86 resultados para K-2


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用圆柱型流气式组织等效正比计数器测定了K 2 0 0kV低能重离子加速器提供的低能16O+离子束流在穿过 4μm厚的PET(C10 H8O4 )薄膜后的微剂量谱和径向剂量分布。测定了穿过不同厚度PET薄膜后的16O+ 束流的单次事件剂量平均比能zID随束流强度的变化曲线。用TIRM 92MonteCarlo程序计算了16O+ 离子在PET材料中的射程 ,与实验结果进行了比较和讨论

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奇奇核作为研究准质子和准中子间相互作用的独特侯选核,近年来,人们给予了越来越多的关注。奇奇核高j组态带中观测到的低自旋旋称反转现象(Signature inversion)已成为原子核高自旋态领域中一个十分活跃的研究课题。近十年来,一系列基于二准粒子加转子模型框架的计算结果表明,奇奇核中这两个准粒子之间的相互作用与旋称反转现象的发生密切相关。相对于偶偶核和奇A核,奇奇核的能级结构更复杂一些,实验上对其高自旋态的研究比较困难,这主要体现在实验上所提供的许多奇奇核的能级纲图存在着一定程度的不确定性,例如能级的激发能位置、转动带的组态、自旋和宇称的指定,甚至在纲图结构、级联系列的核素归属等方面都有一些问题。其中,转动带能级自旋的指定直接关系到准粒子能量的劈裂属性(即正常劈裂还是反常劈裂、旋称反转发生在低自旋区还是高自旋区及旋称反转的发生位置等):自旋的奇偶性定错了,会导致本来是反转的旋称劈裂变成不反转的(反之亦然);自旋值定错了△I,会导致旋称反转的位置发生相应的漂移。由于实验上奇奇核转动带能级自旋指定的混乱局面,掩盖了旋称反转现象的客观规律,使得相关理论模型的计算结果得不到及时检验。基于激发能系统学分析方法、以顺排角动量相加性为判据,我们曾对A~160轻稀土区的πhl_(11/2)direct X vi_(13/2)转动带(17个核素)和A~130过渡区的πh_(11/2)direct XVh_(ll/2)转动带(20个核素)进行了系统研究,对其中20个核的自旋数据提出质疑、并提出了相应的修正方案,在此基础上总结了两核区旋称反转现象的系统规律。利用激发能系统学方法指定奇奇核转动带的能级自旋,主要遵循以下三点原则:①自旋奇偶性:根据推转壳模型的描述,当准粒子处于优惠态(Favored)时、较非优惠态(Unfavored)具有更大的顺排角动量。这样,通过对转动带中两signature分支系列的i_x大小的比较,可以辅助推断能级自旋的奇偶性;②顺排角动量相加性:在忽略p-n剩余相互作用条件下,奇奇核中总的顺排角动量近似等于相邻奇A核中相应组态带提取的准粒子顺排角动量之和。这样,利用i_x对自旋值比较敏感的特点,可以推断出能级自旋取值的大致范围;③激发能系统性分析:由于集体转动反映大量核子的集体行为,少数核子的改变不会对这种运动产生明显影响,利用转动惯量的组态相关特性,在一组同位素或同中子素系列链中,对应一定内禀结构的转动带,随着质子数或中子数的均匀递增,能级能量应表现光滑的变化趋势(即不发生突变)。这三个方面基于不同角度、相对独立地指定转动带自旋。其结论的统一、往往可以给出正确的自旋数据。然而,必须指出的是:系统学分析过程是一种经验方法,并不具有严格的理论基础,上述的自旋修正以及总结出的旋称反转规律,必须得到实验核谱学测量的支持。基于这一思想,针对两核区,我们分别选择情况较为阿典型的奇奇核~(158)Ho和~(124)Cs进行了集中的实验测量。本论文的主要研究目标就是要建立两核中晕带与低激发态或基态的联系,找出原纲图中错误自旋指定的原因所在,验证系统学结论的有效性,并用旋称反转的实验规律性对理论模型的系统计算结果进行检验。(一)奇奇核~(158)58Ho高自旋态的实验研究在原子能研究院的HI-13串列加速器上,通过~(152)Sm(~(11)B,5nγ)~(158)Ho融合蒸发反应(束流轰击能E_(lab)=60 MeV)、对目标核~(158)Ho的高自旋态进行布居。探测阵列由八个高纯锗探测器构成,为了提高低能射线的收集效率,使用了一个平面型高纯锗探测器。分别进行了激发函数曲线测量、γ-γ-t符合测量和剩余放射性测量。数据反演后,两重符合总记数~120x10~6。实验结果概括如下:1.建立了基态带,组态指定为:{πh_(11/2)[523]7/2-direct Xvh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π=5~+;2.建立了一个强度仅次于晕带的强耦合带结构(亚晕带:yrare band)。通过转动参数、跃迁几率、顺排角动量、带交叉频率等特征参量的分析,其组态指定为:{πg_(7/2)[404】7/2]~+ direct X vi_(3/2)[651]3/2~+}K~π=5~+。 尽管该带带头附近的结构还不完整,但观测到了带内几条能级退激、分别贯入到晕带和基态带,从而将晕带和亚晕带同基态联系起来,固定了晕带和亚晕带中能级的激发能位置,并通过对这些连接跃迁多极性的分析,指定了两个带中的能级自旋和宇称;3.晕带(πh_(11/2)direct X vi~(13/2))向高自旋端拓展了7条能级,最高自旋态达到26h,激发 能4.9MeV。肯定了原纲图中不确定的617kev跃迁的存在和放置,观测到了反转点(I_(inv.)≈16h),肯定了系统学研究对该核的自旋修正。基于本实验建立的连接关系,晕带中观测到的最低态(即70.8kev跃迁贯入能级)激发能为207.6kev,而对应该能级,原纲图中激发能为156.9kev。这意味着原能级纲图中,晕带向基态退激途径中漏掉了一个~5lkeV的"能隙"(Energy gap),自旋差|△I|=3。根据晕带与退激5-同质异能态的跃迁(156.9kev)的快符合关系,该"能隙"至少由两个跃迁构成。该结果否定了原纲图中对晕带带头处理的三种可能性(①70.8kev为连接跃迁,其退激的能级为带头;②70.8kev为带内跃迁,156.9kev、5-同质异能态为带头:⑨70.8kev为带内跃迁,156.9kev、5-同质异能态为带头,但带头附近仍存在尚未观测的跃迁)。不确切的连接关系是过去实验中无法正确指定晕带自旋的原因;4.建立了一个强耦合的转动带结构,其能级间距(跃迁E_γ)随角动量的增加均匀递增,组态指定为{πh_(11/2)[523]7/2~-direct Xvh_(11/2)[505]11/2~-}K~π=9~+;同时,观测到了另一高K激发态退激到该转动带。其内禀结构指定为:{πg_(7/2)[404]7/2~+direct Xvh_(11/2)[505]1 l/2~-}K~π=9~-;5.建立了基于156.9 kev(I~π=5~-、T_(1/2)=29 ns)同质异能态上的转动带,该带观测完整,具有较强耦合的结构特点。其内禀准粒子轨道指定为:{πh_(11/2)[523]_(7/2)~-direct X vd_(3/2)[402]3/2~+}K~π=5~-,与处于较低激发能(67.3 kev)的2~-态(T_(1/2)=27 min.)构成了一对GM伙伴态。否定了过去的实验中把该态指定为{πg_(7/2)~2+direct Xvh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π=2~-组态;6.观测到了一个基于65.5 kev激发态的转动带,通过理论模型预言的带头激发能及转动参数与实验值的比较、考虑到其较弱的布居强度和很低的顺排角动量、以及较强耦合的结构特点, 其组态指定为: {πd~(5/2)[402]5/2~direct X vh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π=4~-。这一结果肯定了过去放射性测量中对处于较高激发能(139.2 kev)、T_(1/2)=1.85 ns、I~π=1~-激发态的讨论,即二者构成了一对GM伙伴态;7.建立了基于{πh_(11/2)[523]7/2~-direct X v_(7/2)[523]5/2~-}K~π=6~+激发态的强耦合转动带结构,其带头激发能为450.1 kev,与I~π=1~+、激发能为146.9 kev的同质异能态构成了一对GM伙伴态;8.在过去的放射性衰变测量中,提供了三个2~+激发态(激发能分别为117.7 kev、74.95 kev和316 kev)。其中两个2~+态(117.7和74.95 kev)同时指定具有{πh_(11/2)[523↑]7/2~-direct X vh_(9/2)[521↓]3/2~-}K~π=2~+组态。这里,我们指定1 17.7 kev的2~+激发态为{πg_(7/2)[404↓]7/2~+ direct X vi_(l3/2)[651↓]3/2~+}K~π=2+组态,即与本实验建立的亚晕带内禀激发态构成了一对GM伙伴态,而74.95 kev的2~+激发态指定为 {πh_(11/2)[523↑]7/2~-direct X vh_(9/2)[521↓]3/2~-}K~π=2~+组态,即与基态构成了一对GM伙伴态。基于本实验中K~π=9~+激发态的观测及其转动带的建立,我们指定激发能为3 1 6 kev的2~+激发态具有{πh_(11/2)[523↓]7/2~-direct X vh_(11/2)[505个]1 1/2~-}K~π=2~+组态,即这两个态构成了一对GM伙伴态;9.通过本实验、提供了~(158)Ho中各能态的跃迁强度和跃迁几率等数据。概括起来,奇奇核~(158)Ho的能级纲图大大完善了。综合本实验观测到的高自旋转动带结构和放射性测量中的部分激发态信息,我们可以整理出10对GM伙伴态,并提供了四个分别对应自旋平行和反平行耦合的GM能量漂移(GM Shift),即:{πh_(ll/2)[523]7/2~-direct Xvh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π=5~+、2~+,EGM=101.4 kev;{πh_(11/2)[523] 7/2~-direct X vd_(3/2)[402]3/2~+}K~π=5~-、2~-,E_(GM)=64.1 kev;{πd_(5/2)[402]5/2~+direct X vh_(9/2)[521]3/2~-}K~π =4~-、1~-,E_(GM)=113.3 kev;{πh_(11/2)[523]7/2~-direct Xvf_(7/2)[523]5/2~-}K~π=6~+、1~+,EGM=255.7 keV。(二)奇奇核~(124)Cs高自旋态的实验研究在原子能院的HI-13串列加速器上,利用~(116)Sn(~(11)B,3nγ)~(124)Cs融合蒸发反应(束流轰击能E_(lab.)=45 MeV),对奇奇核~(124)Cs的高自旋态进行了布居。探测阵列由10个高纯锗探测器和一个小平面探测器组成。数据反演后,总的两重符合事件数达到160x10~6。实验结果概括如下:1.高自旋转动带的信息更丰富了:建立了三个新的转动带结构,其中两个耦合带、一个退耦带,组态分别为:{πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~- direct X vhd_(5/2)[413]5/2~+}K~π=3~-、{πg_(7/2)[413]5/2~+direct X vg_(7/2)[402】5/2~+}K~π=5~+以及{πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~- direct X vd_(3/2)[400]l/2~+}K~π=1~-;2.低激发态的信息更丰富了:观测到了20多条新的低激发态跃迁,增加了10多个新的低激发态;3.转动带之间以及转动带与低激发态间耦合的信息大大丰富了:在过去的研究中观测到了三个彼此孤立、悬空的转动带结构,这里指定它们的组态为:{πh_(11/2) [550]1/2~-direct X vh_(11/2)[523]7/2~-}K~π=4~+(晕 带) ; {πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~- (direct X)vg_(7/2)[402]5/2~+}K~π=3~-(亚晕带:布居强度仅次于晕带);{πh_(11/2)[550]1/2~-(direct X)vs_(1/2)[411]1/2~+}K~π=1~-(双退耦结构)。其中,亚晕带(yrare band)通过至少三个独立的退激路径与低激发态联系起来;同时,建立了晕带与亚晕带间的多条连接关系。其它转动带分别与晕带和亚晕带联系起来,从而,在奇奇核~(124)Cs中,转动带的"悬空"不再存在,限定了各转动带中能级的激发能位援,并通过这些连接跃迁多极性的分析,分别指定了各能态的自旋和宇称。4.基于本实验建立的连接关系,晕带的最低态(124kev射线贯入能级)的激发能为618.9kev,该能量值比过去研究中的同一能级高出11.7kev。这表明原能级纲图中晕带的退激途径漏掉了一个11.7kev的"能隙"(根据Weisskopf估计,该能隙很可能由两个偶极跃迁构成)。该"能隙"的漏观测,正是导致过去实验中无法正确指定晕带自旋的原因所在;

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利用142Nd(16O,5n)153Er和147Sm(16O,6n)157Yb反应并藉助与氦喷嘴快速带传输装置和x(γ) γt-符合测量技术首次建立了153Er和157Yb的(EC/β+)衰变能级纲图。 对153Er的(EC/β+)衰变纲图的分析,得到结果有, 1) 辨认了256.7KeV和634.2KeV的二条低位能级分别为d3/2和d5/2的单质子态。因此,153H0的基态 的形状为球形。在同位素链Ho(Z=67)上,随着中子数的增加,奇质量数Ho核的基态核形状由球形过渡到变形发生在中子数86和88之间。 2) 位于1700.1KeV能级为三粒子态,具有[(πh11/2 νh9/2)1+ νf7/2] , , 的结构特征。 经对157Yb的(EC/β+)衰变纲图分析,得到结果有, 1) 发现了建立在157Tm基态上的Kπ= 转动带的带头部分。用可变转动惯量的三轴行变粒子转子模型对157Tm的转动能谱的计算结果表明,157Tm的基态Kπ= 转动带所对应的形变是三轴形变,相应的形变参数为ε2=0.23,ε4=0.01,γ=35°。给出了随着中子数的增加,奇质量数Tm(Z=69)核的基态核形状由球形过渡到非球形发生在中子数86和88之间。 2) 辨认了一条位于激发能为3502KeV的同质异能态,其寿命>40ns。

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在长白山北坡海拔 70 0~ 2 60 0 m的坡面上 ,海拔每上升 1 0 0 m设立一块样地 ,共计 2 0个样地 ,计测样地中草本层植物的生态重要值和包括气候、土壤、林冠郁闭度等在内的 1 3个环境因子 ,对获得的数据进行典范对应分析 ,作出了种类、样地分布与环境因子关系的二维排序图 ,排序图直观地反映了主要草本植物分布与环境因子间的关系。排序图中环境因子与前两个排序轴的相关系数大小表明 ,海拔高度作为诸多环境因子的综合反映 ,是影响长白山北坡草本植物分布的主导因素 ,除此之外 ,其它环境因子如林冠郁闭度、土壤有机质及有效 N、P、K等因素 ,也对草本植物的分布有较大的影响。高山冻原与 2 0 0 0 m以下森林群落内的草本植物明显不同 ,反映出二种不同类型植被间草本植物组成格局间质的差异

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计算了 1985~ 1999年试验期间各模拟施肥模型的作物移出养分量和施肥输入养分量 .结果表明 ,施用N肥可加剧土壤P收支赤字 ,而施用N、P肥则加剧土壤K收支赤字 .实验展示了我国在 2 0世纪70年代大面积贫P土壤和 80年代大面积缺K土壤出现的原因 .保持养分循环再利用可缓解土壤养分收支赤字 ,但不能满足丰产作物的养分需求 .在保持养分循环利用基础上根据土壤肥力适当施用化肥 ,可满足丰产作物的养分需求和平衡土壤养分收支 ,不致发生大量过剩N进入环境 .

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比较分析了杉木 桤木和杉木 刺楸混交林中杉木、桤木和刺楸活细根、死细根的N、P、K含量 .结果表明 ,桤木细根N迁移能力较强 ,刺楸较弱 ,杉木细根N不迁移 ;P在桤木和刺楸细根中迁移能力较强 ,而在杉木细根中基本不迁移 ;3个树种细根脱落前都将K迁移回树体内 .比较分析 2个混交林中活细根N、P、K在树种间的差异 ,发现在杉木 桤木混交林中桤木根部N可能向杉木迁移 ,而在杉木 刺楸混交林中刺楸根部K可能向杉木根部迁移 ,但迁移机制还有待于从根 土界面生态过程进行研究

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基于以空间代替时间的原则,初步研究了杉木树桩在分解过程中边桩和心桩密度的变化及根桩分解过程中几种养分元素的释放过程.结果表明,边桩每年密度损失率k为2.767×10-2,而心桩为2.255×10-2;不同采伐年代的根系和边桩中N、P含量随分解年限的增加而下降,而心桩中N、P含量随分解年限的增加而出现先增加后下降的的趋势,根桩中K浓度在分解过程中的前两年有较大幅度的下降,根桩中有机质含量在其分解过程中都是单调降低的,对根系和树桩中养分元素含量进行比较发现,在分解初期,根系中N、P、K含量都高于边桩和心桩,而有机质含量边桩和心桩高于根系

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针对辽宁省章古台地区樟子松人工固沙林出现的衰退枯死现象 ,系统地研究了樟子松人工固沙林衰退的主要特征 .结果表明 ,衰退的樟子松人工固沙林外貌景观呈灰绿色 ,针叶纤细 ,开花结实率低 ,平均单株球果数量为 10 4~ 16 5个 ,成熟种子千粒重为 6 96~ 7 39g ,种子空粒、涩粒较多 .生长季内 2年生针叶营养元素季节变化规律相似 ,但N、P含量下降 ,K含量明显增高 ,表明养分循环失调 ;衰退林分 2年生针叶叶绿素含量较高 ,健康林分 1年生较高且增幅较大 .松枯梢病的侵害是樟子松人工固沙林衰退的最明显标志 .林分衰退后 ,树高和胸径生长量下降明显 ,林分胸径分布结构“左移”(径级小的株数增多 ) ,衰弱 (亡 )木数量增加了 15 9%~ 2 7 2 % ;根量分别减少了 2 2 9%~ 2 8 9% ,其中吸收根减少量最大

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The reactions of (NH4)(2)WS4 and three polycarboxylate ligands {including nitrilotriacetate (nta(3-)), citrate (Hcit(3-)) and ethylenediaminetetra acetate (EDTA(4-))} in H2O/EtOH at ambient temperature have resulted in three new trioxotungsten (VI) complexes, K-3[WO3(nta)]center dot H2O 1, (NH4)(4)[WO3(cit)]center dot 2 H2O 2 and K-2(NH4)(2)[W2O6(EDTA)]center dot 4H(2)O 3, respectively. These three complexes have been characterized by IR, XPS, TGA-DTA, H-1 and C-13 NMR spectroscopy. And their structures have been determined by X-ray crystallographic studies, which confirm that I and 2 are mononuclear compounds and 3 is a binuclear compound. Each tungsten atom in 1-3 is coordinated to three unshared oxygen atoms, which adopt fac stereochemistry, while the remaining fac positions are occupied by three atoms from the ligands. The electrochemical properties of 2 and 3 have been investigated.

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In this paper, the isothermal crystallization kinetics of polypropylene (iPP) during self-nucleation was studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The iPP was melted at 438 K and then isothermally crystallized in the range of temperature between 421 and 425 K. The mechanism of nucleation and growth of iPP was discussed. The Avrami equation was applied to analyzing the process of isothermal crystallization of iPP from the melt. The average value of Avrami exponent is n=3.01, suggesting that the primary crystallization maybe corresponds to three-dimensional spherulitic growth. The K-g value obtained from Lauritzen-Hoffman equation is 1.128 X 10(5) K-2, which suggests that crystallization species should be regime I. The decrease of crystallization active energy and chain folding work indicates that the self-nucleation can greatly promote the overall crystallization of iPP.

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A chain coordination polymer with the chemical formula {[Cu4L2(H2O)] (.) H2O)(n), has been synthesized by the assembly reaction of K(2)CuL(.)1.5H(2)O and Cu(OAC)(2)(H2O)-H-. with a 1:1 mole ratio in methanol., where H4L=2-hydroxy-3-[(E)-({2-[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)imino]ethyl I imino)methyl] benzoic acid, OAC(-) = CH3COO-. The crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the compound has chain molecular structure formed by dissymmetrical tetranuclear units. The magnetic measurements showed that Cu-Cu of the complex exhibit antiferromagnetic interactions, and satisfactory fittings to the observed magnetic susceptibility data were obtained by assuming a binuclear system, and further using molecular field approximation to deal with magnetic exchange interactions between binuclear systems.

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Isothermal crystallization behavior of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy (POM). The Avrami analysis can be used successfully to describe the isothermal crystallization kinetics of PHBV, which indicates that the Avrami exponent n = 3 is good for all the temperatures investigated. The spherulitic growth rate, G, was determined by POM. The result shows that the G has a maximum value at about 353 K. Using the equilibrium melting temperature (448 K) determined by the Flory equation for melting point depression together with U-* = 1500 cal mol(-1), T-infinity = 30 K and T-g = 278 K, the nucleation parameter K-g was determined, which was found to be 3.14+/-0.07 x 10(5) (K-2), lower than that for pure PHB. The surface-free energy sigma = 2.55 x 10(-2) J m(-2) and sigma(e) = 2.70+/-0.06 x 10-2 J m(-2) were estimated and the work of chain-folding (q = 12.5+/-0.2 kJ mol(-1)) was derived from sigma(e), and found to be lower than that for PHB. This implies that the chains of PHBV are more flexible than that of PHB.

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For the 4f(N-1)5d configuration the Coulomb interaction between f and d electrons was parameterized by F-k(fd) with K = 2, 4, and G(K)(fd) with K = 1, 3, 5. The spin-orbit interaction for 4f and 5d electrons can be parameterized by xi (f) and xi (d) respectively, which can be compounded into one lambda : lambda = axi (f) + bxi (d), where a and b are the corresponding coefficients. The energy expressions of H-e(fd) of the chief low-energy levels of 4f(N-) (1)5d configuration for heavy lanthanide ions were calculated and the corresponding spin-orbit parameters lambda were also given in LS coupling, which are profitable in analyzing the spectra of the heavy lanthanide ions.

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In LS coupling, the energy expressions of H-e(fd) of the chief low-energy levels of 4f(N-15)d (n < 9) configuration ions are calculated. H-e(fd) can be parameterized with F-K (k=2,4) and G(K)(k=1,3,5). f(k) and g(k), which are coefficients, times the corresponding parameter FK and GK leads to the energy expressions of H-e(fd).

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Nonisothermal and isothermal melt crystallization kinetics of a novel aryl ether ketone polymer containing meta-phenylene linkages, PEKEKK (T/I), were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny and a new approach by combining the Avrami equation with the Ozawa equation could describe the nonisothermal crystallization. Isothermal crystallization could also be described by the Avrami equation. The activation energies were 187 and 159 kJ/mol for nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization, respectively. Using the Hoffman-Weeks method, the equilibrium melting point T-m(o) was estimated as 353 degrees C. From the spherulitic growth equation proposed by Hoffman and Lauritzen, the nucleation parameter K-g of the isothermal melt crystallization was estimated as 5.49 x 10(5) K-2. The crystallization characteristics of PEKEKK (T/I) were compared with those of all-para PEKEKK. The differences were explained by differences in the chain flexibility of the two polymers.