72 resultados para Exodus 20:1-17
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文中简要介绍了集成光开关阵列的研究进展,重点分析了不同材料和不同结构的开关阵列的特点
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用光荧光谱(PL)研究了GaN_xAs_(1-x)/GaAs单量子阱(SQW)的光跃迁性质和带阶。通过研究积分荧光强度与激发强度的关系及光谱峰值位置与温度的关系,发现GaN_xAs_(1-x)/GaAs单量子阱中的发光是本征带-带跃迁,并且低温发光是局域激子发光。通过自洽计算发现它的导带带阶(ΔE_c)与氮含量的关系不是纯粹的线性关系,其平均变化速率(0.110eV/N%)比文献中报道的要慢得多(0.156~0.175eV/N%),此外发现Q_c(=ΔE_c/ΔE_g)随氮含量的变化很小,可以用Q_c≈x~(0.25)来表示。还研究了GaN_xAs_(1-x)/GaAs单量子阱中氮含量的变化对能带弯曲参数(b)的影响。
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于2010-11-23批量导入
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维生素C生产废水有机物浓度高、成分复杂、排放量大,是一种亟待处理的典型工业废水。本研究分别采用实验室规模和中试规模的升流式厌氧颗粒污泥床反应器(UASB)对该制药工业废水的厌氧生物处理工艺进行了较为深入的研究。同时采用两种不依赖于纯培养的分子生物学手段—变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和扩增核糖体DNA限制性分析(ARDRA)技术揭示了UASB反应器不同运行阶段污泥中微生物群落多样性组成及变化。此外,首次研究了零价铁(Fe0)在厌氧消化过程中对反应器运行及微生物群落结构的影响。 采用城市污水处理厂厌氧消化池絮状污泥和处理啤酒废水的颗粒污泥混合接种,小试中温(35±1℃)UASB反应器在其运行的第65天启动成功。反应器稳定运行阶段,在进水COD浓度为9000mg/L、水力停留时间为12h、容积负荷为13.6 kgCOD/m3.d条件下,其COD去除率稳定在85~90%之间,沼气产率达到4.5 m3/m3.d,沼气甲烷含量平均为72%。中试UASB反应器的接种污泥为厌氧消化污泥,其启动时间相对较长,为90天。在稳定运行期,反应器的进水COD浓度为8000~10000mg/L,水力停留时间和容积负荷分别保持在12~16h和10.6~14.2 kgCOD/m3.d范围,该阶段反应器的平均COD去除率稳定在85%左右,沼气产率平均为5.2m3/m3.d,沼气中甲烷含量为69%。上述结果表明中温UASB工艺用于维生素C生产废水处理是高效、可行的。 与对照反应器相比,添加Fe0的小试UASB反应器的COD去除率和沼气产量分别提高了6.5%和10.2%。同时,磷酸盐平均去除率为79%,比对照提高了64%,目前尚未见类似研究报道。在中试规模的UASB反应器中补充一定量的Fe0可缩短反应器启动时间,促进颗粒污泥的形成,该结果可能具有重要的应用价值。培养试验进一步表明,Fe0可以作为产甲烷菌还原CO2生成甲烷的电子供体。培养实验还表明,当系统中存在硝酸盐(0.40 mM)和硫酸盐(0.26 mM)时,Fe0促产甲烷过程受到一定程度的抑制。 采用细菌通用引物968F/1401R和341F/907R获得的PCR-DGGE指纹图谱均表明UASB反应器不同运行阶段细菌种群结构变化明显。小试和中试稳定期污泥的微生物多样性均高于各自初始接种污泥。产甲烷菌通用引物340F/519R的PCR-DGGE结果显示,虽然接种污泥中产甲烷菌的丰富度系数略低于稳定期,但总体而言,反应器运行期间产甲烷菌的种群组成相对稳定。 通过构建不同处理和不同运行阶段污泥样品的16S rRNA基因文库并对克隆基因进行限制性内切酶消化、测序分析。结果表明,稳定期两个反应器微生物群落结构相似,但与各自接种污泥差异明显。小试UASB反应器接种污泥中细菌的优势菌群分别为变形菌纲的δ亚纲(28.7%)和β亚纲(17.4%),至稳定运行期则演替为革兰氏阳性低GC菌群(21.9%)和变形菌纲的δ亚纲(14.0%)。中试反应器接种污泥Green non-sulfer bacteria(25.9%)和变形菌纲的δ亚纲(16.4%)类群占优势,而稳定期Green non-sulfer bacteria类群(17.9%)、革兰氏阳性低GC菌群(16.2%)和变形菌纲的δ亚纲(15.4%)为优势菌群。 产甲烷菌的优势克隆为SRJ 230、SRJ 26和SRJ 583,前两者分别与Methanosaeta concilii和未培养的Methanobacteria-like克隆Gran7M4的同源性达到97%和98%,后者与Methanomethylovorans. sp同源性为99%。接种污泥中上述类群占总克隆数量的比例较低。小试、中试接种污泥中产甲烷菌分别占7.8%和3.0%,但稳定运行期,该比例明显增加,分别达到21.9%和18.8%。上述结果表明启动期与稳定期污泥产甲烷菌种群组成相对稳定,但各类群数量明显增加。 添加Fe0的UASB反应器稳定运行期污泥中产甲烷菌比例(31.2%)高于对照反应器(24.2%), 革兰氏阳性低GC类群、变形菌纲的δ亚纲比例差异不明显,而变形菌纲β亚纲(6.0%)和Green non-sulfer bacteria(9.2%)的比例均分别低于对照反应器(13.1%和17.1%)。该结果表明,添加Fe0使反应器内微生物群落多样性发生了显著变化。 此外,在添加Fe0的UASB反应器中检测到特异性的克隆SRJ 341和SRJ 320,两者分别同磷酸盐去除和铁氧化有关的克隆子Orbal D41和Clone195的序列相似性达95%和96%。这两个类群可能分别与磷酸盐去除及铁促产甲烷作用密切相关。这一结果尚未见报道。
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由于近年来有害微生物的肆虐和人们防病抗菌意识的增强,社会对各种新型抗菌材料的需求越来越迫切。抗菌不锈钢是一种兼具良好机械和抗菌性能的新型功能材料,具有广泛的应用前景。开发和推广抗菌不锈钢,具有重要的经济和社会意义。 本文以中科院金属研究所研制的两种抗菌不锈钢为研究对象,对其抗菌性能和抗菌机理进行了研究,以期为抗菌不锈钢的深入研发和推广提供理论依据。 本文获得了如下主要结论: 1.采用覆膜法研究了抗菌不锈钢的抗菌广谱性,铁素体和奥氏体抗菌不锈钢对供试的17株菌(除产气肠杆菌外),均显示了较强的杀灭作用,证明其具有抗菌广谱性。两种材料对非孢子(或芽孢)产生菌的杀灭作用强于孢子(或芽孢)产生菌。但是,两种材料对产气肠杆菌均无杀灭作用。 2.考察了铁素体和奥氏体的杀菌率随时间和菌浓度的变化情况。两种材料分别在作用3h时和9h时,对菌体浓度为1×107CFU/mL的大肠杆菌(ATCC25922)的杀菌率均达到99.5%。对菌体浓度≤1×107CFU/mL的大肠杆菌在24h内均可全部杀灭。 3.随打磨次数的增加,抗菌率没有变化,表明打磨不影响铁素体和奥氏体抗菌不锈钢的抗菌性能;抗菌率不受温度的影响,0~37℃之间,未观察到抗菌率受温度变化的明显影响。 4.从抗菌不锈钢中溶出的铜在杀菌过程中可能起重要作用。铁素体和奥氏体抗菌不锈钢与添加了终浓度为1mmol/L的EDTA的菌液作用后,杀菌率分别降为46.8%和38.8%,因为EDTA络合了溶液中的金属离子,间接表明铜离子在杀菌过程中起重要作用。 5.两种抗菌不锈钢中O2-的产生速率分别为0.117 nmol•min-1•g-1和0.107nmol•min-1•g-1,显著高于普通不锈钢(0.062 nmol•min-1•g-1)。细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸过氧化的终产物丙二醛含量分别为1.96 nmol/g和1.93 nmol/g。显著高于普通对照的1.08 nmol/g,表明存在脂肪酸被氧化的现象。这些结果为抗菌过程中存在O2-的氧化杀菌作用提供了间接证据。 6.通过透射电镜和原子力显微镜观察,与抗菌不锈钢作用后的细胞外形多发生变化,细胞壁和细胞膜破裂,细胞内容物漏出,有的菌体完全溶解为碎片,显示两种不锈钢对细胞膜和细胞壁形态的显著影响。随作用时间延长,菌液中钾离子浓度亦显著升高,在3h时,分别达到2.57mg/L和2.79mg/L(普通对照为1.61mg/L)。 7.在巯基氧化实验中,添加终浓度为5 mmol/L的L-cys,作用8h,铁素体的抗菌率降为11.1%,薄层层析结果显示,半胱氨酸可能被氧化成胱氨酸,表明抗菌不锈钢可能对还原性酶具有氧化作用。 8.提取与抗菌不锈钢作用后菌的DNA,凝胶电泳观察并未出现smear现象。表明在本实验条件下尚不能检测到抗菌不锈钢对细菌遗传物质的氧化切割作用。 关键词: 抗菌材料 抗菌不锈钢 抗菌性能 抗菌机理 O2-
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本文以冶炼厂和张士灌区土壤为修复对象,以镉、铅、锌、铜为目标污染物,在室内模拟实验条件下,利用自养菌-嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌和异养菌-黑曲霉淋滤技术修复重金属污染土壤。在考察自养菌和异养菌对重金属污染土壤修复效果的基础上,重点研究了溶解性有机质和耐酸性异养菌对淋滤修复的影响和机制,同时筛选确定替代蔗糖黑曲霉发酵产酸的廉价碳源。结果发现: 自养菌-氧化亚铁硫杆菌淋滤修复过程中,筛选鉴定嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌R2对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、草酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸的耐受浓度分别为0.1、0.4、0.4、2.0、20和40 mmol/L,而高效液相色谱测定沈阳冶炼厂土壤和张士灌区土壤中低分子量有机酸浓度很低,其中草酸含量最高,分别仅为0.04mmol/L和0.149mmol/L,远低于氧化亚铁硫杆菌能耐受的有机酸浓度。同时土壤中溶解性有机质对氧化亚铁硫杆菌R2氧化Fe2+未产生抑制作用,而耐酸性异养微生物H1(红酵母菌)和H2(头孢霉)的加入对氧化亚铁硫杆菌R2淋滤去除重金属效果未产生明显促进作用,本研究中分离筛选的嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌R2可直接应用于污染土壤的生物淋滤修复。经过5d的生物淋滤,冶炼厂土壤中Cu、Zn和Cd的最高去除率分别为30.6%、58.4%和72%。 在一步黑曲霉生物淋滤过程中,当固液比5%(w/v)、接种量3%(v/v)和淋滤修复7d时,对冶炼厂土壤来说,Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn去除率分别为75.8%,100%,30.6%和26.1%;张士灌区土壤中分别为54%,71.8%,9.5%,18.7%。在二步黑曲霉生物淋滤过程中,当固液比10%(w/v)、接种量为2%(v/v)和黑曲霉发酵时间7d,淋滤2d时,冶炼厂土壤中四种重金属去除率分别为Cu 84%,Cd 75.5%,Pb30.5%和Zn10%;张士灌区土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的去除率分别达到57%,94.8%,20.4%和17.5%。 异养菌-黑曲霉淋滤修复重金属污染土壤效果优于有机酸淋滤。与黑曲霉淋滤相比,在直接添加有机酸淋滤修复中,冶炼厂土壤中重金属去除率分别为Cu 46.4%,Cd 61.8%,Pb 30.2%和Zn 43.3%,张士灌区土壤中重金属去除率分别为Cu 44%,Cd 0%,Pb 0%和Zn 26.2%。 淋滤前后土壤中重金属形态分级结果表明,黑曲霉一步和二步淋滤修复能有效去除污染土壤中交换态、碳酸盐结合态部分重金属,并能显著降低氧化物结合态部分重金属,但对有机态和残余态部分重金属离子去除效果并不明显。 以树木落叶和农作物副产品作为廉价碳源实施黑曲霉淋滤实验表明:杨树叶、桃树叶、土豆皮和玉米芯产酸和去除重金属效果较好。杨树叶对冶炼厂土壤中重金属去除率分别为63.5% Cu、100% Cd、16.8% Pb和Zn 27%;桃树叶去除效果分别为Cu61.8%、Cd100%、14.6%Pb和28.5%Zn;土豆皮去除效果分别为61%Cu、100%Cd、10.6%Pb和34%Zn。这些廉价碳源的利用可降低污染土壤生物淋滤修复成本。 研究生物淋滤修复技术为重金属污染土壤处理与处置开辟了新途径。
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通过对抚顺市温道林场20、53和69年生长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)人工林生物量和营养元素的积累与分配、养分利用效率和养分再吸收效率、养分生物循环的研究,探讨了长白落叶松生长发育不同阶段的养分生态学特征;对东北林业大学帽儿山实验林场17年生兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)人工林进行5年的施肥(NH4NO3,15 g•m-2•a-1),研究了施肥对人工林养分生物循环的影响。结果表明: (1)20、53和69年生单株落叶松生物量分别为33.14 kg•tree-1、311.42 kg•tree-1和408.46 kg•tree-1,随林龄的增长而增加。各器官生物量的分配格局为:树干>根>树枝>树皮>针叶。树干生物量的分配比例为50.16%~69.20%,随林龄的增长比例增大,而其他器官生物量的分配比例则逐渐减小。20、53和69年生单株落叶松净生产力分别为3.04 kg•tree-1•a-1、9.68 kg•tree-1•a-1和10.21 kg•tree-1•a-1,随林龄的增长而增大。针叶和树干的净生产力最大,分别占整株林木净生产力的40.07%~47.93%和27.32%~40.97%,并且随林龄的增长而增大。树枝、树皮和根的净生产力则表现出随林龄的增长呈抛物线状。 (2)20、53和69年生单株落叶松N、P、K、Ca、Mg等5种营养元素的总贮量分别为308.14 g•tree-1、2021.01 g•tree-1和2485.24 g•tree-1,随林龄的增长而增加。5种营养元素的贮量大小为:Ca>N>K>Mg>P。树干养分贮量的分配比例为19.74%~34.23%,随林龄的增长呈抛物线状。针叶、树枝和树皮的养分贮量占整株林木养分贮量的比例为35.16%~45.59%,建议在采伐木材时实施去皮、打枝等措施,留下针叶、树枝和树皮在林地中,让其自然分解以使营养元素重新归还利用,对于维持林地的养分平衡和长期生产力具有积极作用。 (3)20、53和69年生单株落叶松年吸收养分量分别为35.31 g•tree-1•a-1、97.83 g•tree-1•a-1和100.08 g•tree-1•a-1,随林龄的增长而增加。5种营养元素的年吸收量大小为:Ca>N>K>Mg>P。落叶松的养分利用效率随林龄的增长而增大,但生长到一定年龄阶段后,其养分利用效率逐渐趋于稳定。落叶松的最佳采伐年龄应为养分利用效率保持稳定时的年龄,此时采伐单位干材所带走的林地养分量较少。不同营养元素的利用效率不同,P的利用效率最高,Mg、K次之,N、Ca最低。不同器官的养分利用效率不同,树干的养分利用效率最高,其次是根、树枝、树皮,针叶最低。随着林龄的增长,树干和根的养分利用效率增大,而树枝和树皮的养分利用效率减小。 (4)落叶松叶片的N再吸收效率为50.76%~55.11%,随林龄的增长表现出增大的趋势;P和K再吸收效率分别为64.38%~68.85%和87.85%~90.62%,随林龄的增长表现出减小的趋势。从养分利用效率和养分再吸收效率综合判断,本研究区落叶松生长可能受土壤N、P、K供应的限制,3种营养元素的限制作用大小为:K>P>N。 (5)落叶松人工林养分的年吸收量、年存留量和年归还量分别为51.94~78.35 kg•hm-2•a-1、17.77~29.43 kg•hm-2•a-1和34.18~48.92 kg•hm-2•a-1,均随林龄的增长而减少,这与林分密度逐渐减小有关。5种营养元素的年吸收量和年存留量大小均为:Ca>N>K>Mg>P,年归还量大小为:Ca>N>Mg>K>P。落叶松人工林的养分循环速率为0.624~0.658,随林龄的增长而增大。5种营养元素的循环速率以Mg、N最快,Ca、P次之,K最慢。K的循环速率较低,可能与研究区土壤K含量较低而表现出的K再吸收效率较高有关。 (6)施肥导致落叶松叶片N再吸收效率显著降低,而凋落叶片的N浓度显著增加,从而使凋落叶片的C/N比由80.29降低到60.29。施肥林地凋落叶片C/N比的降低使其分解速率加快,有利于其养分归还土壤,从而加快了系统的养分循环速率,提高了系统的养分利用率。因此,在人工林经营中,施肥不仅能提高林地生产力,而且对于维持林地养分循环具有积极作用。
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本文研究了辽东山区不同经营强度下柞蚕林生态系统物质转运和养分循环。在同一个轮伐期内,柞蚕林叶生物量、年净生产量随剪伐年令的增加而增大,直到剪伐后5年呈下降趋势。植被总生物量介于22.23-24.56t·ha~(-1)。其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层各为17.84、2.82、3.17t·ha~(-1)。林地枯枝落叶层总量为3.56-4.37t·ha~(-1)。年净生产量介于8.51-8.92t·ha~(-1)·yr~(-1)。其中乔木层占53.7%、灌木层占16.3%、草本层占29.9%。当食叶强度为0、50%和75%时,年干物质归还总量分别为3.57-3.96、3.38-3.725和3.284-3.609t·ha~(-1)·yr~(-1)。干物质净输出各为0、93.34-117.59和140.02-176.36kg·ha~(-1)·yr~(-1)。干物质积累和分配的分隔模型阐明了系统中干物质现存量和流动量。柞蚕林植被养分积累总量为255.69-292.15kg·ha~(-1)。在乔木层中,叶 > 根桩、树干 > 侧根、多年生枝 > 当年枝、细根。柞叶在衰老过程中,养分浓度急剧下降(40.62-77.78%)。在不同食叶强度下,分别计算了营养元素的回运量、归还量、输出量和存留量、植被养分年吸收总量以及调整前后乔木层各器官的年净吸收量。养分循环的分隔模型阐明了不同经营条件下柞林-柞蚕系统养分的分配和流动特征。
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本文对禄春安息香(Styrax macranthus)种子和攀援孔药花(Porandra scandens)全草的化学成分进行了研究,共获得30个化合物,其中2个为新化合物。 从禄春安息香种子95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了12个化合物,其中2个新化合物鉴定为3-[7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl) benzofuran-5-yl] propyl 3-[7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl] propanoate (1) 和去甲氧基-egonol-龙胆双糖甙 (2);已知化合物分别为2-(3,4-二氧亚甲基苯基)-5-甲酰基-7-甲氧基-苯并呋喃 (3)、egonol (4)、去甲氧基-egonol (5)、去甲基-egonol (6)、egonol-葡萄糖甙 (7)、egonol-龙胆双糖甙 (8)、egonol-龙胆三糖甙 (9)、豆甾醇 (10)、二十四烷酸 1-甘油酯 (11) 和胡萝卜甙 (12)。生物活性测试发现,化合物2具有促进雌激素E2合成的作用。 从攀援孔药花全草95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了19个化合物:(2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2R)-2-羟基-二十一烷酰基氨基]-二十一烷-1,3,4-三醇 (13)、(2S,3S,4R)–2–二十四烷酰基氨基-十八烷-1,3,4-三醇 (14)、胡萝卜甙 (12)、β-谷甾醇 (15)、(20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-表二氧-麦角甾-6,22-二烯-3β-醇 (16)、6β-羟基-豆甾-4-烯-3-酮 (17)、十六烷酸 1-甘油酯 (18)、桦木酸 (19)、大黄素 (20)、二十二烷酸 1-甘油酯 (21)、对羟基苯甲醛 (22)、十七烷酸 1-甘油酯 (23)、金色酰胺醇乙酸酯(24)、十九烷酸 1-甘油酯 (25)、棕榈酸 (26)、(E)-p-香豆酸 (27)、(22E,24S)-24-麦角甾醇-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇 (28)、2-去氧-β-蜕皮激素 (29)和auranamide (30)。 综述了近十年来发现的2-芳基苯并呋喃类新木脂素的结构特征、来源、生物活性和化学全合成。 Phytochemical investigation on the seeds of Styrax macranthus and the whole plants of Porandra scandens led to the isolation of thirty compounds, two of which were new ones. Two new 2-aryl benzofuran derivatives, 3-[7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxy phenyl) benzofuran-5-yl]propyl 3-[7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)benzo furan-5-yl]propanoate (1) and demethoxy egonol gentiobioside (2), were isolated from the 95% aqueous ethanolic extract of the seeds of Styrax macranthus, together with 7-methoxy-2-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) benzofuran-5-carbaldehyde (3), egonol (4), demethoxy egonol (5), demethyl egonol (6), egonol glucoside (7), egonol gentiobioside (8), egonol gentiotrioside (9), stigmasterol (10), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl tetracosoate (11), and daucosterol (12). In vitro test, compound 2 promote the synthesis of estrogen E2. Nineteen compounds were isolated from the 95% aqueous ethanolic extract of the whole plant of Porandra scandens for the first time. Their structures were identified as (2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxy-heneicosanoylamino]-1,3,4- heneicosanetriol (13), (2S,3S,4R)-2-tetracosanoylamino-1,3,4-octadecanetriol (14), daucosterol (15), β-sitosterol (12), (20S,22E,24R)-5α,8α-epidioxy-ergosta-6,22-diene- 3β-ol (16), 6β-hydroxylstigmast-4-en-3-one (17), 1-glycerol-1-hexadecoate (18), betulinic acid (19), emodin (20), 1-glycerol-1-docosoate (21), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (22), 1-glycerol-1-heptadecoate (23), aurantiamide acetate (24), 1-glycerol-1- nonadecoate (25), palmatic acid (26), (E)-p-coumaric acid (27), (22E,24S)- 24-metbylcbolesta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol (28), 2-deoxycrustecdysone (29), and auranamide (30). The characteristic, natural resource, bioactivity, and the total synthesis of 2-aryl benzofurans were reviewed.
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本学位论文由两部分共3章组成。第一部分分别报道2种藏药唐古特瑞香和大果大戟化学成分的研究成果,从2种药用植物共分离鉴定了60个不同的化合物,其中12个为新结构,特别有意义的是发现了2个具有同一新骨架的二萜化合物。第二部分概述了大戟科植物多环二萜的研究进展。 第一部分包括第1和2章。在这2章中分别报道了唐古特瑞香(Daphne tangutica Maxim)和大果大戟(Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f. Fl)化学成分的分离纯化与结构鉴定。实验采用正、反相硅胶柱层析、薄层制备及HPLC等分离方法,从唐古特瑞香的根皮中共分离出32个化合物,通过红外、质谱及核磁共振等波谱方法鉴定了其中的31个,结构类型分别属于瑞香二萜类、木脂素类、香豆素类、苯丙素类及甾体类,其中有三个新的瑞香二萜型化合物,经波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为1,2a-二氢-20-棕榈酰瑞香毒素、1,2a-二氢-5b-羟基-6a,7a-环氧-树脂大戟醇-14-苯甲酸酯及1,2b-二氢-5b-羟基-6a,7a-环氧-树脂大戟醇-14-苯甲酸酯,另外还有13个已知化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。从大果大戟的根部共分离出33个化合物,鉴定了其中的30个,其主要成分为种类丰富的二萜,包括巨大戟烷型、续随子烷型、对映-阿替生烷型、对映-贝壳杉烷型、对映-松香烷型、ent-trachylobane型、对映-异海松烷型及一新骨架五环二萜ent-wallichane型,另外还有香豆素、甾体、三萜和一些简单的小分子化合物。其中新化合物有9个,经波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为5-O-(2E,4E,6E)-癸三烯酰基-3,20-O-二乙酰基巨大戟醇、5-O-(2E,4Z)-癸二烯酰基-3-O-乙酰基-20-去氧巨大戟醇、3-O-(2E,4Z)-癸二烯酰基-5b,6b-氧-交京大戟醇、7-苯甲酰氧基-3,5,15-三乙酰基-续随子醇、ent-trachylobane-3-one-17-oic-acid、3α-羟基-对映-阿替斯-16-烯-14-酮、3α,6-二羟基-对映-异海松-7-烯-2,15-二酮、wallichanol A 和 wallichanol B,其中,wallichanol A 和 wallichanol B属于一新骨架类型的五环二萜。除此以外,另有13个已知化合物为首次从该植物中分离得到。 第2部分即第3章,首次概述了大戟属植物中多环二萜的化学和药理研究进展。 This dissertation is composed by two parts. The first part reports the phytochemical investigation of two Tibetan medicine plants, Daphne tangutica Maxim and Euphorbia wallichii Hook. f. Fl. Sixty different compounds including ten new compounds and two novel diterpenoids possessing a new carbon skeleton were isolated and identified. The second part is a review about the progress of studies on the polycyclic diterpeniods of the plant family of Euphorbia. The first part consists two chapters, which expatiate on the isolation and identification of chemical constituents from D. tangutica and E. wallichii. Thirty-one compounds were isolated from the root barks of D. tangutica by methods of column chromatography (silica gel, including reversed phase), preparative TLC and HPLC, and their structure were identified as nine daphnane diterpenes, six lignans, nine cumarin derivatives, five phenylpropanoid derivatives, a steroids and a benzoate on the basis of spectroscopic methods including IR, MS and NMR. Among them, three are new diterpenes with skeleton of daphnane and the structure were determined as 1,a-dihydro-20-palimoyl-daphnetoxin, 1,2a-dihydro-5b- hydroxy-6a,7a-epoxy-resiniferonol-14-benzoate and 1,2b-dihydro-5b-hydroxy- 6a,7a-epoxy-resiniferonol-14-benzoate. In addition, thirteen known ones were isolated from this plant for the first time. Isolation of the roots of E. wallichii yielded thirty compounds, twenty-four of them were elucidated as diterpenoids, which belong to different skeleton types of ingenol, lathyrane, ent-atisane, ent-kaurane, ent-abietane, ent-trachylobane, ent-isopimarane and a new pentacyclic skeleton ent-wallichane respectively. The remains including a cumarine, a triterpenoid, a steroid and three compounds with small molecule. Nine new compounds were characterized as 5-O-deca-2E,4E,6E- trienoyl-3,20-O-diacetylingenol, 5-O-deca-2E,4Z-dienoyl-3-O-acetyl-20- deoxyingenol, 3-O-deca-2E,4Z-dienoyl-jolkinol-5b,6b-oxide, 7-benzoyl-3,5,15- triacetyl-7-hydroxylathyrol, ent-trachylobane-3-one-17-oic-acid, 3α-hydroxy-ent- atis-16-en-14-one, 3α,6-dihydroxy-ent-isopimarane-7-en-2,15-dione, wallichanol A and wallichanol B, respectively, by means of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Among them, wallichanol A and wallichanol B were two notable novel pentacyclic diterpenoids processing a new rearranged carbon skeleton. And more, thirteen ones were firstly reported from this plant. The third chapter summarizes the research development on chemistry and pharmacology of polycyclic diterpenes from the plant family of Euphorbia for the first time.
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为了从分子水平对中国药用石斛及其混伪品进行鉴定,本文选取了核rDNA ITS 序列和叶绿体DNA 的matK 基因序列进行研究。采用改良的CTAB 法提取石斛的基因组DNA,PCR 产物直接测序法对17 种(共32 份)药用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 全序列进行测定,克隆测序法对12 种(共22 份)药用石斛的叶绿体的matK 基因序列进行测定,运用BioEd it,MEGA4.0 等生物软件分析了石斛属植物的rDNA ITS 序列及叶绿体的matK 基因序列的特征,比较了石斛属间、种间、种内不同居群(品种)间的序列碱基差异及遗传距离,应用邻接法构建分子系统树。主要研究结果如下: (1)建立了17 种(共32 份)药用石斛rDNA ITS 区碱基全序列数据库,其中,ITS1 的长度为228~234 bp,GC 含量为45.7%~53.0%,变异位点167 个,占总位点67.34%,信息位点106 个,占总位点42.74%,ITS2 长度为241~247 bp,GC含量为44.8%~55.7%,变异位点165 个,占总位点66.27%,信息位点115 个,占总位点46.18%。 (2)建立了12 种(共22 份)药用石斛的叶绿体matK 基因全序列数据库,叶绿体matK 基因长1410 bp,变异位点51 个,信息位点11 个。除了存在碱基替换的遗传变异外,还存在碱基的插入和缺失。 (3)通过ITS 序列比较分析了各材料间的遗传距离和碱基差异,属间的遗传距离为0.295,石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.142,碱基相差2~156 个,种内各居群间的平均遗传距离为0.002,碱基相差1~2 个。属间的遗传距离大于种间的遗传距离,种间的遗传距离大于种内不同居群(品种)间的遗传距离。 (4)根据分析石斛叶绿体的matK 基因序列得到,外类群(密花石豆兰)与石斛属间最小遗传距离为0.027,石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.008,种间最大的遗传距离0.014, 最小的遗传距离为0.003,碱基相差8~20 个。种内不同居群(品种)遗传距离为0.001,相差1~5 个碱基。 (5)利用17 种石斛的全序列数据库及遗传分析软件,通过对待检种rDNA I TS区进行序列测定,成功地对10 个待检种进行了鉴定,并且在原植物开花后得到了验证。 (6)运用12 种石斛的matK 基因全序列数据库及遗传分析软件,成功地对4个待检种进行了鉴定,同样在原植物开花后得到了验证。 (7)本文利用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 序列和叶绿体的matK 基因序列数据库分别构建了NJ 树,外类群与石斛属间石斛种间以及种内不同居群(品种)间均能在NJ 树中明显分化开来,二者构建的分子系统树一致,为石斛的分子鉴定提供了依据。 In order to identify Chinese Herba Dendrobii and its adulterant species on molecular level, we studied the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene. Genomic DNA of Dendrobium was extracted using the modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The PCR products of the rDNA ITS sequences of Dendrobium (32 materia ls) were purified and then sequenced. The PCR products of chloroplast matK gene of Dendrobium (22 materia ls) were purified, cloned and then sequenced. The characteristic of the sequences and the genetic dista nce were compared between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium, Dendrobium interspecies, and different populations. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the NJ method by the biology softwares including BioEd it, MEGA4.0 etc. The ma in results as follows: (1) It was built up that the database of rDNA ITS sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii (32 materia ls). The ITS1 was 228~234 bp, the GC content accounting for 45.7%~53.0%. Its variable sites were 167, accounting for 67.34%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 106, accounting for 42.74%. The ITS2 was 241~247 bp, the GC accounting for 44.8%~55.7%. The variable sites were 165, accounting for 66.27%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 115, accounting for 46.18%. (2) The database of the chloroplast matK gene sequences was built up, which contained 12 species of Herba Dendrobii (22 materia ls). The matK gene sequences were about 1410bp in length. There were 51 variable sites and 11 Parsim-Informative sites. And there were nucleotides insertions and deletions in some species , in addition to the nucleotides substitutions. (3) The rDNA ITS sequences were compared and analyzed by the biology softwares. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was 0.295. The avera ge genetic dista nce was 0.142 between Dendrobium species, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The avera ge genetic dista nce between different populations was 0.002, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was greater tha n that of Denrobium interspecies. Meanwhile, the genetic dista nce between Denrobium species was also greater tha n that of different populations (variaties). (4) The characteristics of the chloroplast matK gene sequences were obtained after analyzing by the biology softwares. The minima l genetic dista nce was 0.027 between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium . The ma xima l genetic dista nce was 0.014 between Dendrobium species, and there were 20 variable nucleotides. The minima l genetic dista nce between populations was 0.003, and there were 8 variable nucleotides.The genetic dista nce between populations was 0.001, and there were 1~5 variable nucleotides. (5) The molecular Phylogeny tree was constructed on the database of rDNA ITS the sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii using the biology softwares. Then we authenticated 10 materia ls on molecular level. What’s more, they had been proved when these pla nts flowered. (6) The molecular Phylogeny tree was built up on the database of chloroplast matK gene sequences of 12 species of Herba Dendrobii with the biology softwares.Then 4 materia ls were authenticated on molecular level. Moreover, they had also been proved when these pla nts were in flower. (7) The Phylogenetic trees were separately constructed on the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene B. odoratissimum and Dendrobium all could be distinguished on the Phylogenetic trees. Meanwhile, the Phylogenetic trees based on two groups of sequences were coincident. rDNA ITS and matK gene sequence could be used as molecular markers for authentication of Herba Dendrobii.
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活性污泥法是目前世界上普遍应用的污水生物处理工艺,其在运行过程中产生大量的剩余污泥。由于剩余污泥处理费用巨大及污泥最终处置对环境具有潜在危害问题,污泥的处理和处置已经成为水处理领域关注的焦点。本文利用实验室筛选的溶胞菌群,在好氧消化的同时对污泥进行前处理,促进剩余污泥的破解与溶胞,再通过两相厌氧处理对污泥进行进一步消化,以研究投加溶胞菌对剩余污泥消化的影响。 本研究中溶胞菌污泥减量化技术分为两个部分,第一,污泥在溶胞菌作用下的好氧消化与污泥传统好氧消化的对比研究,利用取自成都三瓦窑污水处理厂剩余污泥,向好氧污泥消化反应器中投加溶胞菌,检测各项污泥指标,并通过同传统好氧污泥消化对比,以研究溶胞菌对污泥好氧消化的影响。第二, 经过溶胞菌处理后好氧消化的剩余污泥进行两相厌氧处理研究。通过建立好氧溶胞联合两相厌氧消化系统的来处理剩余污泥,并与相同条件运行的两相厌氧消化系统做对比,检测运行过程中系统中物质成分变化,研究了其处理能力和运行稳定性,探索了两相厌氧消化系统中的发酵类型差别,验证了好氧溶胞对剩余污泥的破解效果。 研究结果表明:污泥在溶胞菌作用下的好氧消化效果和消化效率均优于传统好氧消化。在溶胞菌群存在的情况下,剩余污泥的TSS和VSS去除率达到40%和53%,远高于传统好氧消化的12%和20%。污泥经过溶胞及好氧消化后,TCOD去除率达到54.4%。经过溶胞菌处理后的剩余污泥再进入两相厌氧处理系统,进入厌氧处理系统的剩余污泥的VSS/TSS比值约为0.62。在两相厌氧处理水力停留时间(HRT)为8d时,溶胞处理污泥厌氧消化后VSS去除率达到55.17%,对照组两相厌氧系统的VSS去除率平均值为18.53%。经过溶胞处理的两相厌氧系统的污泥减量了能力远高于对照组。两相厌氧系统的pH值和碱度说明系统运行较为稳定。产酸相的有机酸中乙酸含量高于丙酸和丁酸,说明发酵末端产物以乙酸为主。在20天的试验周期内,污泥溶胞处理后、两相厌氧系统产甲烷相产气量累积产气量为1.2L,对照组只有375ml。气体中甲烷含量都在55%左右。该研究结果表明,好氧溶胞对污泥有破解能力,溶胞处理对两相厌氧中产酸相水解污泥细胞有明显的促进作用,提高了产酸相的水解酸化能力和效率。该研究对于利用生物溶胞途径提高污泥消化效率具有重要意义。 The actived sludge process has been used more and more extensively, but the procedure will lead to a large quantity of excess sludge. The treatment of Excess activated sludge has becomes a focuses not only for it is a seriously negative effect on environment but also for the costly disposal comes subsequently. The cell lysing bacterium was keeped in our lab to joined in the digestion of the excess activated sludge which was carrying at the same time with pre-processing of sludge to investigated the influence of cell lysing bacterium on excess sludge. There are two part in the method of cell lysing bacterium digesting sludge technology, the first, comparison of excess sludge digestion between anaerobic Cell-lysing Pretreatment and Conventional Aerobic Process. The sludge which was collected from San Wanyao disposal plant in Chengdu was thrown into the aerobic process system with cell-lysing bacterium, then, the indexes were detected to compare the difference between the cell-lysing bacterium in aerobic process and the traditional method to determine the influence of cell-lysing bacterium on aerobic process ; The second, the research on the sludge which was pro-treated with cell-lysing and aerobic digestion in the diphase of anaerobic digestion system. The system of cell-lysing combined with diphase of anaerobic digesting was created to compare to the diphase of anaerobic digested system, the changes of mass constituent was detected to study the ability and steady of disposal. Moreover, the research explored the difference among the types of fermentation. The efficacious of aerobic process was been proved. The result shows that the digesting rate of aerobic process with cell-lysing bacterium was higher than the traditional process. The ratio of sludge is reach to 40%~53%, which was far more effectively than the traditional process rate of 12%~20%. The TCOD of sludge which was treated with cell lysing bacterium and Aerobic Process is reach to 54.4%. Then, the sludge was thrown into the diphase of anaerobic digesting system. VSS/TSS of sludge is 0.62, HRT is 6d, the reduction of VSS is reach to 40.8%. The pH and alkalinity indicate the steady running of the diphase anaerobic digest system. In the acerbity phasing, the content of acetic acid was more than butanoic acid and propanoic acid in organic acid, it is demonstrated that the main composition of final production of fermentation was Acetic Acid. During the 20d of experiment, methylhydride phasing of diphase anaerobic digest system produced 1.2L methylhydride, however, there is only 375ml in CK, the content of methylhydride in all gas phase was around the rate of 55%. The average ratio of VSS was 18.53% in CK diphase anaerobic digest system which was far more unavailable than the mass sludge rate of 55.17%. Results demonstrated that aerobic cell-lysing digested the sludge, the treat of cell-lysing could obviously promoted the hydrolyzeing of sludge cell in the acerbity phasing, which improved the ability and rate of hydrolization and acidification. This study is significant in inhenceing the rate of sludge digestion in the method of cell-lysing bacterium.
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分别制备经1 Gy C离子辐照和未经辐照人肝癌HepG2细胞的总蛋白样品,采用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳技术进行蛋白分离,用ImageMaster 2D双向电泳凝胶图像分析软件分析数字化图谱。结果显示,差异表达的蛋白质点为17个,其中1个仅在未经C离子辐照的HepG2细胞中表达,8个蛋白质点在辐照后的细胞中表达上调,8个蛋白质点在辐照后的细胞中表达下调。建立了重复性较好和分辨率较高的分离HepG2细胞总蛋白的双向电泳技术。实验结果表明,C离子辐照HepG2细胞后其蛋白质组发生了改变。