城市森林生态学的基本理论与研究方法

随着世界经济的发展和城市人口的增加 ,城市环境问题严重阻碍了城市可持续发展 ,形成了城市森林生态学这一新学科 .森林生态学、景观生态学、园林学和人类生态学 4种学科的相关理论相互融合构成了城市森林生态学的理论基础 .城市森林生态学的形成使人们从生态系统的角度审视城市的发展 ,并把生物环境即人类及所有植物和动物的群体视为这个系统的一个要素 ,引出了“城市森林”的概念 .本文较系统地介绍了城市森林生态学的基本概念、主要研究内容、理论基础及基本原理、研究方法及其发展展望 .

A 2-kW COIL with a square pipe-array JSOG and nitrogen buffer gas

A 2-kW-class chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) using nitrogen buffer gas has been developed and tested since industrial applications of COIL devices will require the use of nitrogen as the buffer gas. The laser, with a gain length of 11.7 cm, is energized by a square pipe-array jet-type singlet oxygen generator (SPJSOG) and employs a nozzle bank with a designed Mach number of 2.5. The SPJSOG has advantages over the traditional plate-type JSOG in that it has less requirements on basic hydrogen peroxide (BHP) pump, and more important, it has much better operational stability. The SPJSOG without a cold trap and a gas-liquid separator could provide reliable operations for a total gas flow rate up to 450 mmol/s and with a low liquid driving pressure of around 0.7 atm or even lower. The nozzle bank was specially designed for a COIL using nitrogen as the buffer gas. The cavity was designed for a Mach number of 2.5, in order to provide a gas speed and static temperature in the cavity similar to that for a traditional COIL with helium buffer gas and a Mach 2 nozzle. An output power of 2.6 kW was obtained for a chlorine flow rate of 140 mmol/s, corresponding to a chemical efficiency of 20.4%. When the chlorine flow rate was reduced to 115 mmol/s, a higher chemical efficiency of 22.7% was attained. Measurements showed that the SPJSOG during normal operation could provide a singlet oxygen yield Y greater than or equal to 55%, a chlorine utilization U greater than or equal to 85%, and a relative water vapor concentration w = [H2O]/([O-2] + [Cl-2]) less than or equal to 0.1.

干旱区绿洲廊道景观研究——以金塔绿洲为例

干旱区绿洲内主要廊道景观类型包括河流、水渠、田间防护林和公路等 .以金塔绿洲为例 ,介绍廊道景观在绿洲的形成与发展过程中传输物质和能量、阻隔荒漠景观扩展和入侵的基本生态功效 .利用GIS方法分析试验区内的廊道分布状况以及与各类景观之间的空间关系 .在近 10年景观格局的动态变化监测的基础上 ,分析廊道的驱动作用 .结果表明 ,用长度和宽度、周长和面积比、密度和非均匀度来表示廊道的各种特性 ;金塔绿洲廊道总长为 1838.5km ,密度为 2 .1km·km-2 ,以渠道和公路为主 ;水浇地、林地和城镇居民地廊道密度最大 ,受影响程度最高 ;绿洲内沟渠廊道质量的改进是影响水浇地等景观变化的重要驱动力之一 .

基于RS和GIS的县域土地利用变化特征分析

基于RS和GIS技术,结合土地利用变化指数模型定量分析了江西省新建县1991—2000年(分两个时段)的土地利用变化时空特征。结果表明,研究期间耕地面积减少2199.181hm2,林地面积增加1655.375hm2,建设用地面积增加1880.467hm2,未利用地减少1290.016hm2,草地和水域面积变化不大。6种土地利用类型中建设用地变化动态度最大,其次为未利用地,再次为林地和耕地,且研究区1991—2000年区域综合土地利用动态度为0.165%。土地利用程度综合指数1991年、1996年、2000年分别为243.687、244.084、244.868,呈上升趋势。土地利用空间动态度仍以建设用地为最大,其次为未利用地和草地,耕地最小。同时,研究得出了各土地利用类型在研究时段的“涨势”或“落势”状态。新建县1996—2000年区域土地利用变化空间动态度比1991—1996年有所下降,且土地利用变化逐渐由双向转移向单向不平衡转移转化。

Pt/C催化剂对乙醇电氧化的粒径效应

利用有机溶胶方法,通过控制溶剂挥发温度制备了具有不同粒径大小的Pt/C催化剂.制得的Pt/C催化剂中,Pt粒子具有非常优异的均一性和良好的分散度.电化学研究表明,对于乙醇的电催化氧化,Pt/C催化剂存在着明显的粒径效应.当Pt粒子粒径为3.2nm时,Pt/C催化剂对乙醇的电催化氧化的质量比活性最佳.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的研究显示,Pt/C催化剂对乙醇氧化的粒径效应与其零价Pt含量以及Pt粒子的比表面积密切相关.

Polymer Crystallization Influenced by Initial Orientation of Cylindrical Diblock Copolymers in Thin Films

The effect of the initial states (disordered perpendicular cylinder structure vs. parallel cylinder structure) on the crystallization of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) thin films during cyclohexane annealing was investigated. The cylindrical domains perpendicular or parallel to the surface were obtained by controlling the film thickness. During solvent annealing, for the film with the perpendicular cylinders, the ordering degree of cylinders was increased.

Sensitive biomimetic sensor based on molecular imprinting at functionalized indium tin oxide electrodes

We initially report an electrochemical sensing platform based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) at functionalized Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes (ITO). In this research, aminopropyl-derivatized organosilane aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), which plays the role of functional monomers for template recognition, was firstly self-assembled on an ITO electrode and then dopamine-imprinted sol was spin-coated on the modified surface. APTES which can interact with template dopamine (DA) through hydrogen bonds brought more binding sites located closely to the surface of the ITO electrode, thus made the prepared sensor more sensitive for DA detection. Potential scanning is presented to extract DA from the modified film, thus DA can rapidly and completely leach out. The affinity and selectivity of the resulting biomimetic sensor were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV). It exhibited an increased affinity for DA over that of structurally related molecules, the anodic current for DA oxidation depended on the concentration of DA in the linear range from 2 x 10(-6) M to 0.8 x 10(-3) M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9927.In contrast, DA-templated film prepared under identical conditions on a bare ITO showed obviously lower response toward dopamine in solution.

Synthesis, structure and norbornene polymerization behavior of neutral palladium complexes

A series of neutral palladium(II) complexes bearing non-symmetric bidentate pyrrole-iminato or salicylaldiminato chelate ligands have been synthesized, and the structure of representative complexes (3a, 4a, and 5a) have been confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. These palladium complexes have been investigated as catalysts for the polymerization of norbornene. Using modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) as a cocatalyst, these complexes display high activities and produce vinyl-addition polynorborenes. Catalytic activity of up to 8.52 x 10(3) kg/mol(Pd) h has been observed. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) has been used to investigate the polymer microstructure and it has been found that they are non-crystalline.

Effect of annealing on the viscoelastic and viscoplastic responses of low-density polyethylene

Two series of tensile tests with constant crosshead speeds (ranging from 5 to 200 mm/min) and tensile relaxation tests (at strains from 0.03 to 0.09) were performed on low-density polyethylene in the subyield region of deformations at room temperature. Mechanical tests were carried out on nonannealed specimens and on samples annealed for 24 h at the temperatures T = 50, 60, 70, 80, and 100 degreesC. Constitutive equations were derived for the time-dependent response of semicrystalline polymers at isothermal deformations with small strains. A polymer is treated as an equivalent heterogeneous network of chains bridged by temporary junctions (entanglements, physical crosslinks, and lamellar blocks). The network is thought of as an ensemble of mesoregions linked with each other. The viscoelastic behavior of a polymer is modeled as a thermally induced rearrangement of strands (separation of active strands from temporary junctions and merging of dangling strands with the network). The viscoplastic response reflects sliding of junctions in the network with respect to their reference positions driven by macrostrains. Stress-strain relations involve five material constants that were found by fitting the observations.

Solvent-induced novel morphologies in diblock copolymer blend thin films

We report the morphology and phase behaviors of blend thin films containing two poly styrene-b-poly (methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymers with different blending compositions induced by a selective solvent for the PMMA block, which were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The neat asymmetric PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymers employed in this study, respectively coded as a(1) and a(2), have similar molecular weights but different volume fractions of PS block (f(PS) = 0.273 and 0.722). Another symmetric PS-b-PMMA diblock copolymer, coded as s, which has a PS block length similar to that of a(1), was also used. For the asymmetric a(1)/a(2) blend thin films, circular multilayered structures were formed. For the asymmetric a(1)/symmetric s blend thin films, inverted phases with PMMA as the dispersed domains were observed, when the weight fraction of s was less than 50%. The origins of the morphology formation in the blend thin films via solvent treatment are discussed. Combined with the theoretical prediction by Birshtein et al. (Polymer 1992, 33, 2750), we interpret the formation of these special microstructures as due to the packing frustration induced by the difference in block lengths and the preferential interactions between the solvent and PMMA block.

Studies on the solution structures of lanthanide(III) complexes of DTPA-BIN by NMR

The solution structures of diamagnetic lanthanide (III) complexes of DTPA-BIN (Ln = La, Y, Lu, Sc) have been investigated by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and 2D NMR. For each complex, two or more species of asymmetric conformations with little distinction were identified at room temperature. And their solution structures vary with the radius of the central metals. NMR spectra support the hypothesis that Sc3+ with smaller radius formed an eight-coordinated structure with DTPA-BIN, La3+ with larger radius formed nine- or ten-coordinated structures with DTPA-BIN, and Y (DTPA-BIN) and Lu (DTPA-BIN) had nine-coordinated solution structures. The solution structure of Gd (DTPA-BIN) was obtained from the similarity of radius between Gd3+ and Y3+, which is a nine-coordinated structure formed by three nitrogens, three acetate oxygens, two acetyl oxygens, one water molecule and a gadolinium(III) cation.