Active components and mechanism of isobutane alkylation with butenes in the catalytic system of HPAs plus AcOH

The catalytic active phase (CAP) of a novel liquid catalyst for isobutane alkylation with butenes was investigated, the composition of the CAP was analysized, The components of the catalytic active phase were separated and examined by the methods of FTIR, UV and NMR etc., On the basis of these results, a reaction mechanism based on the formation of protonated heteropolyacid as an intial stage in the isobutane alkylation with butenes was postulated, which is in agreement with the experimental results.

Studies on the adduct reaction of disubstituted benzenes with ion system of acetone in gas phase

Ion - molecule reactions of disubstituted benzene with ion system of acetone and deuterium - labelled acetone under chemical ionization conditions were examined and the fragmentation reactions of the adduct ions formed by the ion - molecule reactions were studied using collision - induced dissociation (CID) technique. It was found that the electron - releasing groups favored the adduct reactions, whereas the electron - withdrawing groups did not. The position and properties of substituted groups affected the relative abundance of the adduct ions. The fragmentation reaction of the adduct ion formed by ortho - phenylenediamine with acetyl ion was similar to the reductive alkylation reaction of amine in condensed phase.

H/D exchange reaction of cyclopropane derivatives in the ion system of CD3OD

The fragmentation properties of the product ions [M + 1](+), [M + 2](+) and [M + 3](+) formed by ion-molecule reaction of four cyclopropane derivatives with the ion system of CD3OD were investigated by using collision-induced dissocation technique. The experiment results indicated that the product ions were produced via the H/D exchange reaction between reactants and reactive reagent ions of CD3OD. There are two exchangable hydrogen atoms on the ring of compounds 1 and 2, and only one for compound 3 and 4.

Interfacial characteristics of the self-assembly system of poly-L-lysine 3-mercaptopropionic acid gold electrode

The interfacial characteristics of poly-L-lysine (PL) attached on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were studied by an electrochemical method. The results indicated that PL\MPA layer inhibited partly the diffusion process of redox species in solution, and the electrode surface behaved like a microelectrode array. Its permeation effect was also strongly affected by Mg2+. The more Mg2+ ions were added into the electrolyte solution, the greater the difficulty with which the electron transfer of potassium ferricyanide took place. The three different conformations of PL on the electrode surface had different influences on the electron transfer processes of ferricyanide. PL in random coil state hindered most strongly the electron transfer behavior of ferricyanide,while the alpha-helical PL had nearly no effect and the effect of the beta-sheet state PL was intermediate of these. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.

CIAC COMPREHENSIVE INFORMATION-SYSTEM OF RARE-EARTHS

The CIAC (Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry) Comprehensive information System of Rare Earths is composed of three subsystems, namely, extraction data, physicochemical properties, and reference data. This paper describes the databases pertaining to the extraction of rare earths and their physicochemical properties and discusses the relationships between data retrieval and optimization and between the structures of the extractants and the efficiency with which they are extracted. Expert systems for rare earth extraction and calculation of thermodynamic parameters are described, and an application of pattern recognition to the problems of classification of compounds of the rare earths and prediction of their properties is reported.

Identification and characterization of the AcrR/AcrAB system of a pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda strain

Edwardsielia tarda is one of the leading marine pathogens that can infect a wide range of cultured marine species. In this study, the acrR-acrAB cluster was cloned from TX1, a pathogenic E. tarda strain isolated from diseased fish. AcrR and AcrAB were found to be involved in resistance against acriflavine and methyl viologen, which positively regulate the expression of acrAB. AcrR negatively regulates its own expression and the expression of the acrAB operon, most likely by interacting with a 24-bp operator site that overlaps the putative promoter of acrA (PacrA). The repressive effect of AcrR on PacrA could be relieved by acriflavine, methyl viologen, and ethidium bromide, the presence of each of which enhanced transcription from PacrA. Interruption of the regulated expression of acrR by introducing into TX1 a plasmid that overexpresses acrR affected growth under stress conditions, AI-2 production, and bacterial virulence. In addition, mutational analyses identified a constitutively active AcrR mutant (named N215), which exhibits full repressor activity but is impaired in its ability to interact with the inducer. Overexpression of N215 produced the same kind of but moderately stronger effect on TX1 compared to that produced by overexpression of the wild-type acrR.

Modulatory effects of ammonia-N on the immune system of Penaeus japonicus to virulence of white spot syndrome virus

To study response to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) under ammonia stress, Penaeus japonicus were exposed to 5 mg l(-1) ammonia-N and challenged orally with WSSV (NW). Controls consisted of an ammonia-N-exposed control group (N), a WSSV-challenged positive control group (W), and an untreated control group (control). Immune parameters measured were total haemocyte count (THC), haemocyte phagocytosis, plasma protein content and haemolymph enzymatic activities for prophenoloxidase (proPO), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). THC and plasma protein had downward trends with time in all treatment groups (NW, N, and W) in contrast to the untreated control group (control). The percentage phagocytosis, NOS activity, and ALP and proPO activity of W and NW decreased initially then increased from 6 to 78 h (except for NOS and ALP, from 6 to 54 h) before declining thereafter until the end of the experiment. Compared with untreated controls (control), there was a downward trend for all measured parameters in the treatment groups (N, NW, and W), but the degree was W > NW > N. WSSV was detected at 78 h postchallenge in both W and NW. In conclusion, 5 mg l(-1) ammonia-N reduced the immunocompetence of P japonicus and may have decreased the virulence of WSSV (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On the taxonomic system of Eurasian Pamphagidae (Orthoptera: Caelifera)

This paper provides a new taxonomic system for the Eurasian Pamphagidae, in which the 47 known genera are divided into 6 subfamilies including 4 new subfamilies: Prionotropisinae nov., Thrinchinae, Pamphaginae, Tropidaucheninae nov., Nocarodesinae nov., Orchaminae nov.