Preparation of W-Al alloys by mechanical alloying

W1-xAlx (x=0-0.86) alloys were synthesized by mechanically alloying the pure metal powder mixtures at designated compositions by conventional high-energy ball milling. The W-Al alloys were stable under high pressure and high temperature. The alloys were lighter than W. The hardness and oxidation resistance of the alloys was greatly improved compared to both W and Al. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Formation of epsilon-FeXN/BN magnetic nanocomposite and its thermodynamic and kinetic analyses

A nanocomposite of nanometer-sized magnetic granular epsilon-FeXN embedded in a nonmagnetic amorphous boron nitride matrix was prepared by ball milling mixture of alpha-Fe and hexagonal boron nitride in argon atmosphere. The grain size of the epsilon-FeXN alloy was about 10-20 nm. The nitrogen concentration in the epsilon-FeXN alloy increases with extending milling time. Both thermodynamic calculation and the present experiment show that iron and nitrogen atoms have higher alloying driving force than iron and boron atoms. Analyses of thermodynamics and kinetics about formation of the epsilon-FeXN alloy suggested that the formation of the epsilon-FeXN alloy is related to amorphization of the hexagonal boron nitride and refinement of the alpha-Fe. II was found from the present experiment that a critical grain size of the alpha-Fe reacting with nitrogen in the amorphous boron nitride is about 8 nm.

QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY-RELATIONSHIPS FOR TOXICITY OF PHENOLS USING REGRESSION-ANALYSIS AND COMPUTATIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Quantitative structure-toxicity models were developed that directly link the molecular structures of a et of 50 alkYlated and/or halogenated phenols with their polar narcosis toxicity, expressed as the negative logarithm of the IGC50 (50% growth inhibitor

基于PSO的球磨机粉磨系统自适应模糊控制

提出了一种基于粒子群算法优化(PSO)的模糊控制器,对模糊控制器参数进行全局优化,以弥补模糊控制器参数在线调节方面的不足,并应用于球磨机粉磨系统的控制中。控制系统采用粒子群优化模糊控制器作为双闭环控制中的成品流量控制器,并在Matlab/Simulink进行的仿真分析中实现模糊控制器参数的在线调节。仿真结果表明,系统较好地实现了给定参考轨迹自适应跟踪,具有鲁棒性强、控制精度高等优点。

一种适用于多指灵巧手的机电一体化驱动器概念

本文提出了一种机电一体化驱动器的概念,这种驱动器能够将电机的旋转运动转换为直线运动,并在不外加力和力矩传感器的基础上利用运动转换副上产生的微应变来估算电机的输出力矩和驱动器末端的牵引力信息。利用高精度、高灵敏度并带有温度和噪声补偿电路的应变片来测量微应变,以取得稳定而可靠的测量结果。应变片直接贴在驱动器的主体结构表面可以最小化尺寸,而且可以实现机电一体化而不是机械-电子集成系统。仿真实验表明,这种方法和传统的电流估算法相比,可以减少由于噪音和波动带来的电流信号误差,得到更加精确的信息,并且(与加入力或者力矩传感器相比)能够有效缩小外型尺寸,同时去除不必要的机械与电子接口,因此增加了系统的鲁棒性。

并联机器人机床运动学正、逆解

基于一般ＳＴＥＷＡＲＴ机构研制的并联机器人机床是新一代智能化金属切削加工机床．然而，机床的运动学位置正、逆解呈强非线性，求解困难．出于机床精度的需要，本研究的模型样机在结构上采用了滚珠丝杠传动，因此又带来了关节运动耦合，导致机床运动学位置正、逆解求解更加复杂．利用运动学等效的原则，引入整机等效串联机构及分支等效串联机构，以等效广义坐标为中间变量建立机床运动学正、逆解求解迭代算法．仿真与控制实验表明，该算法具有收索速度快便于实际应用等特点。

粘弹性介质中的地震波传播与波形反演研究

The real earth is far away from an ideal elastic ball. The movement of structures or fluid and scattering of thin-layer would inevitably affect seismic wave propagation, which is demonstrated mainly as energy nongeometrical attenuation. Today, most of theoretical researches and applications take the assumption that all media studied are fully elastic. Ignoring the viscoelastic property would, in some circumstances, lead to amplitude and phase distortion, which will indirectly affect extraction of traveltime and waveform we use in imaging and inversion. In order to investigate the response of seismic wave propagation and improve the imaging and inversion quality in complex media, we need not only consider into attenuation of the real media but also implement it by means of efficient numerical methods and imaging techniques. As for numerical modeling, most widely used methods, such as finite difference, finite element and pseudospectral algorithms, have difficulty in dealing with problem of simultaneously improving accuracy and efficiency in computation. To partially overcome this difficulty, this paper devises a matrix differentiator method and an optimal convolutional differentiator method based on staggered-grid Fourier pseudospectral differentiation, and a staggered-grid optimal Shannon singular kernel convolutional differentiator by function distribution theory, which then are used to study seismic wave propagation in viscoelastic media. Results through comparisons and accuracy analysis demonstrate that optimal convolutional differentiator methods can solve well the incompatibility between accuracy and efficiency, and are almost twice more accurate than the same-length finite difference. They can efficiently reduce dispersion and provide high-precision waveform data. On the basis of frequency-domain wavefield modeling, we discuss how to directly solve linear equations and point out that when compared to the time-domain methods, frequency-domain methods would be more convenient to handle the multi-source problem and be much easier to incorporate medium attenuation. We also prove the equivalence of the time- and frequency-domain methods by using numerical tests when assumptions with non-relaxation modulus and quality factor are made, and analyze the reason that causes waveform difference. In frequency-domain waveform inversion, experiments have been conducted with transmission, crosshole and reflection data. By using the relation between media scales and characteristic frequencies, we analyze the capacity of the frequency-domain sequential inversion method in anti-noising and dealing with non-uniqueness of nonlinear optimization. In crosshole experiments, we find the main sources of inversion error and figure out how incorrect quality factor would affect inverted results. When dealing with surface reflection data, several frequencies have been chosen with optimal frequency selection strategy, with which we use to carry out sequential and simultaneous inversions to verify how important low frequency data are to the inverted results and the functionality of simultaneous inversion in anti-noising. Finally, I come with some conclusions about the whole work I have done in this dissertation and discuss detailly the existing and would-be problems in it. I also point out the possible directions and theories we should go and deepen, which, to some extent, would provide a helpful reference to researchers who are interested in seismic wave propagation and imaging in complex media.

扬子地台晚震旦至早寒武世沉积碳同位素研究

震旦-寒武交变期是地史上一个重大转折期，从隐生宙向显生宙过渡，海、陆、空发生了显著不同的变化，是一个具有特殊意义的过渡时期。中国扬子地区广泛发育的海相沉积层序有效地记录了震旦一寒武交变期重要的地质事件，因此为研究该时期大气圈、生物圈、岩石圈和水圈的相互联系提供了独一无二的场所。在前寒武纪一寒武纪地质研究中，由于缺少标志性生物化石，行之有效的生物地层学方法在上前寒武系的划分和对比中受到很大限制，沉积有机，质干酪根和相应碳酸盐的稳定碳同位素分析已经成为全球对比和划分的一个极为重要的的研究方法。尽管一些学者对扬子地台进行了多年的地球化学研究，使用碳酸盐和与之共生的有机质碳同位素组成对广泛的扬子地台变化的沉积环境进行研究还很欠缺、对分析和探讨该时期的生命演化过程和环境变化的关系研究方面还不足。本研究是以中国扬子地区为研究范围，用沉积碳酸盐和与之共生的有机质碳同位素组成对广泛的扬子地台变化的沉积环境（台地相、盆地相、过渡地带）进行分析，初步建立了一个地球化学模型，用于解释震旦一寒武交变期沉积地球化学记录，分析和探讨区域扬子地台碳循环和环境变化与地质事件之间的内在和外在联系：（1）南沱期：有机碳同位素组成（瓮安剖面平均值在-35.0‰左右）表现为较强负异常。地球被称为雪球（Snow-ball）或部分冰雪覆盖球体（Slush-ball），水体滞留和水动力不强，原始产率较低，物源以深源为主；生物不发育，主要是细菌和低等的真核细胞生物；空气和海水的气体通过冰裂缝进行交换，促进了碳酸盐的溶解；有机碳循环主要通过厌氧过程，比如细菌硫酸盐还原作用进行。（2）陡山沱期和灯影期：南沱晚期一陡山沱早期，海水的碳酸盐碳同位素组成短期仍然较负（瓮安剖面的δl3Ccarb-avg为-2.8‰ 松桃剖面1、2的δ13Ccarb-avg分别是-3.5％0和-8.6％。）；有机质的碳同位素组成总体呈现正漂移（瓮安护3Corg－avg：-26.3‰；南明剖面的δ13Corg-avg高达-26.7‰），这正是全球分布的“帽”碳酸盐出现的时期：接近地表的火山去气作用释放出较之现代350倍的CO2，导致地球迅速变暖，冰雪融化，大陆风化作用加强，海平面上升，“雪球，，转化为“温室，大气中大量的CO2快速转化为碳酸钙沉入海水中。全球可能处于一个异常高的海洋沉积速率时期。随后陡山沱组的护3Ccarb值显著上升，暗示了这一时期生物作用加强，有机碳埋藏速率明显提高，有机碳和还原硫埋藏的增加，导致上层海水345的富集，硫同位素组成较高。热液作用和上升洋流作用促成了瓮安磷矿的形成和瓮安生物群的繁盛。在南沱冰期后的陡山沱期和灯影期，高的别3c的出现主要是由于进行光合作用的海洋植物群体产率的迅速增加、海洋沉积速率的升高、海洋深部水柱中缺氧层的存在、热液活动、上升洋流作用、海水分层结构引起的，而短期同位素组成的负漂移和生物产率的变化则可能是区域事件所造成。明显的碳同位素组成负漂移出现在前寒武／寒武界线附近，这反映了碳短期变化的翻覆，与震旦纪末生物绝灭、环境变化的地质事件相符合。（3）牛蹄塘期：本研究结果发现，在牛蹄塘组／郭家坝组底部黑色岩系中，有机碳、无机碳、有机硫、黄铁矿硫同位素组成值相对较低，有机碳和黄铁矿含量相对较高。δ3Corg-avg和δ3Ccarb-avg分别是-33.9士0.7‰和-2.5＝0.4‰；TOC＞0.5；黄铁矿平均含量为0.96％间变化；黄铁矿（δ4ScRs）和有机硫同位素组成（δ34SOBS）平均值分别为0.3士7.5‰和3.4土7.1‰。由于牛蹄塘初期的环境变化频繁和不稳定，扬子区处于一段特殊的时期，碳、硫同位素组成延续上震旦统的负漂移现象，海侵事件、还原环境、缺氧事件、裂谷作用火山喷发、、气液喷溢、热水作用等造成海水相刘较深，有机碳埋藏量增大，多金属富集成矿。在牛蹄塘中晚期碳同位素组成趋于稳定，碳同位素组成重化，有机碳和黄铁矿含量降低：碳酸盐和有机质的碳同位素组成平均值分别是0.31±1.0‰和-31．41．3％。（沙滩），呈现稳定的正漂移；TOC平均值是0.8％；沙滩剖面郭家坝组中上部样品的黄铁矿平均含量0.5％；δ34SCRS-avg和δ34SOBS-avg为17.8士2.0‰和16.9±1.8‰。在牛蹄塘中期，随着大气圈和水圈中CO2含量降低、环境稳定，促使寒武纪生物繁盛，可能与增加的寒武系生物产量和微生物作用有关。对牛蹄塘期的环境情况有如下分析：随着全球变暖、海平面迅速上升，上升洋流活跃，由于分层海水的存在，海水在氧化带附近及其上部具有较高的有机物生成率，使寒武纪初期成为形成植物繁衍和带壳动物爆发的重要时期。碳同位素组成由震旦一寒武交变期的不稳定负漂移变化到稳定正漂移，这与世界其它地区的变化相一致。下寒武统富有机碳和黄铁矿的黑色页岩沉积，暗示了早寒武世缺氧环境的存在。（4）凯里期：早中寒武世交变期有机碳和无机碳同位素组成规律的变化，出现在扬子地台台江剖面上。有机质埋藏的变化，与生物从下寒武到中寒武统的变化相联系。碳酸盐和有机碳同位素组成的变化规律，反映了震旦一寒武交变期沉积环境的多变和震旦一寒武交变期碳循环的波动，这与变化的古环境背景、环境条件和生物演化的变化相互联系。碳酸盐碳同位素组成反映了海水最初的同位素信息；海底热液作用和上升一洋流作用可能成为影响碳同位素组成的重要因素。然而，各一地区在同一时期存在相似性，也有很大的不同，所以针对区域和局部事件，还需要进一步研究和探讨。