一种制备生物柴油的方法

本发明是一种利用水产加工下脚料制备生物柴油的方法。包括下列步骤： (1)将清洗后的鱼加工下脚料蒸煮至100～120℃，然后加入有机溶剂，搅拌、过滤得溶液I；(2)按溶液I体积的20～50％加磷酸水溶液于溶液I中，得溶液II，再加入与溶液II同体积的水；进行酸洗水洗，通过多羟基吸水性树脂柱脱水得溶液III；(3)在溶液III中加入碱性催化剂与无水乙醇进行转酯化反应，得溶液IV；(4)将溶液IV静置，除去下层甘油层后，对生成的混合脂肪酸乙酯层进行水洗，除去残留的催化剂、乙醇和其它水溶性成分得生物柴油。本发明的优点是：充分利用现有的鱼加工下脚料，减少污染，提高企业经济效益，为水产加工废弃物的利用和生物能源的发展开辟了一条新路。

贵州四个山羊品种mtDNA多态性及起源分化

采用15种限制性内切酶,研究贵州省4个山羊(capra sp.)品种共93只个体的线粒体DNA多态性。其中BamHI、HindIII和SalI3种酶的酶切类型存在多态。共检测到18种限制性态型,归结为3种mtDNA单倍型。单倍型I和II在贵州山羊4个品种中分布频率较高,分别为77.42%和21.50%,单倍型III分布频率较低(1.08%);品种间亲缘关系聚类分析表明白山羊和黑山羊亲缘关系最近,其次为黔北麻羊,而与小香羊的亲缘关系最远。

Molecular phylogeny of Sinocyclocheilus (Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences

More than 10 species within the freshwater fish genus Sinoncyclocbeilus adapt to caves and show different degrees of degeneration of eyes and pigmentation. Therefore, this genus can be useful for studying evolutionary developmental mechanisms, role of natural selection and adaptation in cave animals. To better understand these processes, it is indispensable to have background knowledge about phylogenetic relationships of surface and cave species within this genus. To investigate phylogenetic relationships among species within this genus, we determined nucleotide sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp) and partial ND4 gene (1032 bp) of 31 recognized ingroup species and one outgroup species Barbodes laticeps. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using maximum parsimony. Bayesian, and maximum likelihood analyses. Our phylogenetic results showed that all species except for two surface species S. jii and S. macrolepis clustered as five major monophyletic clades (I, II, III, IV, and V) with strong supports. S. jii was the most basal species in all analyses, but the position of S. macrolepis was not resolved. The cave species were polyphyletic and occurred in these five major clades. Our results indicate that adaptation to cave environments has occurred multiple times during the evolutionary history of Sinocyclocheilus. The branching orders among the clades I, II, III, and IV were not resolved, and this might be due to early rapid radiation in Sinocyclocheilus. All species distributed in Yunnan except for S. rhinocerous and S. hyalinus formed a strongly supported monophyletic group (clade V), probably reflecting their common origins. This result suggested that the diversification of Sinocyclocheilus in Yunnan may correlate with the uplifting of Yunnan Plateau. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Inc.

从基于结构定义的序列模体识别蛋白质的超家族

以进化上相距较远的蛋白质酷氨酸磷酸酶I和II为例，通过结构比较和基于结构的序列比对及共同保守区域残基替换模式的分析，定义了基于结构的序列模体。利用这种新的模体对SWISS-PROT和TrEMBL蛋白质序列库进行搜索，可特异性地同时识别磷酸酶I和II，其识别正确率可达98.4%。而在此之前，尚未见可同时识别磷酸酶I和II序列模体的报道。

Site-directed PEGylation of trichosanthin retained its anti-HIV activity with reduced potency in vitro

Trichosanthin (TCS) was the first ribosome inactivating protein found to possess anti-HIV-1 activity. Phase I/II clinical trial of this compound had been done. Antigenicity and short plasma half-life were the major side effects preventing further clinical trial. Modification of TCS is therefore necessary to revive the interest to develop this compound as an anti-HIV agent. Three potential antigenic sites (Ser-7, Lys-173, and Gln-219) were identified by computer modeling. Through site-directed mutagenesis, these three antigenic amino acids were mutated to a cysteine residue resulting in 3 TCS mutants, namely S7C, K173C, and Q219C. These mutants were further coupled to polyethylene glycol with a molecular size of 20 kDa (PEG) via the cysteine residue. This produced another three TCS derivatives, namely PEG(20)k-S7C, PEG(20)k-K173C, and PEG(20)k-Q219C. PEGylation had been widely used recently to decrease immunogenicity by masking the antigenic sites and prolong plasma half-life by expanding the molecular size. The in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of these mutants and derivatives was tested. Results showed that the anti-HIV-1 activity of S7C, K173C, and Q219C was decreased by about 1.5- to 5.5-fold with slightly lower cytotoxicity. On the other hand, PEGylation produced larger decrease (20- to 30-fold) in anti-HIV activity. Cytotoxicity was, however, weakened only slightly by about 3-fold. The in vitro study showed that the anti-HIV activity of PEGylated TCS was retained with reduced potency. The in vivo activity is expected to have only slightly changed due to other beneficial effects like prolonged half-life. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation in juvenile rhesus monkeys

The objective of this study was to investigate juvenile rhesus monkeys responding to various gonadotropin regimen Stimulations. Thirty-two prepubertal rhesus monkeys were randomly allocated into five groups for ovarian stimulation as follows: Groups I, II

武汉东湖沉积物中重金属生物有效性研究

沉积物中的酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)是预测厌氧沉积物中重金属生物有效性的重要参数,SEM/AVS大于1时沉积物中重金属具有潜在生物毒性,小于1时则无生物有效性. 本文研究了东湖三个不同污染负荷的站点的同步提取金属SEM(Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Ag, Cr)和SEM/AVS的深度分布,研究表明东湖沉积物中主要重金属是Zn, Cr和Cu,约占SEM总量的90%. I站、II站沉积物中AVS是重金属生物有效性的主控因子之一,对重金属的深度分布影响较大,重金属不具有生物有效性;III站沉积

武汉东湖沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)的深度分布及其影响因素

沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)是硫化物的生成、氧化和扩散等综合作用的反映,有机物的供给、硫酸盐的还原等因素都能影响其分布特征. 本文对武汉东湖三个污染程度不同站点的AVS深度分布特征进行了研究,结果表明,AVS含量在一定深度沉积物中具有最大值,东湖沉积物中AVS的深度分布具有两种不同的模式,I站和II站AVS浓度峰在5cm左右的表层沉积物中,且AVS还原层深度较狭窄,而III站AVS浓度峰处于10-20cm深度范围,沉积物中有机质负荷的差异是导致这种分布特征的重要原因. 沉积物中有机质含量对AVS的深度

葛仙米光合活性对盐胁迫的反应

收集人工条件下培养的葛仙米球形群体，以不同浓度的NaCl溶液处理，当浓度超过0．2mol／L后，叶绿素a荧光的可变部分（Fv）与最大荧光（Fm）之比值（Fv／Fm）与NaCl浓度呈负相关，光合放氧速率也随着NaCl浓度升高而降低．这两者随氯化钠浓度升高而降低的趋势均呈现出两个阶段性：低NaCl浓度时的缓慢降低阶段和高NaCl浓度时的快速降低阶段．Fv／Fm比值的转折点在0．2mol／L，而光合放氧速率的在0．4mol／L，后者与海水的浓度接近．呼吸作用几乎不受NaCl的影响．光系统I（PSI）和光系统II

Development of the microbial communities in Lake Donghu in relation to water quality

There is increasing recognition that protozoa is very useful in monitoring and evaluating water ecological healthy and quality. In order to study the relationship between structure and function of protozoan communities and water qualities, six sampling stations were set on Lake Donghu, a hypereutrophic subtropical Chinese lake. Microbial communities and protists sampling from the six stations was conducted by PFU (Polyurethane foam unit) method. Species number (S), diversity index (DI), percentage of phytomastigophra, community pollution value (CPV), community similarity and heterophy index (HI) were mensurated. The measured indicators of water quality included total phosphorus (TP), dissolved oxygen (DO), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4 (+), NO2 (-) and NO3-. Every month water samples from stations I, II, III, IV were chemically analyzed for a whole year, Among the chemically analyzed stations, station I was the most heavily polluted, station II was the next, stations III and IV had similar pollution degrees. The variable tendencies of COD, TP, NH3, NO2-, NO3-, and DO during the year was approximately coincident among the six stations. Analysis from the community parameters showed that the pollution of station 0 was much more serious than others, and station V was the most slight. Of the community parameters, CPV and HI were sensitive in reflecting the variables of the water quality. Community similarity index was also sensitive in dividing water qualities and the water quality status of different stations could be correctly classified by the cluster analysis. DI could reflect the tendency of water quality gradient, species number and percentage of Phytomastigophora was not obvious in indicating the water quality gradient.

Molecular characterisation and inductive expression of a fish protein arginine methyltransferase 1 gene in response to virus infection

Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) is currently thought as an effector to regulate interferon (IFN) signalling. Here Paralichthys olivaceus PRMT1 (PoPRMT1) gene was identified as a vitally induced gene from UV-inactivated Scophthalmus maximus Rhabdovirus (SMRV)-infected flounder embryonic cells (FEC). PoPMRT1 encodes a 341-amino-acid protein that shares the conserved domains including post-I, motif I, II and III. Homology comparisons show that the putative PoPMRT1 protein is the closest to zebrafish PMRT1 and belongs to type I PRMT family (including PRMT1, PRMT2, PRMT3, PRMT4, PRMT6, PRMT8). Expression analyses revealed an extensive distribution of PoPMRT1 in all tested tissues of flounder. In vitro induction of PoPRMT1 was determined in UV-inactivated SMRV-infected FEC cells, and under the same conditions, flounder Mx wash also transcriptionally up-regulated, indicating that an IFN response might be triggered. Additionally, live SMRV infection of flounders induced an increased expression of PoPRMT1 mRNA and protein significantly in spleen, and to a lesser extent in head kidney and intestine. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a major cyptoplasmic distribution of PoPRMT1 in normal FEC but an obvious increase occurred in nucleus in response to UV-inactivated SMRV. This is the first report on in vitro and in vivo expression of fish PRMT1 by virus infection, suggesting that PoPRMT1 might be implicated in flounder antiviral immune response. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Application and validation of a new biotic index using data from several water systems

Protozoans of Lake Donghu were collected from five stations using the PFU method. The sampling was conducted for one year and two times a month. The aim of this research was to test the applicability of a new protozoa biotic index, species pollution value (SPV) and community pollution value (CPV), established by the authors using data from the River Hanjiang. Each station's CPV was calculated from the SPV and the correlation analysis between the CPV and the comprehensive chemical index of stations I, II, III showed a significant correlation between them. The pollution status of the five stations was correctly evaluated by the CPV. These results suggested that the biotic index could be applied in water systems other than the River Hanjiang. The SPV of some protozoa species in Lake Donghu, not observed in the River Hanjiang were established. In order to further test the applicability of the biotic index, protozoan and chemistry data from the Rivers Torrente Stirone and Parma of Italy were used. The results showed that the CPV for the two rivers had a close relationship with the chemical water quality, which indicated that the biotic index could be applied in other parts of the world for the monitoring and estimating of water quality. Since the results of testing and verifying the biotic index in some other water systems in China were also satisfactory, this indicated that the biotic index has an extensive suitability for freshwater ecosystems. As long as more than 50% of the species in a sample have a SPV, the CPV calculated from the SPV is reliable for monitoring and evaluating water quality.

Long-term changes of planktonic rotifers in a subtropical Chinese lake dominated by filter-feeding fishes

1. The long-term changes (1956-1998) in density and species composition of planktonic rotifers were studied at two sampling stations (I, II) of Lake Donghu, a shallow eutrophic Chinese Lake densely stocked with filter-feeding fishes. Annual average densities of rotifers increased with an increase in fish yield and eutrophication, whilst species number decreased from 82 in 1962-1963 to 62 in 1994-1998. 2. During 1962-98, some species such as Anuraeopsis fissa, Polyarthra spp. (including P. dolichoptera & P. vulgaris), Trichocerca pusilla and Synchaeta oblonga increased their percentage in abundance remarkably, whilst the proportion of Keratella cochlearis decreased at two relatively eutrophic stations from 19 to 4.2% at Station I and from 30 to 3.2% at Station IL 3. The high r(max) of A. fissa probably made it more successful than other rotifers under high predation pressure by planktivorous fish. The decrease in the K. cochlearis population might be attributed partly to predation by Cyclops vicinus. 4. Small rotifers were less vulnerable to fish predation than large-sized cladocerans. Decreases in cladocerans coincided with increases in rotifers, suggesting that the indirect effect of fish predation on cladocerans might have partly contributed to the population development of rotifers in Lake Donghu during recent decades. 5. We also conducted surveys (1994-1998) of seasonal dynamics of rotifers at four sampling stations (I-IV) which have varied in trophic status after fragmentation of the lake in the 1960s. A total of 75 species were identified at the four stations. Both densities and biomass of rotifers were considerably higher in the two more eutrophic stations than in the two less eutrophic stations. This indicates that the population increase of rotifers at Stations I and II during recent decades might be partly attributed to eutrophication of the lake water.

反渗透复合膜的界面控制与性能

研究了界面极性、微观粗糙程度、表面元素组成与含量对聚砜超滤膜性能的影响及表征；探讨了以不同界面性质和性能的聚砜不对称膜为支撑层的反渗透复合膜的性能变化规律，结果表明反渗透复合膜超薄功能层与多孔支撑层间的内界面层的极性、元素组成及含量、微观粗糙程度、荷电性影响复合膜的产水率和脱盐率；提出了内界面弱界面层的存在引起反渗透复合膜耐氯性下降的推测。一 氢氟酸浸泡聚砜不对称膜的研究 氢氟酸浸泡聚砜超滤膜致密表皮层能够改变其表面极性；刻蚀产生卵形纹理同时改变底膜表面微观粗糙程度；改变不对称膜表面各元素的相对含量；改变不对称超滤膜的纯水通量；进一步影响以它为支撑层的反渗透复合膜的性能。二 不对称聚砜膜表面极性的研究 用不同浓度的强极性试剂甲酸、磷酸、盐酸和弱极性试剂异丙醇等浸泡聚砜不对称膜不同的时间控制其表面极性，实验结果表明，极性试剂的水溶液高浓度短时间和低浓度长时间浸泡聚砜膜能得到同样的界面极性控制效果；可以用接触角的减小表征聚砜膜表面极性的增强，聚砜膜表面最强的极性对应于其最大的纯水通量。在不同极性的聚砜膜支撑层上形成反渗透复合膜，在其它条件相同前提下，支撑层表面极性增强，复合膜的产水率增大；产水率增加会引起复合膜脱盐率的上升，复合膜的脱盐率与支撑层表面的极性有一定的相关性。三 聚砜不对称膜致密表皮层上表面活性剂吸附层的影响 提出了表面活性剂吸附模型I、II、III，指出表面活性吸附层处于不同的吸附膜型时对超滤膜表面的极性和纯水通量的影响不同；在不同吸附层模型上形成超薄功能层的反渗透复合膜的性能不同：超薄功能层/多孔支撑层间内界面如果引入弱界面层，则复合膜的性能大幅度下降，当内界面是致密层时，复合膜的性能与内界面的荷电性、化学元素组成等有关；提出了聚酰胺反渗透复合膜的耐氯性不高的另一个可能机理是：在膜处理盐水过程中，由于普通复合膜内界面是通过范德华力作用的物理结合，小分子可能渗透聚集在内界面层形成弱界面层，导致复合膜的耐氯性大幅度下降。

主链热致液晶高分子的高有序液晶性研究

主链热致液晶聚芳醚酮，同时引入含联苯介晶基元和含取代侧基的破坏结晶基元，具有丰富的液晶相结构，是目前发现的少数几种具有高有序液晶性的聚合物之一。本论文利用热分析（DSC）、红外光谱（FTIR）、广角X－射线衍射（WAXD）、偏光显微镜（PLM）、电子显微镜（TEM）、电子衍射（ED）和原子力显微镜（AFM）等实验手段对主链热致液晶聚芳醚酮进行了结构和形态表征，研究了高有序液晶性及其在相变中作用。这不但对全面了解和认识液晶高分子的复杂相变过程有重要理论意义，同时对改善这类材料的性能和拓宽其应用范围有重要的实际意义。首先确定了主链热致液晶聚芳醚酮的高有序液晶相。DSC结果指出该共聚物呈现两个热力学一级相转变，即结晶相向液晶相和液晶相向各向同性相的转变。WAXD结果表明，该共聚物在液晶相温区形成高有序近晶结晶相结构，即同时呈现高有序液晶相和结晶的衍射特征，由低角度衍射峰确定液晶相具有多个亚层结构，由高角度衍射峰确定结晶相为正交晶系。通过ED、WAXD方法，确定所得的高有序近晶结晶相为垂直的正交相SC_E相。TEM、PLM观察到的单矢畴结构和镶嵌织构等也证明了高有序液晶相的存在。高有序液晶相的形成和发展过程对其后降温过程中的结晶相变有重要影响。从各向同性溶体慢降温时(≤10 ℃/min)，在液晶温区生成了较完整的高有序液晶相，其后直接转化成稳定的晶型I结构；从各向同性溶体快降温时(≥20 /min)，在液晶温区生成不完整的小尺寸高有序液晶相并成为另一种亚稳晶相（晶型II）的成核剂，而晶型II的生长速率很快，最终导致大量亚稳晶型II的生成。亚稳晶型II在较高温度下热处理可转化为稳定的晶型I。对于常规聚芳醚酮，可通过拉伸诱导和溶剂诱导晶型II的产生，而本文为首次发现液晶聚芳醚酮可通过控制降温速率诱导晶型II的产生。研究了液晶聚芳醚酮的共聚组成和侧基的空间位阻效应对液晶性的影响。当聚合物中侧基摩尔分类小于30％和大于80％时，样品不具有液晶性。仅当共聚物的侧基摩尔分数在30％－80％时，样品呈现液晶性，熔融相转变温度随共聚组成不同基本保持不变，这种变化规律与常规聚芳醚酮无规共聚物的呈“V”字形变化有显著的不同。不同侧基共聚物的液晶稳定性从小到大的次序为氯侧基PAEK<甲氧基 PAEK<叔丁基 PAEK≤苯侧基 PAEK<三氟甲基苯PAEK，说明空间位阻效应比分子极性效应对液晶稳定性的影响大，其符合Flory-Onsager空间位阻效应是决定液晶稳定性因素的观点，而否定了Maier-Sauper分子极性效应是决定液晶稳定性因素的观点。液晶聚芳醚酮具有非常丰富的液晶相态结构，包括低有序液晶相特征的纹影织构、扇形织构、焦锥织构；高有序液晶相特征的镶嵌织构、近晶相球晶织构、单矢畴结构；剪切力场诱导的指纹织构；非剪切作用下结晶诱导的单晶状条带结构；以及薄膜样品从溶体冷却结晶得到的单晶体和从非晶态冷结晶得到的球晶。单矢畴结构是有单一分子取向的有序微区，它是液晶高分子存在高有序液晶相一个有力的证据。研究表明液晶聚芳醚酮的单矢畴结构是由初始的多天畴结构经热处理转化而成的，具有正交晶系和分子链垂取向的特征。指纹织构是在液晶相与各向同性相转变温区受到机械剪切作用时形成的且非连续地分散在镶嵌织构中。研究表明指纹织构为正交晶体结构，整个指纹织构区域的分子链均垂直于膜平面，晶体的a轴和b轴的取向也基本一致。在主链热致液晶高分子中这种剪切诱导的指纹织构还是首次发现并被报道。单晶状条带结构是液晶聚芳醚桐熔体膜在高有序液晶相转化温区等温处理生成的。TEM结果指出条带呈明暗相间的周期性排列，其宽度约20nm；ED结果指出条带区域具有正交晶系的单晶状取向结构；条带的延伸方向为晶体的b轴方向；AFM结果指出条带结构的薄膜表面是凸凹起伏的。通过电子衍射、明场、暗场和样品倾转技术证明，这种结晶诱导的单晶状条带结构的成因来自于分子链的取向不同。条带结构在AFM高度图中的凸起部分（TEM明场像的暗区）分子链垂直于膜平面，而凹下部分（TEM明场像的亮区）分子链向b轴倾斜，最大倾角±20°。需要指出的是文献报道的条带结构，无论是剪切的和非剪切（结晶诱导或固化诱导）的条带结构，其分子链均平行于膜平面，而我们得到的条带结构的分子取向与其有显著的不同。这种单晶状条带结构的生成，除湿度和时间等影响因素外，膜厚度是决定性因素，只有当膜厚略大于分子链长度时，方导致结晶诱导的单昌状条带结构的形成，过剩的自由体积能以这种起伏的条 结构的方式得以释放。该聚合物在生成单晶状条带结构的同时，还形成大量的均相附生结晶形态，绝大多数附生结晶接触面为(100)_Ⅰ/(210)_Ⅱ和(010)_Ⅰ/(210)_Ⅱ，分别对应结晶b轴的夹角为32°和122°。液晶聚芳醚酮薄膜样品，从熔体冷却结晶得到了单晶体，从非晶态冷结晶得到了球晶。平放（flat-on）的单晶有规则的外形，从[001]方向的电子衍射图，可确定单晶区域为正交晶系，分子链（c轴方向）垂直于膜平面。AFM观察指出，单晶体表面平整度达分子水平，并成功地获得了分子晶格分辨像，测得的晶胞参数（a和b）与电子衍射结果基本一致，分子链端位于晶体表面，这意味着该聚合物的分子量分布很均匀。该分子晶格分辨像被《Macromolecular Rapid Communications》选作封面。