486 resultados para Northeast China Transect (NECT)
Resumo:
样带是沿全球变化某一驱动因素的主要梯度而设置的由一系列研究站点构成的区域,被认为是研究全球变化与陆地生态系统关系的最有效的途径。而模型研究是全球变化研究中不可或缺的手段。本文即采用模型研究方法研究中国东北温带样带(NECT)区域,试图揭示温带生态系统对于全球变化(尤其是降水)的反应机制。
中国东北温带样带(NECT)位于42°N - 46°N,108°E - 132°E,长约二千多公里,是最早被列入GCTE的四条样带之一,从东到西有明显的湿度梯度,被认为是温带区域研究水分梯度的代表性样带。本文研究主要集中在:
1.NECT中环境数据库的建立,本文采用EIS作为数据管理系统。由于EIS管理空间数据的特点是根据确定的地理坐标来提供空间定位,因而每一环境因子的属性值分布都有确定的地理坐标与其对应,特别适合于样带这种研究区域较大,同时又要求有精确空间定位的区域。NECT环境数据库包括地形、气候、植被、土壤、土地利用、水文、孢粉数据及社会经济等分库、本数据库力图提供各环境因子的各种属性值而代替仅仅提供类型值。
2.NECT中PFTs的划分PFTs的划分被认为是建立DGVM的前提。本文认为PFTs的划分是模型研究中一个尺度上升过程的结果,不同的尺度,不同的研究目标导致不同的PFTs的划分。在NECT区域中,考虑植被对全球变化中降水因子的不同反映机制,采用生活型、高度、耐旱特性、叶子大小、叶子季相、主根深度和木质化程度等指标根据- TWINSPAN和FCLUS进行划分,得到以下9种NECT区域中植被功能类型:常绿针叶树种、落叶针叶树种、落叶阔叶树种、落叶小叶灌木、落叶小叶半灌木、落叶强旱生半灌木、多年生中旱生草本、适应旱生环境的多年生草本和多年生强旱生草本。对NECT区域中PFTs的DCA分析表明降水是控制PFTs在NECT区域中分布的主要环境因子。在代表景观层次的长白山PFTs的划分中,则采用树种有记载的最大寿命、最大胸径、最大树高、各树种生长参数、树种自然分布区内>5℃的有效积温的最小值和最大值、耐阴、耐旱、喜肥特性、树种的扩散更新,就地下种更新和萌条更新能力参数及叶子大小和类型等指标采用上述软件得到的以下PFTs:即不耐荫阔叶树种、耐荫阔叶树种、耐荫针叶树种和不耐荫的阳生针叶树种。
3.NECT中BCM模型的建立和预测 本文认为土壤水是决定SPC系统水分状况的直接指标。而均衡土壤水分剖面代表了土壤水的多年平均状态,因而本文以Watershed模型为基础,模拟NECT区域中任意一点的均衡土壤水分剖面(精度为每经纬网格32×48个点);然后根据这个均衡水分剖面用计算LAI子模型确定该水分剖面所能支持的LAI;进而根据这个LAI由Biome等模型划分出Biome在NECT中的分布。全球变化的结果将改变区域中任意一点的土壤水分状况,从而影响植被的LAI,进而导致Biome的改变。本模型成功的模拟了LAI和Biome在NECT区域中的分布,利用85-90生长季每月平均的NDVI作相关检验表明除5月份以外,相关系数都>0.7,而5月份也达到0,6457,都达到了极显著的程度。尤为重要的是,模型对于不同植被类型的NDVI与LAI的对应关系有良好的模拟,如针叶林的LAI在相同的NDVI值下明显比阔叶林小,因而模型模拟的LAI在NECT东部针叶林分布区LAI值比针阔混交林明显偏小,而与Spanmen等(1990)所提出的针叶林叶面积指数与NDVI关系非常一致。模型的预测显示:(1) T+20C (PET+15%),Precipitation+20%,LAI总体上变化不大,且空间变化呈现复杂性,总体上表现出草原植被LAI减少,而森林的LAI增加;Biome层次表现出针阔混交林和矮草原面积扩大,针叶林和森林草原面积减少,其中对于该情形下变化最为明显的是针叶林和森林草原。NECT东部区域发育在沙性土上的植被的LAI明显增加,而科尔沁沙地植被的LAI则维持不变。(2)T+40C (PET+30%),Precipitation+20%,LAI总体上将减小0.14,但空间分布不均。东部森林区域LA1将维持不变或增加(主要为针叶林),草原植被LAI仍表现出减少趋势;在Biome层次上则表现出草原面积的扩大。对于第一种情形下LAI有增有减的森林革原地区则表现出减小的一致性,总体来说,第二种情形比第一种情形表现出相当的干旱性。从对两种全球变化情形的反应来看,针叶林和森林草原是NECT中对全球变化驱动因子温度和降水的敏感植被类型;丽科尔沁沙地植被表现出相当的稳定性,表明该沙地的敏感性主要是由于人类活动这个因子造成的。
4.NECT中景观层次NPP模型的建立和预测 景观层次之所以成为模型研究中一个独特的层次,是由于地形效应的存在。地形效应对于水、热。营养物质的进行重新分配,从而进一步控制了生态系统的分布。本文选择NECT区域中森林生态系统的代表性分布小流域一二道白河小流域为研究区域。首先,应用Sunlight模型来模拟小流域任意一点所截取的能用于光合作用的太阳辐射能。Sunlight模型充分考虑了由于栅格的坡度、坡向和遮蔽度对可照时间和太阳直射辐射的影响以及坡度和可祝度对太阳散射辐射的影响,并提供了消除大气状况从站点观察数据推测的方法,即太阳直射辐射转换系数Rb和太阳散射辐射转换系数R,结合植被的分布特性,得到IPR在小流域中的分布。结果表明,IPR在小流域中相差不大,与高程呈正相关。进而利用温度修正模型得到温度修正系数,平均为0.446,表明温度对NPP的限制效应比较大;而水分修正系数则通过Topmodel模拟每一栅格的地下水位,由这个地下水位通过前述Waterbalance模型模拟均衡土壤水分剖面,进而求出水分修正系数,平均为0.86,表明该流域水分状况良好,水分状况对NPP的限制性不强。模拟结果显示:海拔
Resumo:
Land use and land cover change as the core of coupled human-environment systems has become a potential field of land change science (LCS) in the study of global environmental change. Based on remotely sensed data of land use change with a spatial resolution of 1 km x 1 km on national scale among every 5 years, this paper designed a new dynamic regionalization according to the comprehensive characteristics of land use change including regional differentiation, physical, economic, and macro-policy factors as well. Spatial pattern of land use change and its driving forces were investigated in China in the early 21st century. To sum up, land use change pattern of this period was characterized by rapid changes in the whole country. Over the agricultural zones, e.g., Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, the southeast coastal areas and Sichuan Basin, a great proportion of fine arable land were engrossed owing to considerable expansion of the built-up and residential areas, resulting in decrease of paddy land area in southern China. The development of oasis agriculture in Northwest China and the reclamation in Northeast China led to a slight increase in arable land area in northern China. Due to the "Grain for Green" policy, forest area was significantly increased in the middle and western developing regions, where the vegetation coverage was substantially enlarged, likewise. This paper argued the main driving forces as the implementation of the strategy on land use and regional development, such as policies of "Western Development", "Revitalization of Northeast", coupled with rapidly economic development during this period.
Resumo:
Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. Supported by the dynamic serving system of national resources, including both the environment database and GIS technology, this paper analyzed the land-use change in northeastern China in the past ten years (1990 - 2000). It divides northeastern China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree (DD) of land-use: woodland/grassland - arable land conversion zone, dry land - paddy field conversion zone, urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing, and reclamation and abandoned zone. In the past ten years, land-use change of northeastern China can be generalized as follows: increase of cropland area was obvious, paddy field and dry land increased by 74. 9 and 276. 0 thousand ha respectively; urban area expanded rapidly, area of town and rural residence increased by 76. 8 thousand ha; area of forest and grassland decreased sharply with the amount of 1399. 0 and 1521. 3 thousand ha respectively; area of water body and unused land increased by 148. 4 and 513. 9 thousand ha respectively. Besides a comprehensive analysis of the spatial patterns of land use, this paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zones. The study shows that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land- use types. In this paper, the relationships between land- use conversion and DEM, accnmlated temperature(>= 10 degrees C) and precipitation were analysed and represented. We conclude that the land- use changes in northeast China resulted from the change of macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes, in some sense, can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland - cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land - paddy field conversion zone, apart from the physical elements change promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market-economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what they plant and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of dietary habit with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused primarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation managed by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandoned zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of fanning than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In northeastern China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the first is its small number of towns; the second comes from the huge potential for expansion of existing towns and cities. It is noticeable that urban expansion in the northeastern China is characterized by gentle topographic relief and low population density. Physiognomy, transportation and economy exert great influences on the urban expansion.
Resumo:
Rapid urbanization and industrialization in southern Jiangsu Province have consumed a huge amount of arable land. Through comparative analysis of land cover maps derived from TM images in 1990, 2000 and 2006, we identified the trend of arable land loss. It is found that most arable land is lost to urbanization and rural settlements development. Urban settlements, rural settlements, and industrial park-mine-transport land increased, respectively, by 87 997 ha (174.65%), 81 041 ha (104.52%), and 12 692 ha (397.99%) from 1990 to 2006. Most of the source (e.g., change from) land covers are rice paddy fields and dryland. These two covers contributed to newly urbanized areas by 37.12% and 73.52% during 1990-2000, and 46.39% and 38.86% during 2000-2006. However, the loss of arable land is weakly correlated with ecological service value, per capita net income of farmers, but positively with grain yield for some counties. Most areas in the study site have a low arable land depletion rate and a high potential for sustainable development. More attention should be directed at those counties that have a high depletion rate but a low potential for sustainable development. Rural settlements should be controlled and rationalized through legislative measures to achieve harmonious development between urban and rural areas, and sustainable development for rural areas with a minimal impact on the ecoenvironment. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Major, minor and trace elemental contents in northeast China soybeans were determined by using inductively, coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Three different sample digestion methods including two wet digestions, HNO3-HClO4 and HNO3-H2SO4 and a dry ash method were compared. Owing to the high oil content in soybeans, long time is needed and access acid should be added, with mixed acid digestion methods, which may result in higher sample blank. Therefore, the dry ask method would be more proper for the pre-treatment of soybean samples. Potassium and phosphorus are major elements in soybeans, so the effect of potassium and phosphorus on the other elements was investigated. Results showed that the potassium and phosphorus did not affect the determination. of other trace elements. There are not significant differences in trace elemental contents for the eleven northeast China soybeans.
Resumo:
The whole rock K-Ar ages of basalts from the South China Sea basin vary from 3.8 to 7.9 Ma, which suggest that intra-plate volcanism after the cessation of spreading of the South China Sea (SCS) is comparable to that in adjacent regions around the SCS, i.e., Leiqiong Peninsula, northern margin of the SCS, Indochina block, and so on. Based on detailed petrographic studies, we selected many fresh basaltic rocks and measured their major element, trace element, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions. Geochemical characteristics of major element and trace element show that these basaltic rocks belong to alkali basalt magma series, and are similar to OIB-type basalt. The extent of partial melting of mantle rock in source region is very low, and magma may experience crystallization differentiation and cumulation during the ascent to or storing in the high-level magma chamber. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data of these basaltic rocks imply an inhomogeneous mantle below the South China Sea. The nature of magma origin has a two end-member mixing model, one is EM2 (Enriched Mantle 2) which may be originated from mantle plume, the other is DMM (Depleted MORB Mantle). Pb isotopic characteristics show the Dupal anomaly in the South China Sea, and combined with newly found Dupal anomaly at Gakkel ridge in Arctic Ocean, this implies that Dupal anomaly is not only limited to South Hemisphere. In variation diagrams among Sr, Nd and Pb, the origin nature of mantle below the SCS is similar to those below Leiqiong peninsula, northern margin of the SCS and Indochina peninsula, and is different from those below north and northeast China. This study provides geochemical constraints on Hainan mantle plume.
Resumo:
全新世是与人类关系最密切的地质时期,重建全新世气候变化的历史,对人类的生产生活有重要的意义。植被是自然界中对气候变化反映最灵敏的指示物,通过地层剖面中的花粉分析,可以揭示古代植物区系,恢复古植被,因此,孢粉分析被用作研究植被演化、环境变迁的重要手段。 本文选取吉林哈尼湖钻孔剖面837~304cm(13.1~4.5cal.kaB.P.)沉积物进行孢粉分析,共采集样品123个,平均时间分辨率为69年。建立了早中全新世以来东北地区的孢粉组合序列,恢复了这一时段的植被演替序列,在此基础上,重点研究讨论了早中全新世气候事件在东北地区植被演替中的响应,为全新世古环境和气候变化的演变提供孢粉学证据。 研究结果表明:哈尼地区早中全新世以来气候演化有以下特征:13.1~11.9cal.kaB.P.为疏林草原景观,从11.9cal.kaB.P.开始逐渐发展成山地寒温性针叶林,至9.3cal.kaB.P.演化成栎为主的落叶阔叶林,5.5cal.kaB.P后松增加,发展成针阔混交林。从植被的变化推测,本区的气候经历了四个阶段的变化:冷干——冷湿——暖湿——凉干,虽然存在着冷暖干湿的变化,但自然环境基本为湿润状态,较稳定地保持了森林景观,气候变化相对温和。本区在进入大暖期以来气候并不稳定,分别在6.8、6.1、5.5、4.7cal kaB.P有不同程度的冷湿和冷干事件。频谱分析表明,本区在13.1~4.5cal.kaB.P.存在1100、700、500及300年的气候变化的准周期。
Resumo:
根据野外样地调查方法取得数据,我对样地资料进行了以下几方面的分析。根据吴征镒、王荷生区系分析方法,分析了东北地区蒙古栎群落中261种维管植物的区系成分,还分别分析了蒙古栎群落的乔木层、灌木层、草本层以及层间植物的区系成分。比较了东北地区的10个地点和河北省1个地点的蒙古栎群落物种所在属的分布区类型,计算了温带属与热带属(T/R)的比值,并给出了T/R值、纬度和海拔三者关系的回归方程。最后对这种分布格局产生的原因进行了解释。分析了东北地区10个地点蒙古栎群落中290个维管植物的生活型,发现东北地区蒙古栎群落物种的生活型以地面芽最多,同时本文对地下芽、地面芽与纬度、海拔的关系进行了回归分析。根据Raunkiaer系统,分析了蒙古栎群落中337种维管植物的叶型,发现蒙古栎群落植物以小型叶为主,并分析了叶的边缘状况,全缘叶占22.3%。还分别分析了群落乔木、灌木和草本的叶型及叶缘状况。分析了13个地点蒙古栎群落物种相似性与两地之间距离的关系。 比较了丰林自然保护区三个不同年龄林(64年、100年和270年)物种多样性特征。对黑龙江省七个地点的蒙古栎林的更新特点的分析,蒙古栎林可划分为不同特点的蒙古栎林型,即蒙古栎纯林、蒙古栎桦林林、蒙古栎落叶松林、蒙古栎槭树林、蒙古栎红松林和蒙古栎红松混交林等。 比较了13个地点蒙古栎群落的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、PIE指数、Shannon指数和Pielou指数。并对蒙古栎群落和核桃揪群落、蒙古栎群落和长白落叶松群落、蒙古栎群落和杂灌丛群落及其交错带进行了研究。采用点样地法对五个地点蒙古栎的邻体多样性进行了研究,用物种共同出现百分率测定了4个地点的蒙古栎与其伴生种的种间联结值(PC值),并引入了LS值方法(即相邻物种的平均个体数目),对4个地点蒙古栎群落在不同的环境因子下物种多样性的进行了比较。
Resumo:
受人类对土地过度垦殖及不合理耕作利用的影响,水土流失正在成为制约我国东北地区耕地可持续利用和粮食生产的主要因素。在对历史资料甄别与整理的基础上,分析近代以来东北3省区人口、土地利用变化及其与水土流失关系的演变。结果表明:到20世纪中期,东北地区人口压力达到60~70人/km2,伴随着生活方式的转变,机械化技术的应用,林草湿地被垦殖,森林覆盖率降到30%,垦殖率达30%,使区域性水土流失问题日益严重。
Resumo:
目前激光衍射法(laser diffraction method,LD)逐步被用于土壤颗粒粒径分布(particle size distribution, PSD)的分析,为了对比LD法和吸管法测定东北黑土区土壤PSD的差异性,采用LD法和吸管法分别对东北黑土区宾州河流域36个土壤剖面不同层次178个土壤样品的PSD值进行了测定与分析。结果表明,同吸管法相比,LD法低估了土壤的黏粒含量,平均低估幅度19.69%,而高估了土壤的粉粒和砂粒含量,平均高估幅度分别为14.66%和5.13%。LD法所得PSD结果依据美国土壤质地分类制判定的土壤质地,相对于吸管法总体由粉黏质偏向粉砂质方向。建立了LD法与吸管法测定PSD结果的转换模型,将LD法测定的PSD结果利用转换模型校正后,其测定的各土壤粒级同吸管法相比,准确度达96.97%~98.71%,判定土壤质地的准确率也达83.15%。
Resumo:
城市扩展及其导致的土地利用/土地覆被变化作为全球环境变化的重要驱动因素,日益引起社会各界的普遍关注。新中国成立以来,沈阳市经历了快速的城市化过程,特别是进入21世纪以来,伴随着人口增长和经济发展,中心城区持续向外扩张,导致基本农田大量流失,区域景观和生态环境质量日益下降,给沈阳市的城市增长管理和可持续发展带来严峻挑战。 利用遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和空间Logistic回归模型对1988-2004年间沈阳市的城市扩展与土地利用变化特征及其驱动力进行深入分析,并在此基础上利用基于细胞自动机(CA)的城市扩展模型-SLEUTH对历史时期(1988-2004年)的城市扩展格局进行模拟与重建,对未来(2005-2030年)不同发展条件下的城市扩展进行模拟与环境影响评估,以期为城市增长管理与区域可持续发展提供决策支持。本论文取得如下研究成果: (1) 1988-2004年间,沈阳市辖区城市面积持续增加,城市扩展强度逐渐增强;2000-2004年城市扩展规模和强度都达到最大;沈阳市城市化进程正在显著加速。城市扩展具有明显的空间分异特征:整个研究时段内,市区西南方向是城市扩展的主方向,中心城区周边(8~10km)及各级经济开发区是扩展的热点区域。 (2) 1988-2004年间,沈阳市辖区土地利用变化最主要的特征是耕地向城乡建设用地的大面积转换。持续的城市扩展导致区域景观日益破碎化和复杂化。城市和其它建设用地的景观影响日益增强,耕地的优势地位减弱,且破碎化程度增加,斑块形状日趋复杂。城市化空间梯度上的土地利用格局变化分析表明,随着城市化水平的提高,景观组成和空间配置发生了明显变化。处在城市化前沿区域的城郊地区,景观格局表现出景观多样性增加、破碎化程度加深和形状日趋复杂等特点。 (3) 1988-2004年间,沈阳市辖区城市扩展主要受到社会经济发展的推动作用和政策因素的激励与导向作用。空间Logistic回归分析显示,开发区建设与行政建制变化、道路与城镇分布、浑河和城市规划是城市空间扩展的主要影响因素。 (4) ROC曲线统计、Kappa统计与多分辨率误差估算以及景观指数从城市扩展总体预测能力、增长数量、空间位置和空间格局上给予SLEUTH模型一个全面、客观的评估。总体上来说,SLEUTH模型具有可信精度,较好地表达了沈阳市1988-2004年间城市扩展的总体趋势,对城市扩展面积的拟合精度很高。但是,与其它城市扩展模型相似,在像元尺度上对城市扩展空间位置的预测和对城市空间格局的表达还有待于提高;随着分辨率的降低,模型对城市发展中空间邻域关系的表达效果趋于提高。SLEUTH模型对城市扩展的总体模拟精度要高于空间Logistic回归模型,但是对城市扩展位置的模拟准确性低于后者。 (5) 通过分析发现,影响SLEUTH模拟准确性的主要因素包括模型结构、地方城市发展特征、模型应用的时空尺度和模型输入数据的获取与误差传递等。通过修改模型组分设置、开展模型敏感性与不确定性分析以及实行城市扩展一体化模拟可以提高SLEUTH模型的模拟效力,而具体实现方法需要深入研究。基于模型评估结果和效力提高的对策,对城市扩展演变的时空格局进行了较为准确的重建,为其相关研究提供了可靠的历史数据资料。 (6) 遵循沈阳市目前和未来的区域开发政策、最新修编的城市总体规划,以及社会对区域生态环境保护的要求,设计了五个城市发展预案,即目前趋势发展预案(CT)、区域开发政策与城市规划预案(PP)、生态可持续发展预案(ES)、紧凑式发展格局预案(CD)和特定增量发展预案(GA)。对不同预案条件下未来(2004-2030年)城市扩展面积和空间格局、城市扩展热点区域、城市景观格局变化及其景观生态效应,以及对其它类型土地资源的消耗四个方面进行了分析和比较,为沈阳市城市规划、生态建设以及可持续增长管理提供了许多有价值的决策信息。
Resumo:
研究森林净第一性生产力(NPP)对全球气候变化的响应,是了解全球气候变化与森林生态系统相互作用关系的关键。本文在分析长白山、丰林、呼中三个研究区气候变化特征的基础上,运用生态系统过程模型PnET-II模型,模拟东北主要森林的NPP过去43年来的动态,并结合动态GCM结果(CGCM2)预测未来一百年东北主要森林NPP的变化趋势。通过与实测数据和文献资料的对比,结合模型敏感性和不确定性分析,验证和探讨了模拟结果的准确性。主要结论如下: (1)近43年的气候变化趋势表明,三个研究区的气温都有上升趋势。丰林和长白山地区20世纪90年代后期增温明显,但降水减少,表现出暖干化趋势。呼中地区90年代后的降水减少趋势并不明显,表明东北的暖干化趋势存在地区差异。未来近100年气候变化趋势预测表明,三个研究区的日最低温和日最高温都有明显的增加趋势,日最低温的增幅大于日最高温。未来100年气温变化可分成两个阶段,21世纪前半叶温度增幅较小,而后半个世纪增速明显加快。与温度的增加趋势相反,21世纪光合有效辐射有明显的下降趋势。三地的降水在21世纪都有增加,但具体年际变化趋势有差异。这些与森林生长密切相关的气候因子的变化,将会给该地区的森林生态系统带来深刻的影响。 (2)模型估算三个地区主要森林NPP值,过去43年来有下降趋势,但不显著,而且存在年代际间波动。未来一百年,随着气候变暖,三地所有森林的NPP值都有不同程度的降低,2050年前NPP变动幅度较小,2050年后有较明显的减少趋势。 (3)模拟CO2浓度增加和气候变化对NPP的双重影响,丰林和长白山的红松林和硬阔林的NPP有不同幅度的增加,而云冷杉林和落叶松的NPP都减少。气候变化对云冷杉和落叶松林的生产力影响较大。 (4)植被参数的敏感性分析表明,与光合作用有关的植被参数对NPP的预测结果影响较大;对气候参数的敏感性分析表明,森林NPP对温度的反应敏感。 (5)通过与实测值的比较,结果表明PnET-II模型能较准确地估算东北森林净第一性生产力;与其它已有文献的比较其结果表现不一,其中一个重要原因可能是PnET-II模拟时未考虑氮碳循环过程导致。