57 resultados para DECISIÓN 792


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青杨(Populus cathayana Rehd.)是青杨派杨树的主要树种之一,为我国特有乡土树种,其主要分布区之一是我国的青藏高原,集中分布地带在甘肃省中部及青海省东部,四川省西北部岷江上游和松潘等地区。本研究以青藏高原东缘青杨天然分布区的6个群体143个个体为材料,用AFLP、SSR和叶绿体SSR分子标记分析青杨天然群体的遗传多样性,分析其遗传结构和分化,比较6个群体间遗传多样性的高低和群体间的遗传关系。旨在为青杨基因资源评价、保护与保存、遗传改良策略制定等提供科学理论依据。通过以上研究,得出如下主要研究结果: 1 AFLP分子标记研究结果 采用4对选择性引物对6个青杨天然群体143个个体进行分析,扩增谱带分析共检测到175个位点,其中173个位点表现为多态,多态位点百分率高达98.9%。从整体上表现出较高的遗传多样性,Nei’s基因多样度(h)水平为0.306。从青杨天然群体位点分布来看,有高达20%的位点(32位点)为群体所特有,仅有9.14%的位点(16位点)在所有群体中存在。群体间的遗传分化极大,所有遗传变异中,有48.9%的遗传变异存在于群体间。在个体群丛(Individuals cluster)和主坐标(PCO analysis)分析中,青杨各群体未呈现任何地理模式,Mantel检测也显示各群体间遗传距离与地理距离无明显相关。研究认为,由于地理和空间上大尺度的隔离和地形地貌复杂使得群体间无法进行基因交流,导致群体间遗传分化极大,另外各群体在不同的选择压力下,经历各自独立的进化历程,这些都可能导致群体间遗传距离与地理距离的不相关。 2 SSR分子标记研究结果 在SSR分析中,7个位点在6个青杨天然群体143个个体中共检测到79个等位基因,每位点检测到的等位基因数在5-16之间,平均11.3个,总体上多态位点百分率达100%。平均观察杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.792和0.802。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验表明青杨大部分群体都处于非平衡状态,群体大部分位点都是偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(76.3%),只有23.7%的测验满足哈迪-温伯格平衡。分析青杨天然群体内和群体间的遗传变异,基因分化系数(GST)为0.373,即有62.7%的遗传变异存在群体内,37.3%的遗传变异存在群体间。群体内的遗传变异高于群体间水平。根据各群体遗传距离UPGMA聚类分析,有来自相临分布区、近似气候类型的群体聚在一起的趋势,但Mantel检测反映遗传距离与地理距离间并无明显相关性。 3 cpSSR分子标记研究结果 分析来自青藏高原东缘6个青杨天然群体,所用cpSSR引物中有5对cpSSR引物(CCMP2、CCMP5、SCUO01、SCU03、SCU07)都表现较高的多态性,单个引物检测的片段数都在4以上。5对cpSSR引物共检测片段数26个,组成了12种叶绿体DNA单倍型。各群体的单倍型分布和频率有较大差异,群体单倍型多样性范围为0-0.4926,TS、JZ、PW和SHY群体单倍型多样性高于QHY和LED群体水平。本研究发现,分布在青藏高原东缘的青杨天然群体,群体间不存在共享的单倍型,各群体间存在极大的遗传分化(GST=0.9223)。从青藏高原东缘地区经历的地质历史事件来看,第四纪的冰期气候变迁可能是造成青杨现今遗传结构模式的主要因素之一。根据单倍型在各群体的分布情况,进行青杨群体聚类分析结果,各群体无明显的分组现象,青杨各群体也未呈现任何清晰地理模式。 由于不同分子标记在对群体遗传多样性检测能力与效率上存在差异,所以三种标记检测的青藏高原东缘青杨天然群体遗传多性水平也不尽一致,但在与用同种方法检测其它物种或同一物种不同种源群体比较,三种分子标记方法都揭示了青藏高原东缘青杨天然群体具有中等偏上的遗传多样性水平。结果分析表明,群体间遗传分化极大,这是由于青杨天然群体分布于青藏高原东缘,既有高原又有高山峡谷,由于地理和空间上大尺度的隔离和地形地貌复杂导致了基因流物理上的阻隔。三种分子标记研究结果经Mantel分析检测,遗传距离与地理距离之间都无明显相关性。较为一致的解释是,青杨分布区域地理和空间上大尺度的隔离和和地形地貌复杂导致群体之间不存在均匀扩散现象,另外各群体在不同的选择压力下,经历各自独立的进化历程,这些都可能导致群体间遗传距离与地理距离的不相关。 The wide geographical and climatic distribution of P. cathayana Rehd. indicates that there is a large amount of genetic diversity available, which can be exploited for conservation, breeding programs and afforestation schemes. The results are as follows: 1 Research results of AFLP genetic diversity In present study, genetic diversity was evaluated in the natural populations of P. cathayana originating from southern and eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China by means of AFLP markers. For four primer combinations, a total of 175 bands were obtained, of which 173 (98.9%) were polymorphic. Six natural populations of P. cathayana possessed different levels of genetic diversity, high level of genetic differentiation existed among populations (GST=0.489) of P. cathayana. Individuals cluster and PCO analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient also showed evident population genetic structure with high level population genetic differentiation. The long evolutionary process coupled with genetic drift within populations, rather than contemporary gene flow, are the major forces shaping genetic structure of P. cathayana populations. Moreover, there is no correspondence between geographical and genetic distances in the populations of P. cathayana, seldom gene exchange among populations and different selection pressures may be the causes. Our finding of different levels of genetic diversity within population and high level of genetic differentiation among populations provided promising condition for further breeding or conservation programs. 2 Research results of SSR genetic diversity In this study, the genetic diversity of P. cathayana was investigated using microsatellite markers. In a total of 150 individuals collected from six natural populations in the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China, a high level of microsatellite polymorphism was detected. At the seven investigated microsatellite loci, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 16, with a mean of 11.3, the observed heterozygosities across populations ranged from 0.408 to 0.986, with a mean of 0.792, and the expected heterozygosities across populations ranged from 0.511 to 0.891, with a mean of 0.802. The proportion of genetic differentiation among populations accounted for 37.3% of the whole genetic diversity. The presence of such a high level of genetic diversity could be attributed to the features of the species and the habitats where the sampled populations occur: The southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is regarded as the natural distribution and variation center of the genus Populus in China. Variation in environmental conditions and selection pressures in different populations, and topographic dispersal barriers could be factors associated with the high level of genetic differentiation found among populations. The populations possessed significant heterozygosity excesses, which may be due to extensive population mixing at the local scale. The cluster analysis showed that the populations are not strictly grouped according to their geographic distances but the habitat characteristics also influence the divergence pattern. In addition, we suggest that population SHY should be regarded as an ecologically divergent species of P. cathayana. 3 Research results of cpSSR genetic diversity Genetic diversity of six natural populations of P. cathayana originating from the southeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China was studied by use of cpSSR markers. Based on 5 pairs of polymorphic primers screened from 12 pairs of primers, twenty-six different length fragments and twelve different kinds of haplotypes were reduced in 143 samples. There were significant variant haplotypes among the populations.There were no shared haplotypes found among populations, analysis of molecular variance indicated that a high proportion of the total genetic variance was attributable to variations among populations (92.23%). The pattern of genetic structure which is associated with spatial separation, variation in environmental conditions and selection pressures in different populations, is also the result of geological historical factor. A molecular phylogenetic tree based on the 12 haplotypes showed that the populations are not strictly grouped according to their geographic distances.

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依托中国科学院近代物理研究所的重离子冷却储存环HIRFL-CSR,研制出了肿瘤组织诊断用对扇形正电子断层影像)装置。将简要介绍为其研发的后继电子学处理系统。该系统主要由放大,甄别,多路符合,输出延时可调,输出脉宽调节等电路构成。该系统具有定时精确、结构紧凑、体积小等特点。

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IEECAS SKLLQG

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为了HIRFL重离子治癌的需要 ,使用两个位置灵敏闪烁体探测器组成了一个简单的PET成像系统 .对PET成像进行了实验研究 ,实验测量得到了物体成像以及γ射线能谱 ,对于 5 11keV全能峰处的能量分辨率为 18 6 % ,峰总比为 5 2 4 % .采用GEANT3程序对该系统进行了模拟计算 ,并与实验进行比较 ,最后对该系统进行了优化设计

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IEECAS SKLLQG

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为深刻认识土地利用变化对土壤交换性离子的影响,本文对潮棕壤水稻田、玉米地、撂荒地和人工林地4种土地利用方式经过14年后,在0~150cm剖面中土壤交换性钾、钠、交换性盐基总量的剖面分布及交换性钾钠比值变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,林地和撂荒地各土层交换性K含量及土体中交换性K储量具有高于水稻田和玉米地的趋势;水稻田和撂荒地0~20cm各土层的交换性Na含量显著高于林地和玉米地;林地0~150cm深度土壤交换性Na储量显著高于其他三种利用方式(P<0.05);0~150cm深度内土壤交换性盐基总储量大小依次为林地、玉米地、撂荒地、水稻田;水稻田剖面土壤交换性K/Na随土层深度增加而增大,其他3种土地利用方式则是随土层深度增加而降低。土壤管理和植物自身的特性在土壤剖面中交换性离子的构成以及土壤交换性盐基库的重建等方面可能起到重要作用。

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测定了长白山暗针叶林5种主要苔藓植物养分含量,并结合生物量的测定结果,推算单位面积的苔藓植物养分含量.结果表明,单位面积苔藓植物氮含量为54.371kg.hm-2,是乔、灌、草总氮量的12.22%;钾含量为12.042kg.hm-2,是乔、灌、草总钾量的5.63%;磷含量为31.679kg.hm-2,是乔、灌、草总磷量的70.57%,超过了乔木磷含量,是草本植物磷含量的2.4倍、灌木磷含量的792倍,苔藓植物是暗针叶林重要的磷库.同时测定不同苔藓盖度下土壤中的养分含量.方差分析结果显示,不同苔藓盖度下土壤中氮、钾含量差别不大,磷含量差异显著,没有苔藓覆盖的土壤中磷含量最高,为0.419±0.023g.kg-1;苔藓盖度为第6级(80%~100%),土壤中磷含量最低,为0.346±0.017g.kg-1,随苔藓盖度的增加土壤中磷含量有减少的趋势.

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为揭示长白山阔叶红松林中早春植物的养分循环功能,在调查早春植物生长发育规律的基础上,对早春植物养分吸收与归还进行了研究。结果表明:早春植物的生物量为588·744kg·hm-2,占长白山阔叶红松林总生物量的0·279%;早春植物吸收N、P、K的总量分别是14·916、3·078和7·292kg·hm-2。顶冰花的腐解率最高,为0·085g·g-1·d-1,完全分解只需33d;黑水银莲花的腐解率最低,为0·058g·g-1·d-1,完全分解需要49d。可见,早春植物在冬春两季的过渡时期衔接了物质流,并在其他植物的生长期归还了养分,对森林生态系统能流和物流的连续性起到了重要作用。

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1987年发生在大兴安岭北坡的特大森林火灾,总过火面积达1.33×106hm2,形成了各种火烧强度区与未火烧区构成的异质镶嵌体。火烧强度、地形以及火后人类的恢复干预都不同程度地对火后森林恢复产生了影响。研究目的有二:一是为了揭示火后森林恢复状况;二是探寻火烧强度、地形以及火后更新措施等因素对火后森林恢复的影响程度。选取了位于火烧区的图强林业局中部的育英和图强两林场为研究区,选取反映森林景观质量的郁闭度指标作为研究对象,利用地理信息系统软件,将1987年火前与2000年的郁闭度等级分布图叠加,分析火后森林质量的恢复状况;利用多元线性回归法对火烧强度、海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等地形因子以及各种更新方式对郁闭度恢复的影响程度进行了定量研究。结果显示,2000年郁闭度等级与火前相比发生了明显变化,2000年各林型郁闭度优势等级均由较高的等级4,5降为等级3;而等级1的比重也有所降低。表明,火后森林总体生长状况良好,无林地比重降低,但由于恢复时间较短,具有较高郁闭度的森林所占比重仍较低。多元线性回归显示,各因子均对火后郁闭度恢复产生了显著性影响。其中,海拔影响最大,与郁闭度等级呈正相关;其次是火烧强度,呈负相关;其它地形因子以及更新方式影响较小。

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New types of templates and novel interactive mechanisms between template and framework are very important for creating porous materials. In this work, by using neutral dibutyl methylphosphonate as a template, an inorganic-organic hybrid mesoporous material, aluminum methylphosphonate, was prepared. The as-synthesized material was studied by P-31 magnetic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR), Al-27 MAS NMR, C-13 CP/MAS, FT-IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and transmission electron microscopy. After thermal treatment at 673 K and 10 mmHg for 2 h, hybrid mesoporous foam was obtained. The transformation process was investigated by FT-IR. TG-DTA results indicate that the methyl group bonded to the framework keeps intact up to 792 K under air and 823 K under nitrogen. The characterization results from nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption measurements show that the BET surface area and the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda desorption cumulative pore volume of the foam are 90 m(2) g(-1) and 0.32 cm(3) g(-1) respectively. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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针对卧龙湖湿地生态系统具有非线性、非渐变的特点。通过分析卧龙湖湿地生态系统与生态稳定性的关系,建立指标体系。运用集对分析理论的方法对卧龙湖湿地生态系统进行稳定性的评价。结果表明,集对分析理论适用于生态系统稳定性评价,差异度i的取值可以反映出生态系统的稳定状态及其管理水平。卧龙湖湿地系统目前为中度稳定,影响卧龙湖湿地系统稳定性的重要因素是政策法规,湿地水质、旱涝灾害系数、湿地景观格局、卧龙湖湿地的调蓄能力以及该区域土地利用结构等。

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人工模拟放水冲刷试验研究结果表明 ,随放水冲刷强度的增大 ,不同土壤硝态氮、铵态氮、有机质和全氮流失加剧 ,泥沙全氮和有机质富集程度减少 ;当给不同土壤施等量的硝酸铵时 ,发现随径流流失化肥的铵态氮和硝态氮分别占施入量的 0 .9%~ 3 .5 %和 8.2 %~ 19.7% ,硝酸铵主要随径流流失 ,以泥沙颗粒流失量甚微 ;土壤侵蚀、有机质和全氮流失量与 >2 0 μm团聚体相关系数分别为 -0 .893 5、-0 .792 8和 -0 .815 1,2 0 μm直径的团聚体是区分土壤有机质和全氮流失的标准

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利用模拟降雨在降雨性质上的可控性优势,分析了在黄土丘陵区具有代表性的几种坡面土地利用方式(林灌地、封禁荒草地、弃耕农地)的产流产沙动态过程及发生机制。结果表明,在降雨条件相近时,不同类型坡面状况的初始产流时间差异明显。次降雨过程中各地类小区产沙和产流动态变化不完全一致,产沙量较产流量增加趋势更为显著。在降雨和土壤条件相对一致的条件下,不同地类小区的侵蚀产沙过程差异显著,其中林地和草灌地与坡耕农地相比可增加入渗,减水效益明显,减沙效益更为显著,表明实施林草植被建设,包括退耕封禁等措施在内的生态治理减蚀效益明显,能够有效地减少坡面的来水来沙;并提出了可反映土壤抗蚀能力的量化指标——单位冲刷强度,为在实验流域对包括退耕还林草、封禁措施在内的生态恢复重建过程的流域水沙变化及其效应评估提供量化指标。

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从无线传感器网络(WSN)环境数值监测应用的实际需求出发,提出了一种应用于该类场景中的等值线绘制(CMBC)算法.CMBC算法基于图形学中常用的贝塞尔(Bezier)曲线理论,通过选择部分节点提供信息给网关节点绘制等值线.此方法有效解决了监测应用场景中对最终监测精度的需求与大量报告节点所引发的高流量负载和网络能耗之间的矛盾.仿真结果表明,CMBC算法和已有研究工作相比能够使用更少的汇报节点完成高精度等值线的绘制,因此CMBC算法能够节省节点的能量,延长网络的生存期.