39 resultados para Chlorella pyrenoidosa
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important components of infant and adult nutrition because they serve as structural elements of cell membranes. Fatty acid desaturases are responsible for the insertion of double bonds into pre-formed fatty acid chains in reactions that require oxygen and reducing equivalents. In this study, the genome-wide characterization of the fatty acid desaturases from seven eukaryotic photosynthetic microalgae was undertaken according to the conserved histidine-rich motifs and phylogenetic profiles. Analysis of these genomes provided insight into the origin and evolution of the pathway of fatty acid biosynthesis in eukaryotic plants. In addition, the candidate enzyme from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with the highest similarity to the microsomal Delta 12 desaturase of Chlorella vulgaris was isolated, and its function was verified by heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
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A gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using a C30 column was developed for the simultaneous determination of astaxanthin, astaxanthin monoesters and astaxanthin diesters in the green algae Chlorococcum sp., Chlorella zofingiensis, Haematococcus pluvialis and the mutant E1, which was obtained from the mutagenesis of H. pluvialis by exposure to UV-irradiation and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) with subsequent screening using nicotine. The results showed that the contents of total astaxanthins including free astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters ranged from 1.4 to 30.9 mg/g dry biomass in these green algae. The lower total astaxanthin levels (< 2 mg/g dry biomass) were detected in the green algae Chlorococcum sp. and C. zofingiensis. The higher total astaxanthin levels (> 16 mg/g dry biomass) were found in the green alga H. pluvialis and its mutant E1. It is notable that the mutant E1 is found to have considerably higher amounts of total astaxanthin (30.9 mg/g) as compared to the wild strain of H. pluvialis (16.1 mg/g). This indicates that UV-irradiation and EMS compound mutagenesis with subsequent screening using nicotine is an effective method for breeding of a high-producing astaxanthin strain of H. pluvialis. In addition, the green alga C. zofingiensis had a remarkably higher percentage of astaxanthin diesters (76.3% of total astaxanthins) and a remarkably lower percentage of astaxanthin monoesters (18.0% of total astaxanthins) in comparison with H. pluvialis (35.5% for diesters and 60.9% for monoesters), the mutant E1 (49.1% and 48.1%) and Chlorococcum sp. (18.0% and 58.6%).
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BFJ-21是从褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)中人工诱变产生的一个小型品系。本文从“饵料—轮虫—仔鱼”的食生链角度研究了该轮虫品系在三种海洋微藻及面包酵母培养下的增殖、营养及其对黑鲷 (Sparus macrocephalus)仔鱼的饵料效果。结果表明:在单一饵料培养下,轮虫摄食球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)增殖最快(r = 0.6297),摄食三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)次之(r = 0.5976),摄食小球藻(chlorella sp.)再次(r = 0.5096),摄食面包酵母增殖最慢(r = 0.2041)。各饵料所培养的轮虫,其营养质量及饵料效果由优至劣依次为,小球藻轮虫,褐指藻轮虫,金藻轮虫和酵母轮虫。但酵母轮虫经小球藻营养强化12小时后,营养质量及饵料效果则明显改善。另外,轮虫在小球藻及金藻的混合饵培养下比单用小球藻或金藻培养有更高的种群增长率(r = 0.6492)。对各饵料及轮虫的营养成分含量及其相互关系进行了考查,结果表明酵母中不含w3HUFA,而小球藻中含量很丰富(24.7%)。w3HUFA含量在饵料与轮虫之间有明显的正相关关系。蛋白质及糖含量在饵料及轮虫之间则不相关。脂肪含量在藻类饵料及其培养的轮虫之间亦有正相关性。对不同饵料下轮虫个体培养的生长繁殖亦作了研究。同时,通过与非诱变轮虫作对照,进一步证实了该诱变轮虫系的某些优良特性。最后,对如何在大量培养中使BFJ-21轮虫品系既可快速增殖又具高营养质量的培养方法进行了探讨。
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本文研究了海洋微藻在白斑综合症(white spot syndrome)暴发中的可能作用,以及阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)长期暴露对紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)生物标志物系统的影响(72 d)。 1.海洋微藻在养殖对虾白斑综合症传播中的作用研究 为了证实海洋微藻是否是养殖对虾白斑综合症的传播途径,我们首先将六种海洋微藻:球定边金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、小球藻(Chlorella sp. )、赤潮异湾藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)和盐藻(Dunaliella salina),与人工注射感染白斑病毒(white spot syndrome virus)的成体日本囊对虾共同培养,用套氏PCR方法检测共培养的微藻能否携带白斑病毒。在此基础上,进一步研究了共培养后的海洋微藻是否能感染幼体日本囊对虾。研究结果表明,除了H. akashiwo,实验海洋微藻均可携带白斑病毒,但它们携带病毒的能力有明显差异,Chlorella sp.和S. trochoidea携带白斑病毒的能力较强;但是,与白斑病毒的其他携带者(如桡足类等)不同,携带病毒的海洋微藻10天后病毒检测结果均呈阴性。共培养后小球藻组可感染幼体日本囊对虾,但幼体携带病毒的量只能通过二步PCR方法才能检测到。上述结果表明,海洋微藻在WSSV的水平传播途径中具有一定的作用。 2.表面活性剂对紫贻贝生物标志物系统的影响研究 以青岛胶州湾现场调查数据为依据,选择阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)作为污染物、以近海底栖生物紫贻贝为受试生物,研究了长期暴露后紫贻贝生化指标(SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, GST, iNOS, AKP)和遗传毒理指标(AFLP指纹图谱)的变化。实验结果发现: 经过72d不同浓度暴露后,SDBS实验组紫贻贝体内的SOD、CAT和iNOS活性均有显著下降(除CAT 0.1mg/L组外),GSH、GST和GPx在3.0mg /L SDS、SDBS组较各自对照组均有显著升高。SDBS对紫贻贝生化指标影响的显著性水平大于SDS。统计分析显示,SDBS暴露组下GST与GPx呈显著正相关关系,iNOS与SOD也表现出一定正相关,但GSH与CAT、GSH与SOD呈现显著负相关关系。SDS浓度与GST呈显著正相关,而SDBS浓度与CAT呈显著负相关。另外,实验结果发现后闭壳肌中iNOS是一个具有应用前景的阴离子表面活性剂暴露生物标志物。AFLP标记结果统计显示,在实验给定的污染物浓度下,SDBS基因毒性要大于SDS;不同的DNA指纹图谱以及遗传距离图显示不同的污染物造成的DNA损伤是不同的。结果表明,在长期暴露条件(72 d)下,一定浓度的阴离子表面活性剂可以对岗哨生物紫贻贝的SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, GST, iNOS和AFLP指纹图谱一组指标产生显著影响。
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本课题组自1999年以来,将培养条件优化、生物活性跟踪及化学跟踪技术应用到胶州湾海洋放线菌的次级代谢产物研究中,发现了一批具有生物活性的化合物,包括新型骨架等新颖结构的化合物。 本研究从海州湾分离出海洋放线菌172株,对其中70株菌的次级代谢产物进行了生物活性筛选和化学筛选,获得了它们对八种病原微生物的抑制活性数据。发现海州湾海洋放线菌对至少一种受试微生物具有拮抗能力的比例约为30%。从海洲湾分离到的海洋放线菌中筛选得到三株L083、L078和L158用于次级代谢产物的研究,同时本人又从合作实验室获得另一株海洋放线菌B7651,从这四株海洋细菌的发酵粗提物中共分离纯化得到26 个化合物, 其中10 个为新颖结构化合物。具体是,3-Hydroxy-6-[(Z)-3´-hydroxy-2´,4´-dimethyl-hept-4´-enoylamino]-2,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-hexanoic acid (4),2-[5-(2-oxopropyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]propanoic acid (5),2-oxatricyclo-octane (10),Huaiomycin (15), 5-(6-hydroxy-6-methylheptyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (17), 6-Hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-6H-pyran-3-one (18), 1,6-dihydroxy-hex-3-ene-2,5—dione (19) (1’R, 2R, 4R)-2-(1-hydroxy-8-methylnonyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-butanolide (20) , Bremeromycin A (22) ,Bremeromycin B (26)。生物活性实验结果表明Bremeromycin A (22)具有选择性的抗枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051)活性和抗微藻Chlorella vulgaris活性。
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20世纪90年代以来,为了确保日益增长的人口对蛋白质的需求,海洋鱼类养殖在全球范围内日趋发展。然而,许多养殖鱼类的品质如抗病力、口味等与野生种类相比大为降低。饵料对于鱼类品质的好坏起着至关重要的作用。在海洋的自然环境中,浮游动物,特别是数量庞大、种类繁多的桡足类是野生鱼类的天然活饵料。哪些桡足类适于作养殖饵料,如何获得、从何处获得桡足类,人工培养是否可行,能否通过加入桡足类来改善养殖鱼类的品质是长期以来业内人士一直关注的问题,需要大量的基础性探索研究工作。 开展有潜在开发价值种的生物学特性及室内培养的基础研究,进而开展大量生产技术的研究与应用,不仅是开发利用桡足类的一个重要途径,而且可以获得一些重要的生态学参数。 本论文自2003年10月-2004年9月之间,在胶州湾采集不同的桡足类种类,通过室内比较培养实验,选定双刺纺锤水蚤作为具有开发潜力的研究培养对象,对其展开一系列培养条件及生物学特性研究,在此基础上进行了小水体增殖培养,结合现场调查资料对与其生活策略相关的生态学问题进行了初步研究探索。结果如下: 筛选:2003年10月-2004年9月全年不同季节共采集11 种桡足类,在室内自然温度、自然海水(盐度30-32)下长时间培养,粗略筛选出能够经受实验室人工养殖水体生活的种类有:强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus. crassirostris)、汤氏长足水蚤(Calanopia thompson)、太平洋真宽水蚤(Eurytemora pacifica)、双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)。对上述种类的成体和子代幼体分别测定其对不同盐度、温度的耐受能力。培养结果表明:18℃室温下,强额拟哲水蚤幼体在盐度20以上的环境中,存活时间不超过11天;汤氏长足水蚤雌体在培养温度低于20℃时,只能存活10天;25℃室温下,当盐度低于20时,汤氏长足水蚤雌体存活时间不超过9天,子代的存活时间不超过7天;太平洋真宽水蚤不适宜在温度较高的夏秋季培养,幼体在不同盐度的实验条件下存活时间不超过5天,不适宜长期培养;双刺纺锤水蚤在全年8-24℃的室内培养温度范围内保持了24-85%的存活率,雌体和子代在盐度10-35的范围内都能存活,最终结果表明双刺纺锤水蚤是其中最适宜进行人工培养的种类。 繁殖:对双刺纺锤水蚤雌体的培养条件和繁殖生物学的研究结果表明:在本实验所使用的6种微藻饵料:微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)、小球藻(Chlorella.sp)、等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、亚心型扁藻(Platymonas subordiformis)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)中,亚心型扁藻和中肋骨条藻适宜成体培养,亚心型扁藻对雌体存活有利,排粪率也要比中肋骨条藻低得多,亚心型扁藻在高温条件下的饵料利用效率要高于中肋骨条藻,中肋骨条藻对产卵有利,二者混合优势互补;预饥饿处理的双刺纺锤水蚤恢复到最高产卵率需要较长的时间,并且一直保持较低的产卵率;该种繁殖的最适温度范围15-20℃;在10-25℃温度范围内的平均产卵率差异并不显著。 生长及发育:对双刺纺锤水蚤幼体培养条件及发育生物学研究结果表明:在本实验所使用的6种微藻饵料中,微绿球藻是比较理想的开口饵料;粒径小( 4 m)的微藻——微绿球藻和小球藻不能保证双刺纺锤水蚤后期无节幼体发育至桡足阶段,22℃以下采用微绿球藻 + 亚心型扁藻 + 中肋骨条藻的食物搭配,22℃以上需加入粒径在4m左右的等鞭金藻。 世代时间:通过一系列的温度梯度实验,证明在相同饵料的情况下,温度对双刺纺锤水蚤的发育具有显著的影响,在15-25℃的范围内,随着温度的升高,生长速度加快、世代周期缩短;在温度条件为15、18、20、22、25℃下的世代时间分别为25.5, 18.5, 13, 11.5, 9.5天。 群体培养:研究了适宜的微藻饵料种类搭配比例以及总饵料浓度对种群日均增值率的影响。结果表明:20℃下培养宜采用亚心型扁藻:中肋骨条藻:微绿球藻按含碳量2:1:1的比例组成混合饵料,达到最高增殖率的混合饵料浓度范围在1.0-4.0 μg C ml-1之间;25℃下培养宜采用亚心型扁藻:中肋骨条藻:微绿球藻:等鞭金藻按含碳量2:1:1:2的比例组成混合饵料,日均增殖率在混合饵料总浓度为1.0 μg C ml-1 时最高,低于和高于此浓度都会降低日增值率。 度夏机制:针对野外大面调查发现双刺纺锤水蚤在高温季节的胶州湾内仍然存在的事实(传统观点认为该种在夏季从水体中消失,通过休眠卵度夏),本论文从基础生态学研究出发,根据胶州湾夏季的温度和叶绿素浓度资料,设计实验研究了高温和饵料浓度对成体繁殖和幼体生长发育的影响。实验发现,饵料浓度对高温下雌体的繁殖有着明显的影响,15g Chla l-1浓度下的雌体在28℃都可以保持产卵状态,而且卵的孵化率也在50%以上;各处理中的卵都很快孵化,并保持了60%以上的孵化率;高浓度组15 g Chla l-1和10 g Chla l-1,无节幼体都能发育至成体,低浓度5 g Chla l-1处理组中,28℃下,不能发育至桡足阶段,而25℃下也只能发育至C4期。在本实验中没有发现双刺纺锤水蚤产生休眠卵。在胶州湾自然环境中发现该种全年存在。胶州湾中的双刺纺锤水蚤在夏季能够在不产生休眠卵的情况下安全度夏。
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由于化石能源储量的日益减少及其燃烧带来的环境污染问题,生物柴油的开发和应用受到广泛关注。微藻因其生长迅速,油脂含量高,被认为是制备生物柴油的理想原料,另外,同陆生油料植物相比,微藻,尤其海洋微藻培养还具有不与农业争耕地和淡水、不影响食物安全保障和破坏生境的优势。然而,由于生产成本较高,微藻生物柴油至今尚未实现商业化生产。大量研究表明,微藻油脂含量和干物质产量受环境条件调控。为优化培养条件,提高微藻的油脂产量,并探索与脂积累相关的某些代谢调控因子,本文研究了铁对三种微藻油脂积累和生长的影响。 首先建立了尼罗红染色、荧光分光光度法测定微藻油脂积累的简单、快速的方法,优化了染色后的小球藻C3和C7(Chlorella vulgaris)、球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、三角褐枝藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)和莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)脂积累的测量条件。 海洋微藻小球藻C7属于绿藻门,以积累淀粉为主。在指数生长后期向培养基中补加Fe3+,可延长小球藻指数生长期,提高细胞终密度。处于指数生长后期的小球藻经离心收集、重新接种于新的高铁培养基中后,总脂含量能提高到干物质重的56.6%,是低铁培养基中小球藻的3至7倍。 球等鞭金藻属于金藻门,油脂是其贮藏物质的主要形式。在指数生长后期向培养基中补加Fe3+ 后,指数生长期延长,细胞终密度提高。将指数生长后期的球等鞭金藻重新接种于新的培养基中后,在高铁培基中的藻的总脂含量和细胞生长均高于在低铁培养基中的。 最后,研究了铁对淡水藻莱茵衣藻脂积累和生长的影响。指数生长后期的衣藻接种于无铁TAP培养基中后,利用荧光分光光度法测得的中性脂的积累量增加,生长速度下降;而重新接种于高铁培养基中后,脂积累量下降,生长加速。乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACCase)催化脂合成的第一步反应,是调节脂合成速度的关键酶。本实验研究结果表明,生长在不同铁浓度条件下的衣藻ACCase基因的表达水平与细胞的分裂、生长相关。
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We studied the possible role that marine microalgae may play during the outbreaks of WSS (white spot syndrome). In order to elucidate the possibility of marine microalgae carrying WSSV (white spot syndrome virus), six marine microallgae (Isochr.vsis galbana, Skeletonema costatum, Chlorella sp., Heterosigma akashiwo, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Dunaliella salina) were co-cultured with adult Marsupenaeus japollicus infected with WSSV and were assayed daily by nested-PCR to study whether they could carry WSSV. Further experiments were conducted to investigate whether the virus carried by microalgae could re-infect juvenile M. japonicus. Results showed that all of the experimental microalgae, except H. akashiwo could carry WSSV, and among them, Chlorella sp. and S. trochoidea had the strongest WSSV-carrying ability. Unlike other invertebrate carriers of WSSV, the WSSV detections in microalgae, which were positive after I and 3 days, were negative after 10 days of incubation. WSSV detection results in juvenile M. japonicus showed that the juvenile shrimp were re-infected by co-cultured Chlorella sp., although the juvenile M. japonicus carried so small an amount of WSSV that it could only be detected by nested-PCR. The results of this experiment suggest that microalgae might be one possible horizontal transmission pathway for WSSV. Further research, however, is required to better understand the factors behind the different carrying abilities and virus-carrying mechanisms of different microalgae. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of diet, stocking density, and environmental factors on growth, survival, and metamorphosis of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum larvae. These experiments examined the following factors: diet (Isochrysts spp., Chlorella spp., and a mixture of Isochrysis spp. and Chlorella spp. [ 1: 1 w/w]), stocking density (5, 10, 15, and 20 larvae ml(-1)), light intensity (un-shaded, partially shaded, and fully shaded), water filtration (unfiltered and sand-filtered), water exchange (50% and 100% once every other day, 25%, 50%, and 100% once daily; 50% and 100% twice daily), and the use of substrate (with and without sand as the substrate). Results indicated that Chlorella spp. could replace 50% of Isochrysis spp. as a food source for the Manila clam larvae without affecting growth, survival, and metamorphosis. Larval growth decreased significantly with increasing stocking density. A density of 5-10 larvae ml(-1) appeared to be optimal for normal growth of Manila clam larvae. Neither diet nor stocking density used in the study had a significant effect on larval survival. Under partially shaded (light intensity = 1000-5000 lx) and fully shaded (light intensity <500 lx) conditions, larval growth was significantly faster than under direct sunlight (un-shaded). A water exchange rate of 50% twice daily provided optimum larval growth. Larvae grew significantly faster in the unfiltered water than in the sand-filtered water. Using sand as the substrate in the culture system significantly depressed the metamorphosis rate. The type and particle size of sand used as the substrate did not significantly affect growth and metamorphosis rates of the larvae. (C) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.