D77, one benzoic acid derivative, functions as a novel anti-HIV-1 inhibitor targeting the interaction between integrase and cellular LEDGF/p75

Integration of viral-DNA into host chromosome mediated by the viral protein HIV-1 integrase (IN) is an essential step in the HIV-1 life cycle. In this process, Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is discovered to function as a cellular co-fa

Singing Behavior and Singing Functions of Black-Crested Gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China

We used data on loud duetted and solo songs collected from one habituated polygynous group of black-crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) on Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, to test several hypotheses about the functions of these songs. The major function

Effects of the "all-fish" growth hormone transgene expression on non-specific immune functions of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

This study investigated non-specific immune functions of the F-2 generation of "all-fish" growth hormone transgenic carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Lysozyme activity was 145.0 (+/- 30.7) U ml(-1) in the transgenic fish serum and 105.0 (+/- 38.7) U ml(-1) in age-matched non-transgenic control fish serum, a significant difference (P < 0.01). The serum bactericidal activity in the transgenics was significantly higher than that in the controls (P < 0.05), with the percentage serum killing of 59.5% (6.83%) and 50.8% (8.67%), respectively. Values for leukocrit and phagocytic percent of macrophages in head kidney were higher in transgenics than controls (P < 0.05). However, the phagocytic indices in the transgenics and the controls were not different. In addition, the mean body weight of the transgenics was 63.4 (6.65) g, much higher than that of the controls [39.2 (+/- 3.30) g, P < 0.01]. The absolute weight of spleen of the transgenics [0.13 (+/- 0.03) g] was higher than that of the controls [0.08 (+/- 0.02) g, P < 0.01]. However, there was no difference in the relative weight of spleen between the transgenics and the controls, with the spleen mass index being 0.21% (+/- 0.02%) and 0.20% (+/- 0.03%), respectively. This study suggests that the "all-fish" growth hormone transgene expression could stimulate not only the growth but also the non-specific immune functions of carp. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Effects of intraperitoneal injection of cortisol on nonspecific immune functions of Ctenopharyngodon idella

After grass carps Ctenopharyngodon idellus were injected with cortisol, with (CBC) and without (C) a cocoa butter carrier, the effects of both slowly and rapidly acting exogenous cortisol oil their non-specific immune functions were investigated. On the one hand, after injection with CBC, the cortisol concentration and lysozyme activity in fish serum were enhanced and were sustained at high levels for a long period (30 days). The killing activity in the serum declined with time, and phagocytosis of head kidney macrophages diminished significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The leukocrit values in the high dose group (31-8 mg cortisol fish(-1)) increased over time, however, with the maximum average being 5.6% at day 30. The spleen mass index in the high dose group was 0.93 x 10(-3) after 30 days, notably lower (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. In addition, a decrease in resistance to Aeronionas hydrophilo infection in cortisol-treated fish was shown, with the final cumulative mortalities being 54.5 and 66.7% in the low and high dose groups, respectively. On the other hand, there was a decrease in both serum cortisol concentration and lysozyme activity of the experimental fish within 2 weeks after injection with C, where plasma bactericidal activities in the high dose group (31-8 mg cortisol fish(-1)) were remarkably lower (P < 0.01) than those in the control group at each sampling, but were increased slightly over time. The results of which were different from those in the CBC trial. Phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages and spleen mass index decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while there were increases in leukocrit value and cumulative mortality due to A. hydrophila. The results of which were similar to those in the CBC trial. This study indicated that the injection of cortisol depressed the non-specific immune functions of the grass carp and increased its susceptibility to disease. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Mathematical symbols and computing methods in high dimensional biomimetic informatics and their applications

High dimensional biomimetic informatics (HDBI) is a novel theory of informatics developed in recent years. Its primary object of research is points in high dimensional Euclidean space, and its exploratory and resolving procedures are based on simple geometric computations. However, the mathematical descriptions and computing of geometric objects are inconvenient because of the characters of geometry. With the increase of the dimension and the multiformity of geometric objects, these descriptions are more complicated and prolix especially in high dimensional space. In this paper, we give some definitions and mathematical symbols, and discuss some symbolic computing methods in high dimensional space systematically from the viewpoint of HDBI. With these methods, some multi-variables problems in high dimensional space can be solved easily. Three detailed algorithms are presented as examples to show the efficiency of our symbolic computing methods: the algorithm for judging the center of a circle given three points on this circle, the algorithm for judging whether two points are on the same side of a hyperplane, and the algorithm for judging whether a point is in a simplex constructed by points in high dimensional space. Two experiments in blurred image restoration and uneven lighting image correction are presented for all these algorithms to show their good behaviors.

Silica-based 64-channel arrayed waveguide gratings with double functions

Silica-based 64-channel arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) with double functions and 0.4 nm (50 GHz) channel spacing have been designed and fabricated. On the same component, Gauss and flat-top output response spectra are obtained simultaneously. The test results show that when the insertion loss ranges from 3.5 dB to 6 dB,the crosstalk is better than -34 dB, the 1 dB bandwidth is 0.12 nm, the 3 dB bandwidth is 0,218 nm, and the polarization-dependent loss (PDL) is less than 0.5 dB for Gauss response. When the insertion loss ranges,from 5.8 dB to 7.8 dB, the crosstalk is better than -30 dB, the 1 dB bandwidth is 0.24 nm, the 3 dB bandwidth is 0.33 nm, and the PDL is less than 0.2 dB for flat-top response.

Method for measuring two-qubit entanglement of formation by local operations and classical communication

We present a parametrically efficient method for measuring the entanglement of formation E-f in an arbitrarily given unknown two-qubit state rho(AB) by local operations and classical communication. The two observers, Alice and Bob, first perform some local operations on their composite systems separately, by which the desired global quantum states can be prepared. Then they estimate seven functions via two modified local quantum networks supplemented a classical communication. After obtaining these functions, Alice and Bob can determine the concurrence C and the entanglement of formation E-f.

Discussion on the basic mathematical models of neurons - Double synaptic weight neuron in general-purpose neurocomputer, theory and application

Based on the introduction of the traditional mathematical models of neurons in general-purpose neurocomputer, a novel all-purpose mathematical model-Double synaptic weight neuron (DSWN) is presented, which can simulate all kinds of neuron architectures, including Radial-Basis-Function (RBF) and Back-propagation (BP) models, etc. At the same time, this new model is realized using hardware and implemented in the new CASSANN-II neurocomputer that can be used to form various types of neural networks with multiple mathematical models of neurons. In this paper, the flexibility of the new model has also been described in constructing neural networks and based on the theory of Biomimetic pattern recognition (BPR) and high-dimensional space covering, a recognition system of omni directionally oriented rigid objects on the horizontal surface and a face recognition system had been implemented on CASSANN-H neurocomputer. The result showed DSWN neural network has great potential in pattern recognition.

Method for detecting concurrence without the structural physical approximation by local operations and classical communication

We present a modified method for detecting the concurrence in an arbitrary two-qubit quantum state rho(AB) with local operations and classical communication. In this method, it is not necessary for the two observers to prepare the quantum state rho(AB) by the structural physical approximation. Their main task is to measure four specific functions via two local quantum networks. With these functions they can determine the concurrence and then the entanglement of formation.

practical type checking of functions defined on context-free languages

A type checking method for the functional language LFC is presented. A distinct feature of LFC is that it uses Context-Free (CF) languages as data types to represent compound data structures. This makes LFC a dynamically typed language. To improve efficiency, a practical type checking method is presented, which consists of both static and dynamic type checking. Although the inclusion relation of CF.languages is not decidable,a special subset of the relation is decidable, i.e., the sentential form relation, which can be statically checked.Moreover, most of the expressions in actual LFC programs appear to satisfy this relation according to the statistic data of experiments. So, despite that the static type checking is not complete, it undertakes most of the type checking task. Consequently the run-time efficiency is effectively improved. Another feature of the type checking is that it converts the expressions with implicit structures to structured representation. Structure reconstruction technique is presented.

pattern matching compilation of functions defined in context-free languages

LFC is a functional language based on recursive functions defined in context-free languages. In this paper, a new pattern matching algorithm for LFC is presented, which can represent a sequence of patterns as an integer by an encoding method. It is a rather simple method and produces efficient case-expressions for pattern matching definitions of LFC. The algorithm can also be used for other functional languages, but for nested patterns it may become complicated and further studies are needed.

facilitating formal specification acquisition by using recursive functions on context-free languages

Although formal specification techniques are very useful in software development, the acquisition of formal specifications is a difficult task. This paper presents the formal specification language LFC, which is designed to facilitate the acquisition and validation of formal specifications. LFC uses context-free languages for syntactic aspect and relies on a new kind of recursive functions, i.e. recursive functions on context-free languages, for semantic aspect of specifications. Construction and validation of LFC specifications are machine-aided. The basic ideas behind LFC, the main aspects of LFC, and the use of LFC and illustrative examples are described.