Probability distribution of the four-phase structure invariants of isomorphously related structure factors and its applications

The probability distribution of the four-phase structure invariants (4PSIs) involving four pairs of structure factors is derived by integrating the direct methods with isomorphous replacement (IR). A simple expression of the reliability parameter for 16 types of invariant is given in the case of a native protein and a heavy-atom derivative. Test calculations on a protein and its heavy-atom derivative using experimental diffraction data show that the reliability for 4PSI estimates is comparable with that for the three-phase structure invariants (3PSIs), and that a large-modulus invariants method can be used to improve the accuracy.

Teracluster LSSC-II - Its Designing Principles and Applications in Large Scale Numerical Simulations

The teracluster LSSC-II installed at the State Key Laboratory of Scientific and Engineering Computing, Chinese Academy of Sciences is one of the most powerful PC clusters in China. It has a peek performance of 2Tflops. With a Linpack performance of 1.04Tflops, it is ranked at the 43rd place in the 20th TOP500 List (November 2002), 51st place in the 21st TOP500 List (June 2003), and the 82nd place in the 22nd TOP500 List (November 2003) with a new Linpack performance of 1.3Tflops. In this paper, we present some design principles of this cluster, as well as its applications in some largescale numerical simulations.

Analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence of tris (2.2 '-bipyridyl) ruthenium and its derivatives

This article presents the state of the art of analytical applications of the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris (2,2'-bipyridyl) ruthenium (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)) and its derivatives. in the last seven years, Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL has attracted much interest from analysts and been successfully exploited as a detector of flow injection analysis (FIA), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and micro total analysis systems (TAS). Immobilization of Ru(bPY)(3)(2+) on a solid surface provides several advantages over the solution-phase ECL procedure, such as the simplicity of experimental design and cost-effectiveness. After a brief discussion of the mechanism of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL, we discuss its applications in FIA, HPLC, CE and TAS and give special attention to the design of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) ECL cells and some immobilization techniques of Ru(bpy)(3)(2+); we focus on papers published after 1997.

Biosensor with Total Internal reflection Imaging Ellipsometry

In order to monitor multiple protein reaction processes simultaneously, a biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry operated in the total internal reflection mode is proposed. It could be realised as an automatic analysis for protein interaction processes with real-time label-free method. Its principle and methodology as well as a demonstration for its applications are presented.

工程地质力学及其应用中的若干问题

工程地质力学是以工程为目的研究地质体变形破坏规律的科学。地质体具有非连续、非均匀、流-固耦合以及未知的初始状态的特性，工程地质力学的关键科学问题包括如何判断地质体的当前状态、描述地质体的力学特性以及分析地质体由连续到非连续的演化过程。工程地质力学研究应当以地学为基础、力学为手段、工程为目的，迫切需要解决的工程问题包括探测地质体的几何和力学特性，给出地质体稳定性的分析方法、地质工程设计依据以及地质灾害的预测预报方法。无论是模型实验还是模拟实验的结果能否回答工程问题取决于对地质条件的认知程度，但是，实验研究可以作为验证数值模拟结果的有力工具；地质调查和现场测量是工程地质力学必不可少的组成部分，地质体的力学分类体现了地学的基础作用，可实现地质环境描述定量化。针对工程需求建立力学模型可主要考虑含结构面岩体、土石混合体以及地质中裂隙流和岩土体的相互作用；实验室岩块实验的试样尺寸应作为地质体多尺度计算模型中的基本尺度。工程地质力学的主要研究内容应当包括给出关键的力学测量参数、研究获得这些参数的方法及相关的仪器：在提出和完善力学模型的同时，应更加注重新的计算方法的验证以及工程应用研究。

微尺度位移、形貌测量系统及应用

研制了一套可应用于MEMS器件的微尺度测量系统,可以在受载状态下实时检测MEMS器件的面内位移、离面位移和三维形貌.该系统中,面内位移测量是一个基于白光数字散斑相关方法的显微光学测量系统,与相应的力学加载系统结合,可以得到MEMS器件在受载状态下的实时面内位移;离面位移和三维形貌测量则是一个基于相移显微投影光栅方法的光学测量系统,与相应的力学加载系统结合,可以得到MEMS器件在受载状态下的实时三维形貌和离面位移.最后给出了几个典型的MEMS器件面内位移、离面位移和三维形貌的实测结果.

失效准则在广义Mohr空间的表示及应用

在广义的Mohr空间研究材料的破坏和屈服(失效),找到了主应力空间和广义Mohr空间中失效曲面的变换,以及适用于所有失效准则的应力和失效面法向的普适相容关系.对于双剪强度理论,根据它在广义Mohr空间的表示,将之归于最大偏应力理论一类.

纳米硬度技术在表面工程力学性能检测中的应用

结合纳米硬度技术测量各类薄膜和块体材料表层的纳米压痕硬度、弹性模量、断裂韧性、膜厚、微结构的弯曲变形，采用纳米划痕硬度技术测量各类薄膜和块体材料的粗糙度、临界附着力、磨擦系数、划痕横剖面。纳米硬度计是检测材料表层微米乃至几十纳米力学性能的先进仪器，可广泛应用于表面工程中的质量检测。

The Development of Biosensor with Imaging Ellipsometry

The concept of biosensor with imaging ellipsometry was proposed about ten years ago. It has become an automatic analysis technique for protein detection with merits of label-free, multi-protein analysis, and real-time analysis for protein interaction process, etc. Its principle, andrelated technique units, such as micro-array, micro-fluidic and bio-molecule interaction cell, sampling unit and calibration for quantitative detection as well as its applications in biomedicine field are presented here.

Generalization of the JTZ model to open plane wakes

The JTZ model [C. Jung, T. T¶el and E. Ziemniak, Chaos 3, (1993) 555], as a theoretical model of a plane wake behind a circular cylinder in a narrow channel at a moderate Reynolds number, has previously been employed to analyze phenomena of chaotic scattering. It is ex- tended here to describe an open plane wake without the con¯ned nar- row channel by incorporating a double row of shedding vortices into the intermediate and far wake. The extended JTZ model is found in qualitative agreement with both direct numerical simulations and ex- perimental results in describing streamlines and vorticity contours. To further validate its applications to particle transport processes, the in- teraction between small spherical particles and vortices in an extended JTZ model °ow is studied. It is shown that the particle size has signif- icant in°uences on the features of particle trajectories, which have two characteristic patterns: one is rotating around the vortex centers and the other accumulating in the exterior of vortices. Numerical results based on the extended JTZ model are found in qualitative agreement with experimental ones in the normal range of particle sizes.

激光冷却及其在科学技术中的应用

这篇文章回顾了近20以来激光冷却原子气体的发展历史，同时概述了激光冷却的各种物理机制，还介绍了超冷原子物理在量子物理学和高科技应用中所取得的重要成就，包括气体原子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚、原子钟和原子干涉仪。

微重力环境下冷原子物理及其应用

文章介绍了国际上微重力环境下冷原子物理及其应用的研究工作:空间原子钟、原子干涉仪、超冷原子物理和建议中的广义相对论的探索.文中简要介绍了中国科学院上海光学精密机械研究所在微重力环境下所进行的空间原子钟、玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚和原子芯片等研究工作.

光折变相干散射噪声

全面介绍了光折变相干散射噪声的研究状况，描述并分析了形成散射噪声的必要条件及理论机制，说明了散射噪声的观测技术及评价标准；总结了抑制噪声的各种方案及噪声的相关应用，最后展望了光折变散射噪声的研究前景。

Wavefront measurement of double-clad pulsed ytterbium fiber laser

Because of high efficiencies, compact structure, and excellent heat dissipation, high-power fiber lasers are extremely useful for applications such as cutting, welding, precision drilling, trimming, sensing, optical transmitter, material processing, micromachining, and so on. However, the wavefront of the double clad fiber laser doped with ytterbium is still unknown. In this paper, wavefront of a fiber laser is measured and the traditional Hartmann-shack wavefront sensing method is adopted. We measured a double clad fiber laser doped with ytterbium which produces pulse wave output at infrared wavelength. The wavefront shape and contour are reconstructed and the result shows that wavefront is slightly focused and not an ideal plane wavefront. Wavefront measurement of fiber laser will be useful to improving the lasers' performance and developing the coherent technique for its applications.