大,东胜东部柠条和鄂托克旗柠条的蒸腾速率相差不大。 植被能够降低其下垫面及其附近的地表温度,从而影响地表蒸发。以鄂尔多斯高原典型植物油蒿和柠条作为研究对象,采用先进的非接触红外测温法,并提出度量植株温度效应的影响指数,对鄂尔多斯高原两种典型植物植株附近地表温度进行了比较分析,结果表明,柠条对地表温度的影响较油蒿明显。
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近二十年来,碳同位素技术己被广泛应用于植物生态学,特别是植物“碳一水”关系的研究中。植物的碳同位素组成(δ13C值)是叶片组织合成过程中光合活动的整合,它反映了植物长期的水分利用效率。内蒙古锡林河流域位于我国温带典型草原的核心区域,水分是制约本区植物生产力和群落稳定性的限制因素。因此关于本区植物水分利用效率和水分利用状况的研究,对探讨植物对生境干旱化的适应与响应机制具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。本研究沿土壤水分梯度在锡林河流域选取了沼泽化草甸、盐化草甸、草甸草原、典型草原、退化草地和疏林沙地等8个代表性植物群落,研究主要植物种、功能群和群落的碳同位素组成及叶片含水量、脯氨酸含量等与植物抗旱性相关的生理指标的变化,从植物种、功能群和群落三个层次研究了不同水分条件下植物水分利用效率的变化及其对不同水分生境的响应与适应机制。 1)在所调查的8个植物群落中,C3植物占绝对优势;C3植物的δ13C值和水分利用效率越大,其在整个流域中的分布频度越高,生物量也越大;与生长在湿润生境中的植物相比,生长在较干旱生境中的植物能积累更高水平的脯氨酸。以上结果表明,锡林河流域的植物可能通过两种机制适应当地的干旱生境:一是通过调节气孔导度提高植物的水分利用效率;止是通过积累高水平的脯氨酸增强植株的渗透调节能力并维持相对稳定的水分含量。 2)依照生活型将锡林河流域主要植物种划分成6个植物功能群:乔木、灌木、半灌木、多年生禾草、多年生杂类草和一年生植物。在较湿润生境,多年生杂类草更加丰富并构成了群落地上生物量的绝大部分;而在较干旱生境下,多年生禾草在群落中起更重要的作用;随着土壤含水量下降,灌木和半灌木逐渐增多,且在退化草地和沙地中其相对生物量迅速增加;多年生禾草别3c值显著高于其它功能群;随着土壤水分可利用性降低,多年生禾草和杂类草的别3c值表现出增加的趋势,而灌木/半灌木则表现出相反的趋势。以上结果进一步证明了,在典型草原区以生活型为基础划分的植物功能群可以用来进行较大尺度植物一水分关系的研究。 3)依照植物的水分生态类群,将锡林河流域主要植物种划分为六个植物功能群:旱生植物、中旱生植物、旱中生植物、中生植物、湿中生植物和湿生植物。在较湿润生境中(沼泽化草甸和盐化草甸),湿中生和湿生植物成为优势种并构成地上生物量的主体;在干旱生境中(草甸草原、典型草原和退化草地),旱生和中早生植物占绝对优势并构成群落生物量的90%以上;随着不同水分生态类群所适应的生境从干旱到湿润逐渐转变,植物的δ13C值和水分利用效率显著降低;旱生植物叶片脯氨酸含耸最高,湿中生和湿生植物脯氨酸含量最低,不同水分生态类群脯氨酸含量与其δ13C值和地上生物星.显著正相关关系。 4)不同群落类型的平均δ13C值有显著不同,表现为:典型草原>退化草地>沙地>退化恢复草地>草甸草原之盐化草甸>沼泽化草甸。C4植物的出现、不同物种δ13C值的差异和同一物种在不同生境下δ13C值的变化是影响群落平均δ13C值的主要因素,而这些因素与土壤水分状况和干扰历史(特别是放牧)密切相关。 此外,本文还研究了氮素添加对羊草和大针茅光合和水分利用效率的影响。土壤含氮量的增加可以显著提高羊草叶片光合能力和叭JE,而对大针茅的影响不大。作为锡林河流域两种优势植物,羊草和大针茅通过不同的生理机制来维持较高的WUE适应干旱生境:羊草为高光合、高蒸腾,而大针茅为低光合、低蒸腾。羊草较高的WUE是以降低氮利用效率 (NuE)为代价的;而大针茅在维持较高WUE的同时仍能维持较高的NUE,这一特征使大针茅可以广泛分布于更加干旱和贫瘩的地区。 以上研究结果,为深入开展典型草原生态系统植物与水分关系的研究提供了有价值的信息,进一步证实了稳定性碳同位素技术可以有效地指示不同群落类型中主要植物种长期水分利用效率。同时,通过对其它相关生理指标的测定,可以更好地探讨植物对水分限制的适应策略。我们的研究结果从植物种、功能群和群落三个层次进一步揭示了植物对干旱生境的适应机制,并初步阐明了人类干扰特别是过度放牧对草原群落建群种和优势种的生态替代或/和灌丛入侵的影响。这些研究对生物多样性保护、全球变化和区域可持续发展等热点问题的研究都具有重要的意义。在今后的研究中,结合其它稳定性同位素(如2H,18O和15N)技术,将有助于我们进一步深入研究蒙古高原植物对气候变化和过度放牧的适应与响应机制。
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陆地样带是国际地圈——生物圈计划(IGBP)研究中最引入注目的创新之一。目前,国际上已经设立了15条陆地样带,研究内容涉及环境梯度分析、气候变化对植被初级生产力的影响及环境变化、土地利用等与植被变化的对应关系等。沿该陆地样带分布较广的关键种生理适应性等方面对影响其生理功能形态结构的研究较少,特别是茎、叶等组织功能研究较少。 中国东北样带(NECT)是全球陆地样带的重要组成部分,多年来已开展了大量深入系统的研究工作,已成为我国生态学、地学等学科的重要研究平台。本研究以中国东北样带中西段广泛分布的重要关键种——羊草(Leymus chinensis)为研究对象,分析了羊草茎、叶显微结构的生态可塑性及其与水分利用效率的关系,进而阐述了羊草适应不同生境条件,特别是适应水分变化的机制,为揭示羊草及其种群、群落乃至以羊草为优势种或建群种的草地生态系统在全球变化背景下的发展趋势提供理论依据。 基于2001年7~8月第3次中国东北样带考察资料,采用高精度Olympus显微镜及C同位素分析技术(δ13C判别值),结合在野外取样过程中测定的样地土壤含水量和海拔高度,以及近十年各样地年降水量和年均温度气象资料,分析了羊草茎、叶显微结构和水分利用变化与环境因子的关系,以及以羊草为建群种或共建种的无牧和放牧样地群落生物量、物种多样性和植物功能型组成变化与环境因子的关系。 结果表明:羊草叶片表面及内部主要显微结构特征参数各样地间有不同程度的差异,其中气孔密度与降水量呈线性正相关。代表气孔开张程度的气孔长度和宽度变化与土壤含水量呈线性相关。叶表面角质层厚度与海拔高度变化关系较大,并以上表面角质层厚度变化最为明显,主要受海拔高度升高引起的紫外线照射增强的影响。运动细胞带宽度占叶面积比虽然与各环境因子关系不很密切,但温度变化的影响较突出,这一显微结构调整与气孔变化构成干旱——高温调节机制。叶片表面毛茸的变化也是非常显著的,但与各环境因子关系密切程度均不大,可以肯定的是在土壤水分状况较好的生境下羊草叶片表面毛茸密度及长度明显增加,而一些干旱生境中常表现为毛茸较少、较短,个别样地基本没有发育较好的毛茸。总体上看,羊草叶片对干旱化的形态结构调整以气孔密度和开张程度的变化最大,是羊草叶片调节水分利用效率的重要适应性生态可塑性调整。 与叶片相比,羊草茎横切面结构特征的变化与各环境因子关系的显著性不是很强,但各样地间的差异是比较显著的,许多结构调整可能与土壤养分条件的变化有一定关系,如茎秆粗度变化、基本薄壁组织厚度和中央空腔(髓腔)直径的变化等,但本研究未能涉及这方面内容,有待于进一步研究。 羊草水分利用效率与降水量和土壤含水量呈显著的负相关关系,即随降水量和土壤含水量增大羊草水分利用效率明显降低,蒸腾耗水增大,这一生理变化与显微结构的调整关系密切,特别是气孔密度与气孔宽度在水分较差生境中明显减小,从而有利于适应干旱环境,减少耗水量。表现比较突出的是非地带性林西样地,其降水量处于10个样地的中等偏低水平,但其δ13C判别值较低,达-26.063‰,与降水量较大的长岭、双辽样地几乎相当,并比相邻的林东和克旗样地明显低,其气孔密度、开张程度及叶脉后生导管直径均较高(大),但其土壤水分状况是最好的样地之一,尽管取样时不幸遇到雨天,但从其群落类型——羊草杂类草草甸,并伴生许多中、湿生种类上看,其生境的湿润程度是毋庸置疑的。这一非地带性样地中羊草结构的变化从另一侧面反映了羊草显微结构调整对水分环境的适应。δ13C判别值是一个非常敏感的参数,在分析植物水分利用效率及其相关领域的研究中应深入利用。 群落植物功能群组成与环境因子及群落初级生产力关系研究结果表明,丛生禾草生长型功能群、旱生和中旱生植物水分生态类型功能群具有明显的地带性变化规律,并与群落生物量变化关系密切,变异性较低,占群落生物量比例较大,可考虑作为植物功能型组合对无牧样地植被变化进行评估和预测。在放牧影响下,C4植物光合类型功能群呈现明显的地带性变化,并在群落中所起的作用明显增强,亦可考虑作为评估和预测植被变化的植物功能型组合。无牧样地与放牧样地研究结果均表明,按Raunkiaer划分的地面芽、地下芽、地上芽和一年生植物生活型功能群,其地带性变化不明显,或变异率高,或占群落生物量比例小,不宜作植物功能群组合对植被变化进行评估和预测。
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Berendse&Aerts (1987)认为氮素利用效率(nitrogen use efficiency,NUE)可以分为两部分的乘积,即:①氮素生产力(nitrogen productivity,NP),②氮素的平均滞留时间(mean residencetime,MRT)。本文利用这一概念对处于我国北方农牧交错带的内蒙古自治区多伦县典型植物的氮素利用策略进行了研究。研究假设:植物在贫瘠生境上所采取的氮素适应策略主要是提高对所吸收氮素的保持能力(较长的MRT),而不是提高NUE。 在不同土壤生境上,属于不同生活型的不同物种其NP和MRT之间存在负相关关系。在不同生境、生活型和物种之间,作为NP与MRT乘积的NUE比NP、MRT的变化相对要小,结果表明植物主要通过延长MRT来适应氮素贫瘠的生境。因为NP与MRT相反的方向变化,二者不能同时增加或减少,所以NP与MRT之间存在相互协调(trade-off)的关系。 在群落和生态系统水平上,NP与MRT之间也存在相互协调关系,不同水平上的NUE之间也存在一定的联系。除了在种间存在这种关系外,通过对多伦县和十三里滩两种针茅(大针茅、克氏针茅)的氮素利用特征的研究,发现在种内,NP与MRT之间也存在这种相互协调关系。NUE与土壤供氮能力有关,随着土壤供氮能力的下降,NUE呈上升趋势。植物的NUE不仅与土壤的供氮能力有关,其它因素如土壤水分供应状况也会对植物的NUE产生影响,例如,与生长在河岸上的植物相比,生长在河滩湿地上的植物具有较高的NP,但MRT却较低。在群落中,不同植物个体的NUE及其组成参数NP和MRT也存在较大的差异,较大的植株具有较高的NP和MRT,因而NUE也高于个体较小的植株。本文研究结果表明,植物的NUE与氮素回收转移特性密切相关,植物提高氮素回收效率(nitrogen resorption efficiency,NRE)可以延长MRT,从而提高NUE。
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玉米(Zea mays L.)是我国十分重要粮食、饲料和工业原料作物,种植区域覆盖我国大部分农业区。随着玉米品种改良和新栽培技术的应用,我国玉米产量大幅度增加。自1950s以来,我国玉米产量递增幅度为126kg/hm2/yr。在玉米产量提高过程中,单叶光合作用与产量之间存在什么样的关系?当代玉米品种的品质和养分利用效率如何?高密度种植条件下是否存在“根系拥挤”及如何调控等。为探讨上述科学问题,本研究选择中国北方常见的大田玉米品种,在高肥力自然光照条件下,探讨玉米高产优质栽培过程中生理生态特征的变化趋势,以指导科学育种和栽培。主要研究结果如下: 1)光合与产量的演变我国 1950s、1970s、1990s等不同年代推广的玉米品种中,当代品种叶片光合速率高且高值持续期长,光合色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素等的含量高且持续时间长,与光合有关的蒸腾速率(E.)、细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci.)、气孔导度(gs)等也有较大改良,中下部叶片尤其明显;在生育后期,当代品种具有更高的光合优势。老品种饱和光合速率(Psat)在灌浆期下降,并非RuBPCase 和PEPCase的活性降低,而是由于叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量的降低。在花后期间,由于PS2功能的下降,造成了光合能力下降,而现代品种的PS2 功能在衰老前一致保持旺盛状态。 老品种光合特征对缺氮的反应表现更敏感。花后缺氮光合作用下降是非气孔限制的,因为气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度没有发生明显的变化。其主要原因是缺素造成老品种叶片早衰,叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、PEP羧化酶活性下降。现代品种表现较强的抗衰老能力,其N素利用效用高于老品种。我国玉米产量的大幅度提高在很大程度上应归功于叶片光合性能的改良。 随玉米品种更替,群体光合速率增强,群体光合衰减率降低,呼吸消耗所占总光合的百分率下降。灌浆期当代品种中下部叶片的群体光合速率明显高于老品种。种植密度是影响玉米群体光合速率的主要因素,在高中低三种密度条件下,当代品种均有较高的群体光合速率,表现出耐密性强、适应性广、源足库大、产量高的特点。 2)高油玉米的产量受到叶源大小和叶源活力的双重限制在 1.5 株/m2密度下,与普通玉米相比较,高油玉米单株籽粒产量显著低于普通玉米,产量构成中穗粒数差异不显著,千粒重较低(P<0.01);两类型玉米的单株库容量相当,高油玉米籽粒灌浆速率小,籽粒充实度低,单粒重对叶源相对减少(剪叶)或相对增多(疏库)的反应比普通玉米更为敏感,其产量受到同化产物供应(叶源)相对不足的限制。高油玉米授粉后的叶面积、叶面积持续期小,叶片含氮量和光合速率较低,说明高油玉米的产量受到叶源活力(光合速率)小和叶源数量少的双重限制。 3)我国北方玉米品种的个体产量潜力、氮素利用效率及籽粒与秸秆粗蛋白质含量在充分发挥个体生产潜力的低密度条件下,我国北方1990s 以来大面积种植的50个玉米主栽品种中,个体产量潜力和氮素利用效率高度正相关(P=0.01),而子粒千粒重与NUE 呈显著性负相关(P=0.002)。对玉米产量和氮素利用效率进行分层聚类,可将北方玉米品种划分为高产高NUE 型、低产低NUE 型和中间型,高产高NUE 型玉米品种相对较少,仅占24%。籽粒粗蛋白质含量(CPC)与秸秆CPC 相关性不显著(P>0.05)。对籽粒和秸秆的CPC 进行分层聚类,将北方玉米品种划分为籽粒高秸秆低型、籽粒与秸秆双低型和籽粒与秸秆双高型,CPC 双高型品种相对较少,仅占20%。 4)玉米根系拥挤效应对产量影响的生理生态机制及其调控随玉米品种更替根系的空间分布呈“横向紧缩,纵向延伸”的特点。当代三类型玉米根系分布特性与株型、穗型相关。紧凑型品种根系分布深,下层根系所占比率大,适合密植,群体产量潜力大;平展大穗型品种根量多,分布较浅,在低密度下可获得较高的个体生产力,但不适合密植,群体产量潜力小。 “根系拥挤”显著影响玉米产量,减小根系横向伸展空间,下层土壤中的根系分配比率增多。在地上部充分生长条件下,紧凑型品种横向空间为30-50cm即可满足要求,平展型品种大于50cm;紧凑型品种对纵向空间受限制的反应更为敏感,平展型品种对横向空间受限制的反应更为敏感。“根系拥挤”影响根系活性、分布、氮素吸收利用和花后光合与14C同化物的分配。 在根系受限制条件下,增施肥料产量提高,根系总重增加,增加了根系在深层土壤(60-100cm)中的根系比率,显著增加了根系的TTC 还原量、SOD、CAT、POD活性。土壤加沙,根量减少,但根系TTC 还原量增加、产量提高,提高幅度以大穗型品种更为显著。 随种植密度增加耕层根系密度与群体产量同步增大,各类品种均在最高根系密度下获得最高产量。根系负荷的籽粒产量潜力三类型品种存在极大差异,在一定范围内增大种植密度,根系伸展空间减小,群体产量提高,紧凑大穗型品种产量最高,品种的耐密性是限制根系负荷籽粒产量潜力的主导因素。因此,培育株型紧凑、耐密性强、大穗玉米良种,采取有效的调控措施是玉米进一步高产的主攻方向。 5)我国夏玉米高产田的培创理论研究与实践相结合,2005 年在我国华北地区的山东莱州培创出籽粒实产21 042.9kg/hm2 ( 14% 含水量, 实收面积=45.7m×15.9m=726.63m2)的夏玉米高产纪录。主要采用以增加密度为保障的“群体结构性挖潜”和以提高整齐度为保障的“个体功能性挖潜”途径,生理生态指标包括:选用紧凑抗倒耐密植品种DH3719,种植密度102 030 株/hm2,收获密度98 610 株/hm2,花后具有较长的叶面积高值持续期,达60d以上,叶面积指数最大为6.53,收获2.59。上部叶片光合值对外界光强度变化敏感,其光合峰值出现时间提前,而后迅速衰减;中部叶片光合值的降低较慢,下部叶片变幅最小,可能是长期处于争光环境表现出的生态适应性。粒叶比0.32,经济系数0.542,单株产量216g,千粒重375.1g。
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随着三峡大坝建设,在2003年6月三峡库区蓄水到135 m水位,之后人为调节使其在137-139 m范围内波动变化。从2003年7月开始,我们对库区植物的水分关系及其对三峡水位上升的可能反应进行了系统研究。 在库区中残存的次生松栎混交林,我们从江边沿海拔梯度设置了3块样地:Riparian,Mid-hill和Top-hill样地,垂直高度相差约20 m。从2003年7月到2004年7月,我们比较了岸边样地内与高处两样地内植物的木质部水分稳定同位素D和18O值,植物清晨和中午水势,叶片碳稳定同位素值13C,以及2004年7月测定的气体交换。岸边 植物木质部水分同位素值显著高于江水的同位素值,而与高处两样地内植物木质部水分同位素相近。岸边植物与高 处植物具有相近的清晨水势和中午水势,也表明对岸边植物来说,江水并不是它们重要的水分来源。同样,岸边植 物叶片 13C值与高处同种植物的值也不存在显著差异。我们研究的3种植物清晨水势都与土壤含水量正相关,尤 其浅层土壤更为显著。研究结果表明岸边植物几乎没有利用江水,而同高处两样地内植物一样,都是以利用渗入到土壤中的降雨为主。 松栎混交林中,马尾松与槲栎相比,净光合速率和气孔导度,叶片含N量,以及清晨水势低于槲栎,而中午水势,叶片13C值高于槲栎。两种树木叶片13C值与含N量都成正相关关系。槲栎叶片13C值与清晨水势成负相关,而马尾松针叶13C值与清晨水势相关性并不显著。 在岸边的松栎混交幼林与成年林相比,幼树的清晨水势略高于对应的成年树,叶片13C值低于成年树;幼树的光合速率和气孔导度略高于成年树,而瞬时水分利用效率低于成年树,但差异均不显著。马尾松幼苗为实生苗,与成年树相比,更偏向于利用浅层土壤水;而槲栎幼树多为从原来被砍伐的树上萌生的,木质部水分同位素与成年树相近。 从2004年5月到10月,我们又对大坝下游江段岸边植物(马尾松,枫杨和柑桔)的水分关系进行了研究。木质部水分同位素比率表明,岸边植物木质部水分同位素比率与高处植物具相近的值,且显著高于江水同位素值。研究表明岸岸边和高处植物以降雨或靠降雨补充的浅层地下水为主要水分来源,即便岸边植物也几乎不利用江水。岸边植物与高处植物具有相近的清晨水势和中午水势,光合速率和气孔导度,以及叶片C值等,也进一步说明岸边植物与高处植物具有相近的水分生理特征。 叶片13C可以指示植物的一些生理过程,我们对松栎混交林中不同生活型植物的13C值进行了分析,乔木层叶片 13C值比较高,其中常绿针叶的值又高于落叶阔叶树木的值;林下灌木,非禾本科草本,及藤本植物的13C值都明显低于乔木层。 三峡大坝改变河水对植物生理生态过程的影响是一个长期的过程,库区水位上涨是否影响到岸边植物的生理过程及生长等,需要进一步作长期、定位和连续的观测研究。