Phylogeny of the specialized schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei : Cypriniformes : Cyprinidae)

Phylogeny of the specialized schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zoological Studies 40(2). 147-157. To elucidate phylogenetic relationships within the specialized schizothoracine fishes, we used 41 variable osteological and external characters among this groups, three species of Schizothorax, and 1 fossil species. When the 3 species of Schizothorax were designated as an outgroup and all 41 characters were set as unordered with equal weighting, the data matrix yielded a single most-parsimonious tree with a tree length of 71 steps, a consistency index of 0.6761, and a retention index of 0.7416. Meanwhile, a bootstrap test was conducted to verify the reliability of the results. The matrix was also analyzed for different conditions: all characters were ordered and the fossil species was added as an outgroup. The phylogenetic analyses presented herein support the following hypotheses. 1) All species of the specialized schizo-thoracines fishes form a monophyletic group. 2) Monophyly of the genus Ptychobarbus is not supported by the bootstrap test or when these characters are ordered. 3) The genus Gymnodiptychus forms a monophyletic group. 4) All species of Ptychobarbus and Gymnodiptychus form a monophyletic group with Diptychus as its sister group.

Revision of Yunnanilus with descriptions of a miniature species flock and six new species from China (Cypriniformes: Homalopteridae)

The genus Yunnanilus Nichols, 1925 is revised; Eonemachilus Berg, 1938 is a junior subjective synonym. Yunnanilus includes at least nine described species and five undescribed species. The status of Y; salmonides Chaudhuri is still incertae sedis. Six new species are described: Y. parvus, Y: altus, Y; pachycephalus, X niger, Y. macrogaster and Y. paludosus. The last three species occur sympatrically in a small endorheic basin of eastern Yunnan; they developed different feeding specializations which allowed them to use different niches. Other species also have peculiar specializations. The diversity of feeding habits and related adaptations in Yunnanilus is greater than in the whole subfamily Nemacheilinae and is one more example of supralimital specialization. Speciation of fishes on the Yunnan Plateau is discussed. Several species are endangered or possibly extinct. Introduction

小波鱼属（Microrasbora）鱼类的分类整理

小波鱼属(Microrasbora)隶属于鲤形目(Cypriniformes)鲤科(Cprinidae) Danioninae 亚科，小型鱼类，目前包括5 个种，其中库氏小波鱼(Microrasbora kubotai)分布于泰国，盖氏小波鱼(M. gatesi)、红身小波鱼(M. rubescence)、 娜拉小波鱼(M. nana)分布于缅甸，小眼小波鱼(M. microphthalma sp. nov. )分 布于中国。本文对该属鱼类5 种45 尾标本的9 个可数性状和12 个可量性状 进行分析比较，并描述该属鱼类一新种。主要结论如下： 1. 小波鱼属的主要鉴别特征：体小型、短而侧扁；眼大而突出，眼径是 眼间距的150 %；口小、亚上位；下颌无须，前端腹缘宽钝；背鳍鳍 条8–10、其中分支鳍条5–7；臀鳍分支鳍条8–13，臀鳍前长/体长约 60-71 %；尾鳍深叉形；鳞片大而薄，不易见，易脱落，横列鳞数目 7–71/2，侧线缺失；沿体侧中轴线一模糊条带，周围具分散黑色素（大 的个体在背部具模糊的网状纹）；第四胸肋基部一大孔，其侧面可见。 2. 基于外部形态特征，利用分支系统学原理和方法对小波鱼属鱼类进行 系统发育研究。分支系统学结果证明小波鱼属的单系性是成立的，小 波鱼属鱼类可能具有的分化顺序是：小眼小波鱼是最早分化出来的物 种；红身小波鱼是第二个分化出来的物种；库氏小波鱼是第三个分化 出来的物种；娜拉小波鱼与盖氏小波鱼是最晚分化出来的物种。 3. 小眼小波鱼的主要鉴别特征：背鳍前鳞 15–16，背鳍前长是标准长的 60–68%，臀鳍前长是标准长的65–71%，眼径是头长的27–38%，眼径 是眼间距的70–93%，背鳍起点在背鳍起点之后。根据以上特征，将其 描述为小波鱼属一新种。 4. 小眼小波鱼在中国瑞丽江（伊洛瓦底水系）支流南畹河被发现。该种 鱼为国内该属鱼类的首次记录。 5. 小眼小波鱼生活于平缓山间溪流，食性以浮游动物和浮游植物为主。

云南两种珍稀鱼类的形态度量学和分子系统学研究

鱇鱼良白鱼（Anabarilius grahami）、大头鲤（Cyprinus pellegrini）均隶 属于鲤形目（Cypriniformes���鲤科（Cyprinidae），是中国特有鱼类之一，仅在 云南省分布，是抚仙湖和星云湖各自的主要经济鱼类。 本研究首先基于线粒体控制区全序列来研究我国抚仙湖鱇鱼良白鱼自然种群 及人工驯养种群的遗传多样性，发现鱇鱼良白鱼人工驯养种群遗传多样性较高，种 群复壮程度良好；自然种群遗传多样性匮乏，可能种群经历过“建群者效应”和 “瓶颈效应”；并且各自然地理居群具有广泛的基因交流，不存在遗传分化，建 议应被当成一个管理单元进行整体保护；同时，对照其他已报道的鱼类控制区结 构，对鱇鱼良白鱼控制区结构进行了分析，识别了其终止序列区、中央保守区和保 守序列区，找到了终止相关的序列TAS 以及保守序列（CSB-F、CSB-D、CSB-1、 CSB-2、CSB-3）。 其次，采用主成分分析方法对大头鲤及与其相关的三个鲤鱼类群——杞麓鲤 （Cyprinus chilia）、华南鲤（Cyprinus rubrofuscus）及柏元鲤（Cyprinus carpio var. yuankiang×Cyprinus pellegrini）进行了可量性状分析，了解了 不同类群的外部差异；依据主成分分析结果，运用逐步判别方法从37 个可量性 状中筛选出能有效鉴定大头鲤的10 项形态指标：头长、吻长、吻宽、眼间距、 尾柄高、头背部末端到腹鳍起点距离、背鳍起点到腹鳍起点距离、背鳍起点到臀 鳍起点距离、背鳍末端到尾鳍背部起点距离、尾鳍背部起点到臀鳍起点距离，这 些形态指标可以简单易行的从不同鲤鱼群体中筛选出大头鲤个体；同时通过60 年代、80 年代及2007 年大头鲤的对比，发现大头鲤的外部形态已经发生了很大 变化总体趋势是头部更加宽大，身体更加延长。 最后，利用线粒体控制区序列，并结合Genbank 上的已发布的鲤鱼线粒体控 制区序列，对从星云湖采集的62 尾个体进行了分子系统学研究。结果显示：星 云湖土著鲤鱼已经被大规模非土著鲤鱼入侵，大头鲤仅以杂交品系存在，星云湖 土著鲤鱼面临严重危机，迫切需要进行有效保护。

中国爬岩鳅属鱼类一新种记述(鲤形目,平鳍鳅科)

记述了采自云南省沾益县德泽乡牛栏江水域的平鳍鳅科爬岩鳅属鱼类1新种,牛栏爬岩鳅 Beaufortia niulanensis Chen,Huang et Yang,sp.nov..其特征:背鳍分支鳍条7,腹鳍分支鳍条21,侧线鳞90～95,胸鳍起点相对于鼻孔和眼前缘之间,背鳍起点相对于腹鳍起点至其基部后缘的中点稍后,肛门位于腹鳍基后缘至臀鳍起点间的中点,腹鳍末端接近肛门,这些特征组合可以将新种与同属的其他2个相近种,即四川爬岩鳅B.szechuanensis(Fang)和中间爬岩鳅B.intermedia Tang et Wang区别开来.

Phylogeny and zoogeography of the cyprinid hemicultrine group (Cyprinidae : Cultrinae)

Ying-Gui Dai and Jun-Xing Yang (2003) Phylogeny and zoogeography of the cyprinid hemicultrine group (Cyprinidae: Cultrinae). Zoological Studies 42(1): 73-92. The hemicultrine group consists of middle-sized cyprinids in Asia which taxonomically belong to the subfamily Cultrinae in the Cyprinidae (Cypriniformes), but there has been no convincing generic phylogenetic hypothesis proposal so far. On the basis of a morphological study of 65 specimens soaked in formalin and 14 skeletal specimens of 8 species in 6 genera within the hemicultrine group as an ingroup, a 70-character matrix was obtained. The generic phylogenetic relationships of the hemicultrine group are hypothesized with the matrix by the method of cladistic analysis. When the species Rasborinus lineatus or Cultrichthys erythropterus is used as the sole outgroup, the matrix gives the same single most-parsimonious tree of generic phylogenetic relationships within the hemicultrine group which shows that the hemicultrine group forms a monophyletic group. However, when Rasborinus lineatus is used as the sole outgroup and Cultrichthys erythropterus and Paralaubuca barroni are included in the ingroup, the hemicultrine group is validated to represent a paraphyletic group, and the hemicultrine group and the genus Paralaubuca form a monophyletic group. The tree of generic relationships and zoogeography of the monophyletic group comprising the hemicultrine group and the genus Paralaubuca suggest the following: (1) The monophyletic group comprises 2 smaller monophyletic groups: the genera Hemiculterella + Pseudohemiculter + Hainania and the genera Hemiculter + Paralaubuca + Pseudolaubuca + Toxabramis. (2) The sister groups of the monophyletic group show both overlapping and vicariant distribution patterns; therefore the generic distribution pattern of the monophyletic group maybe have resulted from both dispersal and vicariance events. (3) The monophyletic group probably originated on the Asian mainland from the Yangtze River to the Pearl River and on Hainan Island in China. (4) The monophyletic group probably originated after the Japanese Archipelago was separated from the Asian mainland at the beginning of the Quaternary Period in the Cenozoic but before Taiwan, Hainan Island, and Indonesia were completely isolated from the Asian mainland after the ice age in the Quaternary Period. (5) Speciation of the genus Hemiculter should have been the earliest, and those of the genera Paralaubuca, Pseudolaubuca, and Hainania ought to be the latest in the process of evolution of this monophyletic group. http://www.sinica.edu.tw/zool/zoolstud/42.1/73.pdf.

The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, with descriptions of three new species of schizothoracine fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from China

The identity of Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931, is clarified and the species redescribed. Three new species previously identified as S. griseus are described: S. nudiventris, from the Lancang Jiang, China; S. heterophysallidos, from the Nanpan Jiang

胭脂鱼的种类及其生物学特性

<正> 胭脂鱼Myxocyprinus asiaticus(Bleeker),此鱼俗称火烧鳊、红鱼、燕雀鱼、紫鳊鱼、黄排、木叶盘等。鉴于目前国内有关胭脂鱼资料报道甚少,籍此,笔者不防将胭脂鱼的生活史初步综述如后。种类胭脂鱼属鲤形目Cypriniformes���亚目Cyprinoidei胭脂鱼科Catostomidae。本科多产于北美洲,少数见于中美洲,据已知胭脂鱼仅美洲就有30余种,其中大口胭脂鱼(Icti obus

Comparative phylogeography of the Yellow River schizothoracine fishes (Cyprinidae): Vicariance, expansion, and recent coalescence in response to the Quaternary environmental upheaval in the Tibetan Plateau

National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [30225008, 30300036, 30530120]; Key Innovation Plan [KSCX2-SW-106]; National Basic Research Project in China [2005cb422005]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [30600062]

Detection of hybridization between two loach species (Paramisgurnus dabryanus and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in wild populations

Artificial interspecific hybrids between large scale loach P. dabryanus and tetraploid pond loach M. anguillicaudatus (Cobitidae, Cypriniformes) are viable. To detect the occurrence of possible natural hybridization, genetic analyses by using microsatellite markers were performed for natural populations of large scale loach and pond loach, the reciprocal laboratory hybrids, and "supposed hybrids" with ambiguous morphology. The fertility of the artificial hybrids was also tested. At one diagnostic microsatellite (Mac50), one out of 20 "supposed hybrids" was identified to be F-1 hybrid between the two loach species because it had the same genotype as that of the laboratory hybrids. The triploid hybrids between the two species were confirmed to be female-sterile. The results show that rare hybridization has occurred between diploid large scale loach and tetraploid pond loach in nature although it may have little effect in genetic introgression. This study is helpful for fish conservation and encourages further investigation on natural hybridization and introgression of loaches.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Chinese hook snout carp Opsariichthys bidens (Actinopterygii : Cyprinifonnes) and an altemative pattem of mitogenomic evolution in vertebrate

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Chinese hook snout carp, Opsariichthys bidens, was newly determined using the long and accurate polymerase chain reaction method. The 16,611-nucleotide mitogenome contains 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes (12S, 16S) 22 tRNA genes, and a noncoding control region. We use these data and homologous sequence data from multiple other ostariophysan fishes in a phylogenetic evaluation to test hypothesis pertaining to codon usage pattern of O. bidens mitochondrial protein genes as well as to re-examine the ostariophysan phylogeny. The mitochondrial genome of O. bidens reveals an alternative pattern of vertebrate mitochondrial evolution. For the mitochondrial protein genes of O. bidens, the most frequently used codon generally ends with either A or C, with C preferred over A for most fourfold degenerate codon families; the relative synonymous codon usage of G-ending codons is greatly elevated in all categories. The codon usage pattern of O. bidens mitochondrial protein genes is remarkably different from the general pattern found previously in the relatively closely 9 related zebrafish and most other vertebrate mitochondria. Nucleotide bias at third codon positions is the main cause of codon bias in the mitochondrial protein genes of O. bidens, as it is biased particularly in favor of C over A. Bayesian analysis of 12 concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences for O. bidens and 46 other teleostean taxa supports the monophyly of Cypriniformes and Otophysi and results in a robust estimate of the otophysan phylogeny. (C) 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Mitochondrial molecular clocks and the origin of the major Otocephalan clades (Pisces : Teleostei): A new insight

The Otocephala, a clade including ostariophysan and clupeomorph telcosts, represents about a quarter of total fish species diversity, with about 1000 gencra and more than 7000 species. A series of recent papers have defended that the origin of this clade and of its major groups may be significantly older than the oldest fossils of each of these groups suggest. Some of these recent papers explicitly defend a Pangean origin for some otocephalan groups Such as the Siluriformes or Cypriniformes. To know whether or not the otocephalans as a whole, and particularly the mainly freshwater, cosmopolitan otophysans could have originated before the splitting of the Pangean Supercontinent is of extreme importance, since otophysan fishes are among the most useful animal groups for the determination of historical continental relationships. In the present work we examined divergence times for each major otocephalan group by an analysis of complete mtDNA sequences, in order to investigate if these divergence times support the hypotheses advanced in recent studies. The complete mtDNA sequences of nine representative non-otocephalan fish species and of twenty-one representative otocephalan species was compared. The present study is thus, among the studies dealing with molecular divergence times of telcosts, the one in which a greater number of otocephalan species are included. The divergence times obtained support that the major otocephalan groups had a much older origin than the oldest fossil records available for these groups suggest. The origin of the Otocephala is estimated as having occurred about 282 Mya, with the origin of the Otophysi being estimated at about 251 Mya. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.