96 resultados para Auriferous mineralization
Resumo:
作为陆地植物生长和生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子之一,土壤氮素矿化和可利用性对全球变化的响应决定着未来陆地生态系统的碳储量并对全球碳循环产生长远的深刻影响。众所周知,土壤中大部分氮以有机态存在,有机态氮必须经过转化成为无机态氮才能被植物吸收利用。土壤氮素矿化是将有机态氮转化为无机态氮的生物化学过程,决定着土壤中氮素的可利用性。理解氮素在草原生态系统中的转化(包括矿化,硝化作用)过程,有助于我们充分认识草地退化机理,为草地恢复和重建提供理论依据。在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站的典型羊草草原区,选取了1979年围封(没有割草和放牧利用)、1999年围封(没有割草和放牧利用)和长期自由放牧三种不同土地利用方式的羊草草地,分别代表人为干扰强度从小到大的梯度,利用室内和野外原状土培育实验两种方法,研究了人为干扰强度和环境因子(温度和水分)对土壤无机氮转化的影响。 室内实验:设置不同的温度梯度和水分梯度,在不同的时间段内在室内对原状土柱进行培养,观察这些因子对土壤净氮矿化的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤无机氮库(NH4+-N和NO3−-N)在不同土地利用变化情况下具有显著差异。但是,经过室内培养,净氮矿化速率和硝化速率之间差异不显著,只有铵化速率表现出显著差异。(2)温度对铵化、硝化和矿化速率有显著影响。但是当培养温度低于5℃时,无论培养时间多长净氮矿化的累积和净氮矿化速率之间差异皆不显著。温度高于15℃的三个温度之间净氮矿化的累积和净氮矿化速率差异极显著。(3)土壤湿度对净硝化和净矿化速率有显著影响,但是对铵化速率没有显著影响,表明当土壤水分限制硝化细菌的活性时,硝化速率对于水分的增加显得更加敏感。(4)培养时间对铵化、硝化和矿化量的积累有极显著影响。随着培养时间的延长铵态氮积累的量较少,但是硝态氮的量随着培养时间延长积累的量很多。(5)我们的研究表明温度、湿度和培养时间之间对净氮矿化的影响存在极显著的互作效应。 野外试验:在三种不同土地利用历史的草地,利用顶盖埋管原位培育法测定土壤的无机氮库、净硝化、铵化和净氮矿化的季节动态。2004年5月开始,每隔30天一次,到11月结束。结果表明:(1)三种不同土地利用方式的草地生态系统土壤中的NO3--N和NH4+-N含量都表现出明显的季节变化趋势,自由放牧样地与围封25年样地季节趋势基本一致,围封5年样地各月间NO3--N和NH4+-N含量的差异都达到显著水平。(2)三种不同土地利用方式的草地无机氮的季节动态两两比较发现,NO3--N浓度在6、7和9月差异极显著;而在8月三个样地之间差异不显著;NH4+-N浓度在5月、7月和8月三个样地之间都达到显著水平,在6月、9月和10月情况有所不同,6月自由放牧地与围封25年间差异不显著,而这两个样地与围封5年的样地差异达显著水平,9月围封25年和围封5年两个样地之间差异不显著,而与自由放牧样地之间差异显著;10月情况又有变化,是自由放牧样地与围封5年的样地之间差异不显著,与围封25年样地之间差异达显著水平;(3)土壤无机氮库和氮素的矿化/硝化速率都存在明显且比较一致的季节动态,但是在个别月份也有较大差异,总的趋势是围封25年的样地硝化速率高于围封5年和自由放牧样地。上述结果表明:在温带典型草原,土地利用方式对土壤氮素库和矿化有着重要影响;各样地之间土壤氮素库和矿化速率的差异可能是由于土壤温度、水分、无机氮库和土壤基质的改变而引起的。
Resumo:
由于人为因素导致的全球范围内的第六次物种大灭绝已经成为不争的事实,但人类还不清楚这种现象对生态系统功能的影响。在回答生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的问题上,补偿作用是一个争论的热点。为了阐明生物多样性对生态系统功能的影响,于2005年夏开始,在内蒙古温带典型草原开展了一个研究生物多样性与生态系统功能的物种去除试验。本研究是该项目的一部分。 元素循环是生态系统的重要功能之一,而氮素是限制草地生态系统生产力的主要因素,氮矿化是氮循环的关键步骤,因此,本研究重点讨论植物功能群对土壤氮矿化作用的影响,提出3点假设:1. 不同植物功能群对土壤氮矿化速率影响不同;2. 植物功能群去除前后氮矿化速率不同;3.植物功能群之间存在补偿效应。为了证明这些假设,于2006年9月、2007年6月和2007年8月份分别进行了室内培养(温度25℃,湿度60%田间最大持水量)用于测量氮矿化速率,同时于2007年6月和2007年8月份进行野外培养用于测量野外条件下的氮矿化速率,并在去除处理2年后得到以下主要结果: 1. 植物功能群去除数与土壤氮矿化速率呈单峰曲线关系(P<0.05),去除少量植物功能群氮矿化速率上升,去除更多的植物功能群后氮矿化速率下降; 2. 植物功能群去除数与土壤硝态氮含量呈线性正相关关系(P<0.0001),植物功能群的丧失加剧了土壤NO3--N的流失; 3. 多年生非禾草(PF)比其他植物功能群显著降低了氮矿化速率(P<0.05); 4. 短期内(去除处理1年内)在凋落物回填的情况下,去除0个植物功能群与去除全部植物功能群的氮矿化速率无显著差异(P>0.05); 5. 内蒙古温带典型草原在近3年内(2005、2006、2007)土壤碳库、氮库变化较小。
Resumo:
氮素作为陆地生态系统生产力主要的限制因子,对生态系统过程的调控有着重要的意义。净氮矿化是有机氮素到无机氮素的转变过程,该过程决定了土壤氮素的可利用性。准确估计土壤的供氮能力可以为确定最佳施肥量和施肥时间提供理论依据,并将影响着土地的可持续发展和管理政策。氮矿化潜力N0被定义为在最适温度和湿度下,土壤氮素在无限时间内所能矿化的最大量。由于氮矿化潜力是土壤供氮能力很好的指示值,所以对氮矿化潜力的研究能够使我们更好地了解土壤的氮素矿化动态和其供氮潜力。 为更好地了解天然草原氮素矿化对全球氮沉降背景以及草原施肥管理模式的响应,我们从2000年起在内蒙古羊草草原开展了长期的氮素添加实验,分别设置对照(N0)、添加5g N•m-2(N1.75)、30g N•m-2(N10.5)和80g N•m-2(N28)四个氮肥添加梯度以及对照(control)、添加100g有机肥•m-2(O100)、添加500g有机肥•m-2(O500)、添加1000g有机肥•m-2(O1000)四个有机肥添加梯度。氮肥添加在相邻并同时进行施肥的两个生态系统类型中展开,即成熟羊草草原(A区,1979年围封)和退化的羊草草原(B区,1999年围封),有机肥添加也同时在与之相邻的C区中展开(C区的土地利用历史与B区一致)。 2002年和2006年,从A、B区中进行氮肥处理后的土壤取样;有机肥处理的土壤样品从2002年C区中获得。土样在最佳温度(25℃)和湿度(60%田间持水量(WHC))下进行了5周室内培养,并用阶段淋溶方法来测定氮肥添加和有机肥添加对土壤氮矿化动态的影响。 氮肥添加显著降低了土壤的pH值,但累积氮矿化量与土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮均没有显著的相关性。在两个区内,氮素添加都显著改变了土壤的累积氮矿化量。最高氮素处理N28相对应于最低的累积氮矿化量,而低氮素处理N1.75却使得累积氮矿化量最高。同时,在N0和N1.75处理中硝态氮的含量高于铵态氮,但在N28处理中却表现出相反趋势。实验还表明大多数氮素添加强度处理在A区比B区有更高的土壤累积氮矿化量。 有机肥添加也显著改变了土壤5周内的累积氮矿化量,并且累积氮矿化量随有机肥添加强度的升高而显著增加。培养5周末时土壤的累积铵态氮的含量与有机肥施加强度之间并没有相关性,但是累积硝态氮的含量有随着有机肥施加强度的上升而增加的趋势。 基于前5周土壤培养所得到的结果,我们选择了氮肥添加的N0,N1.75, N28处理以及有机肥添加的control、O100、O1000处理继续进行了长达15周的培养。培养数据与描述土壤氮矿化动态的一级动力学模型--first-order kinetics: Nm=N0(1-exp(-kt))拟合良好( R2=0.893~0.97)。无论是氮肥添加还是有机肥添加都显著增加了土壤的氮矿化潜力N0,并且N0随着氮肥或者机肥添加强度的增加而增加。对于氮肥处理的土壤来说, N0与氮矿化速率常数k之间反向相关,但是在有机氮处理的土壤中N0与k之间却没有相关性。总的结果显示,经有机肥添加的土壤比经氮肥添加的土样有着更大的氮矿化潜力N0值以及氮矿化速率常数k值,较大的k值暗示着土壤氮素较快的周转速率。
Resumo:
氮素是影响内蒙古温带典型草原植物生长和初级生产力的主要因素之一,土壤氮素的可利用性及其对全球环境变化的响应对于预测生态系统碳氮平衡显得尤为重要。空气中的游离氮和土壤中的有机氮必须通过固氮作用和矿化作用,转化为无机氮才能被绝大多数高等植物直接利用,氮素转化决定土壤氮素有效性。因此,研究环境变化对草原灌丛豆科固氮植物小叶锦鸡儿和草原优势植物种羊草土壤氮素转化重要生物过程的影响,对于进一步了解草原氮库变化及其对环境变化的可能响应有重要意义。 在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站,利用开顶式生长室(Open-top chamber,OTC)控制实验模拟环境变化,经过三年的实验处理,研究氮素、水分和CO2浓度变化对小叶锦鸡儿根瘤生长和共生固氮、小叶锦鸡儿和羊草土壤净氮矿化速率的影响。观察小叶锦鸡儿根瘤形态和数量、测定根瘤长度和生物量以及固氮酶活性、测定土壤净氮矿化速率和土壤酶活性,探讨小叶锦鸡儿和羊草土壤氮素转化对环境变化响应机理。 结果表明,三年生桶培小叶锦鸡儿根瘤多着生于侧根,以浅黄色的小型球状根瘤为主,其次是棕褐色的棒状和纺锤状根瘤,较大型的褐色Y状根瘤相对较少。添加氮素极显著地抑制根瘤生长发育及其固氮酶活性,这种抑制效应随着水分增加和CO2浓度升高有所减缓。随着水分的增加,根瘤形态多样,根瘤着生部位由主根渐向侧根再向须根发展,根瘤数量和重量也显著增加。水分和CO2浓度升高,固氮酶活性增加但是未达到显著水平。小叶锦鸡儿根瘤生长及其固氮酶活性在加水条件下最好,水分可能是限制内蒙古半干旱草原小叶锦鸡儿固氮能力的关键因素。 环境变化影响小叶锦鸡儿土壤无机氮库。添加氮素处理,土壤无机氮库显著增加。添加氮素后,土壤脲酶活性显著降低,铵态氮和无机氮都出现明显的氮固持,但硝化速率增加,可能是由于添加氮素后土壤化学性质改变更利于硝化细菌进行硝化活动。随着水分和CO2浓度的升高,由于植物生长需求更多氮素的供应,土壤无机氮库显著降低。水分和CO2浓度处理对小叶锦鸡儿土壤脲酶活性和净氮矿化速率没有显著影响,但是能一定程度上减缓了氮素的负效应,促使无机氮的转化,使土壤微生物对铵态氮和无机氮的固持减少。但是蛋白酶活性和硝酸还原酶活性对三种环境因子响应均不敏感,脲酶对环境因子的变化最为敏感。小叶锦鸡儿土壤氮素转化与土壤理化性质密切相关,环境因子通过影响土壤脲酶活性以及土壤酸碱度等影响土壤矿化速率,进而影响土壤无机氮浓度和植物可利用氮。 羊草土壤无机氮库与小叶锦鸡儿土壤无机氮库对环境变化的响应较为一致,添加氮素羊草土壤无机氮含量显著增加,水分增加土壤无机氮含量显著降低。添加氮素使硝化速率显著增大,氨化速率和净氮矿化速率降低,但是未达到显著水平,铵态氮和无机氮出现固持现象。水分的增加降低土壤无机氮库,刺激脲酶活性,微生物对铵态氮的矿化作用增加,但是硝态氮的矿化作用受抑制,对净氮矿化没有影响。CO2浓度升高对羊草土壤无机氮库和土壤氮素矿化都没有显著地影响,但是CO2浓度升高在适宜水分下通过刺激土壤微生物活性,促进脲酶活性和无机氮的转化。羊草土壤酶活性对氮素和CO2浓度的响应与小叶锦鸡儿土壤酶活性的响应一致。 综上,不同环境因子对氮素转化过程影响不同,氮素添加抑制小叶锦鸡儿根瘤及其固氮酶活性,降低小叶锦鸡儿和羊草土壤净氮矿化速率。水分和CO2浓度升高一定程度上缓解了氮素对固氮酶活性以及土壤净氮素矿化速率的抑制作用,有利于土壤氮素转化。
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我国北方温带草原地处干旱半干旱区,是欧亚大陆草原生物区系的重要组成部分,也是我国重要的畜牧业生产基地。土壤氮素作为陆地植物生长和生态系统初级生产力的主要限制因子之一,了解其矿化和可利用性对各种人为干扰因素的响应,有助于我们充分认识草地退化机理,维持草场生产力并进一步促进畜牧业的可持续发展,为草地恢复、重建和维护提供理论依据。本实验在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的多年围封退化样地,分别实施了火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互作用的人为干扰处理,利用原状土野外培养的方法,在两年时间中,研究不同的人为干扰因素(火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互处理)对土壤净氮矿化作用的影响。 火烧显著影响草原的氮循环过程,季节和年际的气候变化参与调节氮循环对火烧处理的响应。多年围封后的初次人工火烧处理显著降低了第一个生长季(2006 年生长季)和其后冬季的土壤净氮矿化速率,但是,火烧处理仅在冬季对土壤无机氮含量产生显著降低作用;2007 年生长季,火烧处理对土壤净氮矿化速率和土壤无机氮含量没有显著作用,但是在个别月份,不同的火烧频率对土壤净氮矿化速率和无机氮含量的影响表现出差异。2006 年生长季,未火烧样地和火烧样地净氮矿化积累量分别为3.07±0.26 g N m-2 和2.18±0.21 g N m-2;冬季,未火烧样地和火烧样地净氮矿化积累量分别为1.18±0.25 g N m-2 和0.51±0.08 g N m-2;2007 年生长季,未火烧样地(BC)、每年火烧样地(B1)和两年一烧样地(B2)净氮矿化积累量分别为1.32±0.21 g N m-2、0.54±0.30 g N m-2 和 0.77±0.24 g N m-2。较为湿润的2006 年生长季的净氮矿化积累量显著高于较为干旱的2007 年生长季,冬季也存在相当丰富的净氮矿化积累量。我们推论,长时间围封后的单次火烧处理对土壤净氮矿化作用的影响可能是短效的,但是年际间气候变化对土壤净氮矿化作用影响显著。 施肥显著提高了土壤的无机氮含量,并且与施肥梯度呈显著正相关关系。施肥对土壤无机氮含量的影响具有累加效应,第一次施肥和第二次施肥后的首次取样,+N5.25 、+N17.5 、+N28.0 三个施肥梯度的样地土壤无机氮含量比未施肥样地分别高出56%、219%、1054%和514%、891%、1811%。施肥处理在2006 年和2007 年对土壤净氮矿化作用都没有显著影响,仅在2007 年的个别月份有一定效果。以上结果说明,无机氮肥的添加可以明显提高土壤中无机氮的含量,满足植物生长的需求,但对于土壤氮转化过程的影响可能还要受其它环境和生物因子的制约。 刈割对土壤无机氮含量和净硝化速率没有显著作用,对土壤净氮矿化速率仅在个别月份表现显著效果。2007 年生长季,未刈割样地和刈割样地净氮矿化积累量分别为1.32±0.21 g N m-2 和1.08±0.35 g N m-2,不存在显著差异。我们推论,长期围封后的单次刈割处理在短期内对生长季的土壤氮动态仅有微弱影响,并且这种效果还可能受水分因素的制约。 火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理在2007 年生长季对土壤无机氮含量产生显著作用,但是,对土壤净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率没有显著效果,然而,在不同的取样时间,火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理对土壤无机氮含量、净氮矿化速率和净硝化速率的影响存在显著差异,说明火烧、施肥、刈割的交互处理对土壤无机氮和净氮矿化作用的影响可能受各种环境因子的制约,尤其是在水分相对缺乏的半干旱内蒙古草原,非生物因子和生物因子可能共同影响着土壤中的氮平衡。 本研究初步分析了长期围封后火烧、施肥、刈割及其交互处理对土壤净氮矿化的影响,初步探究了人为干扰和环境气候变化对土壤可利用性氮的调节作用,为科学地进行禁牧、割草、人工养份添加等草原管理提供了数据支持。
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A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum requirement of dietary available phosphorus (P) for black seabream (Sparus macrocephalus) in indoor net cages (1.5x1.0x1.0 m). Triplicate groups of black seabream (11.45 +/- 0.02 g) were fed diets containing graded levels (0.18, 0.36, 0.54, 0.72, 0.89 and 1.07%) of available P to satiation for 8 weeks. The basal diet (diet 1), containing 0.18% available P, was supplemented with graded levels of monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4 2H(2)O) to formulate five experimental diets. The fish were fed twice daily (08:00 h and 16:00 h) and reared in seawater (salinity, 26-29 g l(-1)) at a temperature of 28 +/- 1 degrees C. Dissolved oxygen during the experiment was above 5 mg l(-1). The specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were all significantly improved by dietary phosphorus up to 0.54% (P<0.05) and then leveled off beyond this level. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was inversely correlated with dietary phosphorus levels (P< 0.05). Efficiency of P utilization stabled in fish fed diets containing 0.18%-0.54% available P and then decreased dramatically with further supplementation of dietary phosphorus. Body composition analysis showed that the whole-body lipid, ash, calcium and phosphorus contents were all significantly affected by dietary available P concentration (P<0.05), however, no significance were found in whole-body calcium/phosphorus (Ca/P) ratios among all the treatments (P>0.05). Dietary phosphorus levels also affected the mineralization of vertebrae, skin and scale (P<0.05). Ca/P ratios in vertebrae and scale were not influenced by dietary P supplementation, while skin Ca/P ratio increased statistically with dietary available P levels (quadratic effect, P<0.001). The blood chemistry analysis showed that dietary available P had distinct effects on enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and plasma lysozyme (LSZ), as well as contents of triacyglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (T-CHO) (P<0.05). Broken-line analysis showed maximum weight gain (WG) was obtained at dietary available P concentrations of 0.55%. Quadratic analysis based on P contents in whole fish, vertebrae or scale indicated that the requirements were 0.81, 0.87 and 0.88%, respectively. Signs of phosphorus deficiency were characterized by poor growth, slightly reduced mineralization and an increase in body lipid content. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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This study investigates the ozonation of 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in aqueous solution. The affecting factors on the degradation of EE2 were studied and described in details, such as initial EE2 concentration, initial pH value and ozone concentration. In addition, some parameters such as pH. electrical conductivity, mineralization efficiency and degradation products were monitored during the process. The mineralization efficiency of EE2 could reach 53.9%. During the ozonation process the rapid decrease of pH and the sharp increase of electrical conductivity indicated the fort-nation of acidic by-products, small fragments and ions which were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GUMS) analysis. Results showed that there were intermediate products of smaller molecule with higher polarity produced during the course of EE2 degradation. Then a possible reaction pathway for EE2 degradation involving all intermediates detected is proposed. During the ozonation process EE2 was first oxidized into hydroxyl-semiquinone isomers which were subsequently degraded into low molecular weight compounds such as oxalic acid, malonate, glutarate, and so on. Furthermore. these organic acids are easily oxidized by ozone into carbon dioxide (CO2). This work shows that ozonation process is promising for the removal of EE2. The results can provide some useful information for the potential treatment of EE2 by ozonation in aqueous solution. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Monthly sediment and interstitial water samples were collected in a shallow Chinese freshwater lake (Lake Donghu) from three areas to determine if alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) plays an important role in phosphorus cycling in sediment. The seasonal variability in the kinetics of APA and other relevant parameters were investigated from 1995-1996. The phosphatase hydrolyzable phosphorus (PHP) fluctuated seasonally in interstitial water, peaking in the spring. A synchronous pattern was observed in chlorophyll a contents in surface water in general. The orthophosphate (o-P) concentrations in the interstitial water increased during the spring. An expected negative relationship between PHP and V-max of APA is not evident in interstitial water. The most striking feature of the two variables is their co-occurring, which can be explained in terms of an induction mechanism. It is argued that phosphatase activity mainly contributes to the driving force of o-P regeneration from PHP in interstitial water, supporting the development of phytoplankton biomass in spring. The V-max values in sediment increased during the summer, in Conjunction with lower K-m values in interstitial water that suggest a higher affinity for the substrate. The accumulation of organic matter in the sediment could be traced back to the breakdown of the algal spring bloom, which may stimulate APA with higher kinetic efficiency, by a combination of the higher V-max in sediments plus lower K-m values in interstitial water, in Summer. In summary, a focus On phosphatase and its substrate in annual scale may provide a useful framework for the development of novel P cycling, possible explanations for the absence of a clear relationship between PHP and APA were PHP released from the sediment which induced APA, and the presence of kinetically higher APA both in sediment and interstitial water which permitted summer mineralization of organic matter derived from the spring bloom to occur. The study highlighted the need for distinguishing functionally distinct extracellular enzymes between the sediment and interstitial water of lakes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象,采用Bremner淹水培养法,研究黄土高原典型土壤有机氮的矿化过程。结果表明,淹水培养期间矿化出的部分NH4+-N会被粘土矿物固定,固定量因土壤不同而异,因此在测定有机氮矿化量时,只有考虑这一部分氮素,才可获得可靠结果。不同土壤有机氮量矿化明显不同,表现为土垫旱耕人为土>黄土正常新成土>简育干润均腐土>干润砂质新成土,从南到北氮素矿化量呈减小趋势。添加C/N低(C/N比为21.7)的紫花苜蓿(Medicago stativa)茎叶有利于促进土壤有机氮矿化,而添加C/N高(C/N比为43.3)的长芒草(Stipa bungeana)会促进矿质氮的生物固定;不同类型植被土壤间在培养20、40d和60d时的矿化量差异显著(p值分别为0.0177、0.0109和0.0073),均表现为均为林地土壤>裸地土壤>草地土壤>农田土壤;从平均看,加(NH4)2SO4后有机氮矿化量有一定减少。在不同培养阶段,不同土类间氮素矿化率不同,在20d和40d时存在显著差异(p分别为0.0092和0.0381),60d时差异不显著,不同土类氮素矿化率的大小顺序为干润砂质新成土>黄土正常新成土>...
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选择描述黄土高原石灰性土壤氮素矿化过程的合适模型,明确可溶性有机氮(soluble organic nitrogen,SON)对矿化模型拟合效果的影响。【方法】采用长期间隙淋洗淹水培养方法,研究了10种黄土高原主要农业土壤在包括和不包括浸提液中有机氮的情况下氮素矿化过程,在此基础上选择①有效积温式;②一级反应式(One-pool模型);③两部分一级反应式(Two-pool模型);④带常数项一级反应式(Special模型)对这两种情况下的氮素矿化曲线进行拟合。【结果】发现4种模型在拟合包括SON的氮素矿化曲线时效果更好。从模型均方根误差、估计标准误差、参数误差以及与作物吸氮量的相关分析等比较发现,One-pool模型拟合效果最差,Two-pool模型和Special模型优于有效积温模型,而Special模型参数精度及与作物吸氮量的相关性更高。【结论】综合比较认为Special模型能较好反映石灰性土壤在淹水条件下的氮素矿化过程。
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土壤中氨基酸和氨基糖是土壤有机氮的重要组成部分,对土壤氮素供给和土壤碳、氮循环过程有重要贡献。研究氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物的矿化,对于减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率能够提供一定的理论依据。 当向土壤中(本试验为黑土)同时添加葡萄糖和(15NH4)2SO4时,在土壤微生物的作用下,(15NH4)2SO4会被用以合成土壤15N-氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物。新合成的这部分氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物与土壤中原有氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物的性质是否不同并且是否受到外源底物的调控。为了解决上述问题,本试验将采用Stanford and Smith的间歇好气矿化淋洗培养法,结合高效液相色谱/质谱、气相色谱/质谱联机技术(HPLC/MS,GC/MS)跟踪测定土壤中15N-氨基酸和氨基糖的同位素富集比例及其含量的变化,探讨土壤中新合成15N-氨基聚合物的矿化特征,通过研究添加葡萄糖、玉米秸秆和无机氮肥对土壤中新合成15N-氨基聚合物矿化过程的影响以及对有机氮聚合物解聚的动力-酶活性的影响,从而阐明土壤氨基聚合物矿化的碳源营养调控机制和氮源反馈调节机制及其解聚机理。研究结果表明: 1. 土壤中新合成的氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物与土壤原有氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物相比具有较高的循环速率,并且不同种氨基酸和氨基糖也分别表现出不同的矿化特征。较高循环速率的存在,将为调控其矿化过程奠定基础,因为只有快速循环的氮素才能够被调控,而且调控新合成有机氮的矿化过程,可以不断地满足作物生长对氮素养分的需求。 2. 土壤中新合成氨基聚合物的矿化受到不同外源底物调控。其中碳源(葡萄糖和玉米秸秆)能够抑制氨基聚合物矿化,但是活性碳源葡萄糖的抑制程度高于活性较低的碳源玉米秸秆,表明氨基聚合物矿化受到不同碳源活性调控。不同浓度以及不同形式氮源也能够调控土壤氨基聚合物的矿化,并且适量氮肥的加入能够抑制土壤中新合成氨基聚合物的矿化,存在氮肥的反馈抑制机制。 3. 土壤中蛋白酶、芳基酰胺酶和几丁质酶活性受到不同碳源和氮源的影响。其中碳源表现为促进作用,而氮源则表现为抑制作用。氮源对土壤酶活性的反馈抑制作用是控制土壤氮素转化的关键,而碳源只是起到维持土壤酶活性的作用。三种酶活性对外源底物的敏感性,将对于调控土壤氮素循环奠定一定的理论依据。 4. 不同处理酶活性与有机氮矿化之间表现出不同的相关性,说明酶与氮矿化之间的关系受到多方面因素影响。总体来看,蛋白酶、芳基酰胺酶和几丁质酶在水解土壤氨基酸和氨基糖聚合物的过程中起到重要作用,是有机氮聚合物重要的解聚酶。
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大兴安岭地区是我国地带性多年冻土和冻土湿地的主要分布区,近30年来,大兴安岭地区整体增温显著,气候变化的幅度加大,加之人类活动的频繁,冻土退化严重,冻土湿地出现了原有湿地萎缩和新生湿地扩张的现象。目前,对大兴安岭多年冻土湿地的研究还非常有限,且定性的研究较多,定量的研究极少,多数研究集中于冻土湿地的分布,冻土与湿地之间的机理探讨及描述多年冻土退化对湿地产生的影响等方面。 本论文通过室内培养实验,分析不同温度和湿度梯度及冻融作用下,大兴安岭不同多年冻土区湿地两层泥炭有机碳的矿化状况。结合回归模型,分析大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化对不同温度和湿度的响应,探讨在气候预案下,大兴安岭多年冻土湿地对气候变化的潜在响应。获得的主要结论如下: (1)大兴安岭多年冻土湿地存在着碳储层,其不同的冻土湿地区由于自然条件、融深等因素的不同,碳储层的厚度也存在着差异。多年冻土湿地含碳量和含氮量都很高,有机碳含量随剖面深度的增加有降低的趋势,泥炭全氮的含量随剖面深度变化复杂,这与湿地土壤形成的气候条件、微地貌和植被类型等有关。大兴安岭连续多年冻土区泥炭,C/N比要高于不连续多年冻土区湿地,并且有机碳含量与全氮含量存在着很好的耦合关系。 (2)大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化随温度的升高而升高,在培养温度5-20℃下,总的泥炭有机碳矿化量变化范围为18.55~112.91 mg g-1。虽然连续多年冻土区湿地泥炭有机碳矿化率和矿化量都要高于不连续多年冻土区湿地,但经过温度敏感性系数Q10分析,大兴安岭不连续多年冻土区湿地泥炭矿化对温度的响应更显著。从一元动力学方程分析结果来看,大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳的矿化对15℃响应更显著。 (3)土壤湿度对大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化产生一定的影响,泥炭总矿化量出现了先随湿度的增加而增加,达到最适宜值后降低的趋势。从本论文的实验设置来看,大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化的最适宜湿度为60%WHC。利用二元回归模型很好地反映了湿度对大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭矿化的影响,模型推测大兴安岭连续多年冻土区湿地泥炭有机碳矿化的最优湿度为10-20cm层63%WHC,20-30cm层65%WHC;不连续多年冻土区湿地有机碳矿化的最优湿度为10-20cm层65%WHC,20-30cm层59%WHC。 (4)大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化受温度和湿度的影响显著,其之间的交互作用同样显著。连续多年冻土区湿地有机碳矿化量要高于不连续多年冻土区湿地,这与其含有更高的有机碳和全氮有关。温度和湿度对泥炭有机碳矿化的影响可以用二元二次回归方程很好的表示(P<0.001),通过回归方程和方差分析,结果表明温度和湿度对大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化都非常重要。 (5)通过培养实验结果显示,虽然温度仍是影响大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化的主要因子,但随冻融作用处理次数的增加,冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化量和温度敏感性系数Q10值有增加的趋势,这意味着冻融作用对大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭矿化产生了不小的影响。虽然冻融作用对大兴安岭多年冻土湿地的影响并不是很大,但大兴安岭处于寒温带,在气候变暖下,冻融过程的频率将加高,冻融作用对大兴安岭多年冻土湿地的影响不容忽视。 (6)大兴安岭地区近30年气候变化趋势分析表明,年均温增长显著,年降水量变化幅度大。在气候变化下,对于不连续多年冻土区,多年冻土不断的退缩及最终的消失,会使冻土湿地萎缩和消失,原有的典型的贫营养的泥炭藓沼泽湿地可能演化为富营养的苔草沼泽湿地或灌丛沼泽湿地,对于大片连续多年冻土区,冻土湿地的变化更加复杂,出现的湿地类型会更多。通过线性气候预案下的大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭有机碳矿化分析,结果显示大兴安岭多年冻土湿地对气候变化响应显著,特别是对于变湿的环境。气候变化下,大兴安岭多年冻土湿地泥炭存在着潜在的分解,多年冻土湿地与气候变化之间存在着正反馈机制。 目前研究表明,大兴安岭地区对气候变化特别敏感,对大兴安岭冻土湿地的研究既填补了国内研究的空白,又对全球的碳循环研究提供了数据支持,并且加深了对冻土湿地生态过程的了解。
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本文运用室内恒温控湿好气培养试验研究了长期不同施肥制度培育的土壤有机N库的供氮能力;不同C/N比有机物料掺混土壤后有机N的矿化进程以及有机C源添加对其的影响。试验结果表明:长期不同施肥制度培育的土壤有机N库的供氮能力各不相同。与不施肥处理相比,长期施用化肥或有机肥均能提高土壤的供氮能力,但统计分析表明,长期单施化肥(150KgN·hm-2)与单施循环猪圈肥(约60Kg N·hm-2)处理土壤的供氮能力相似,说明有机培肥是保持和提高土壤氮素肥力的根本途径,而二者相结合可明显提高土壤供氮能力。掺混有机物料土壤中有机N的矿化进程与物料的C/N比密切相关,高C/N比的玉米秸粉能提供丰富的能源物质,但因其供应的氮素不足,微生物会固持土壤或空气中的氮而不发生有机N的净矿化释放,而低C/N比的大豆粉加入土壤后立刻会发生有机N的净矿化释放。有机C源的添加只能是暂时地抑制有机N的净矿化,但不能阻滞矿化过程的最终完成,土壤或有机物料中有机N的矿化分解是一个“持续进行、不可抑制的过程”。
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土壤微生物量、可溶性有机碳与氮虽然只占土壤有机碳、氮总量的较小部分,但可以在土壤全碳、氮变化之前反映土壤微小的变化,又直接参与土壤生物化学转化过程,因而在植被恢复过程中,较其它土壤理化性质等能够更好地指示土壤恢复情况。在青藏高原东缘存在大面积的次生人工林替代灌丛或采伐迹地,而关于这些人工林替代后的生态效果和生态过程的评估却十分缺乏,本研究通过评估岷江上游植被恢复重建过程中典型人工替代次生植被凋落物层与土壤碳、氮等养分大小,动态监测土壤微生物生物量、水溶性碳、氮等指标,结合温度与凋落物输入等影响土壤活性有机碳、氮因子的控制试验,系统分析不同人工替代次生植被土壤碳、氮等养分的差异原因,试图寻找低效人工林优化调控与持续管理技术,为区域生态公益林持续管理提供理论和技术依据。主要结论如下: 1. 通过对不同人工替代次生植被凋落物层和土壤碳、氮分析发现,油松和华山松人工林替代次生灌丛后土壤碳、氮含量较灌丛和阔叶人工林低,主要原因可能为凋落物质量(C/N)较差,而引起碳、氮等元素难以归还土壤。进而通过对不同人工替代次生植被凋落物层和土壤微生物生物量、水溶性有机碳、氮等指标的季节性动态模式的分析,发现各次生植被土壤微生物生物量C、N,P以及土壤水溶性碳、氮含量均呈明显季节性动态,呈现秋季明显大于其它季节,冬季最低,在表层土壤最为明显。 2. 油松、华山松人工林凋落物层和土壤水溶性有机碳(WDOC)、土壤水溶性有机氮(WDON)明显低于灌丛和连香树,土壤微生物生物量C、N也以油松和华山松人工林最低,而落叶类植被,如灌丛、连香树和落叶松之间没有明显差异,说明可利用底物的数量和质量差异是影响各次生植被凋落物分解和土壤微生物活性的主要原因。MBC/OC和MBN/ON能较好地指示土壤微生物活性的变化,MBC/OC凋落层总体以灌丛和连香树人工林最高,油松和华山松人工林最低;而土壤中MBC/OC连香树人工最高,华山松人工林最低。说明以油松和华山松为主的人工造林替代乡土阔叶灌丛造成土壤C、N等养分严重匮乏,微生物活性低下是影响其养分周转的主要原因。 3. 从各次生植被凋落物产生看,凋落物年归还量最大的为华山松人工林(5.1×103 kg ha-1),其次为落叶松人工林(4.8×103 kg ha-1),阔叶灌丛林地凋落物产生总量(4.4×103 kg ha-1)略大于油松人工林(4.2×103 kg ha-1),最小的为连香树人工林(3.6×103 kg ha-1);叶是凋落物的主体,落叶类树种月动态表现为单峰型,高峰主要在10-11月,如落叶松、连香树和灌丛林;常绿的松类月动态不明显,各月基本相同,最为明显地为油松林,华山松人工林略有二个小峰,分别出现在11月和5月。落叶阔叶灌丛的凋落物分解速率大于常绿针叶林,如油松和华山松。结合凋落物的产生量和分解速率,不同树种人工林替代次生阔叶灌丛后,人工油松和华山松林枯落物总贮量和厚度明显大于落叶松人工林、灌丛林和连香树人工林,说明以油松和华山松为主的人工造林替代乡土阔叶灌丛延缓了有机物向土壤的顺利归还,不利于土壤C、N等养分循环。 4. 通过控制地面凋落物和地下根系输入有机物对土壤碳、氮的影响研究发现,(1) 单独去除根系以及根系与地面凋落物同时去除处理1年后对表层(0-10cm)土壤WDOC均没有显著影响,而土壤WDON显著增加,油松人工林土壤微生物生物量C、N显著降低,人工落叶松林没有显著差异,说明油松人工林土壤微生物活性对地下碳输入的依赖大于其它次生植被,而落叶松土壤微生物活性对地下碳输入依赖性较小;去除地面凋落物,明显降低了落叶松人工林土壤WDOC,华山松和连香树土壤WDON均较对照显著减少,油松人工林土壤微生物量C较对照显著减少;双倍增加地面凋落物处理对土壤微生物生物量、WDOC和WDON没有明显地增加,相反,连香树、华山松和油松人工林土壤WDON较对照减少。说明油松人工林微生物活性不仅依赖于地下碳输入,而且对地上有机物输入的依赖性也较大;连香树、落叶松和华山松人工林土壤微生物生物量并没有因地面凋落物的去除减少可能与土壤总有机碳含量及活性均较高有关,而双倍增加地面凋落物反而降低了土壤微生物生物量,说明凋落物覆盖后改变了土壤微气候。 5. 碳矿化累积量与有机碳含量和活性有机碳含量之间存在显著地正相关关系。凋落物碳累积矿化量、矿化速率以连香树最高,油松和华山松人工林次之,落叶阔叶灌丛低于常绿针叶纯林,导致其差异的主要原因可能为凋落物产生的时间动态模式不一样,致使凋落物起始分解时间不一致。而土壤层有机碳矿化速率和矿化量以阔叶落叶灌丛和连香树最高,油松和华山松人工土壤最低,再次证实利用针叶纯林恢复植被阻碍了有机质周转与循环。 6. 凋落物累积矿化量与C/N值呈显著地相关关系,并随着温度的升高而明显增加,而土壤累积矿化量与C/N值没有显著相关关系,说明土壤有机碳质量(C/N)对温度的响应不十分明显。通过双指数模型对不同温度下碳矿化过程进行模拟和计算出活性有机碳与惰性有机碳比例,发现温度升高促进了惰性有机碳向活性有机碳的转化,增加了活性有机碳含量,说明温度升高可促进次生植被凋落物与土壤有机质的分解,进而可影响到林地碳源/汇关系的变化。 综上,通过对不同人工替代次生植被凋落物与土壤C、N大小、以及土壤微生物生物量、水溶性C、N等指标动态变化模式研究,结合温度与凋落物数量输入等影响土壤活性C、N因子的综合分析,以油松和华山松人工纯林对山地植被恢复,延缓或阻碍了有机质周转与循环,造成了土壤肥力退化。对现有低效人工纯林改造,应为地面大量有机物分解创造条件。 Although soil microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) are a small part of total soil organic carbon and nitrogen, they can directly participate in the process of soil biochemical translation and indicate the fine changes before changes of soil total organic carbon and nitrogen occur. So, they are good indexes to indicate soil restoration condition during the process of vegetation rehabilitation. There are large areas of secondary vegetations which substitute for indigenous shrubs in the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, it is not well known that the ecological effect and process after substitution by different secondary plantations. Based on comparison of soil organic and nitrogen contents in litter layer and soil under different secondary vegetations in upper reaches of Minjiang River, soil microbial biomass, DOC and DON in litter layer and soil were investigated in order to analyze the seasonal dynamic. Combining the effects of temperature, litter input and root exclusion on soil microbial biomass, DOC and DON, we also aim to understand the reason and mechanism of difference in soil carbon and nitrogen contents among different secondary vegetations. The study would contribute to comprehensively understanding C and N cycling processes and provide optimal control and sustainable technology of low-effect plantations in these regions. The results are as follows: (1) Organic carbon and nitrogen in litter layers and soil under different substitution plantations were investigated. The results showed that contents of soil organic carbon and nitrogen were lower in P. tabulaeformis (PT) and P. armandi Franch(PA) than those in native broad-leaf shrub and broad-leaf plantation. The low quality (C/N) of litter in PT and PA plantations caused carbon and nitrogen returning to soil difficultly. Seasonal dynamic of soil microbial carbon (MBC),-nitrogen (MBN),-phosphor (MBP), and WDOC and WDON showed similar pattern, which had the highest values in autumn and the lowest values in winter. (2) WDOC and WDON in litter layers and soil under PT and PA plantations were significantly lower than those in native broad-leaf shrub and Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. et Zucc.(CJ). Soil MBC and MBN were also the lowest, while there were no significant differences among deciduous vegetations, i.e. native broad-leaf shrub, CJ and Larix kaempferi Lamb.(LK) plantation. The results suggested that difference in quantity and quality of available substance was main reason that affected the activity of microbe in soil and litter layer. MBC/OC and MBN/ON were good indexes to indicate the change of soil microbial activity. MBC/OC of litter had the highest value under native broad-leaf shrub and CJ plantation, and had the lowest value in PT and PA plantations, while MBC/OC of soil was the highest under CJ plantation, and was the lowest in PT and PA plantations. These results indicated that PT and PA plantations substituting for native broad-leaf shrub caused deficit of carbon and nitrogen in soil, low microbial activity was a main reason influencing the cycling and turnover of carbon and nitrogen in soil. (3) The annual litter fall production, composition, seasonal dynamic and decomposition of five typical secondary stands in upper reaches of Minjiang River were studied in this paper. The annual litter productions were: PA (5.1×103 kg ha-1), LK(4.8×103 kg ha-1), native broad-leaf shrub (4.4×103 kg ha-1), PT(4.2×103 kg ha-1),CJ(3.6×103 kg ha-1). The litter production of leaves in five secondary vegetations occupied a higher percentage in the annual total litter production than those of other components. The litterfall was mostly producted in the cool and dry period (October-November) for deciduous vegetations and relatively equably producted in every season for evergreen coniferous vegetations. The decomposition rate of leaf litter in the broad-leaf stand was higher than those in evergreen coniferous stand. Combined with annual litter fall production and decomposition rate of leaf litter, we found that stock and depth of litter layer were significantly larger in PT and PA plantations than those in native broad-leaf shrub, LK and CJ plantations. The results confirmed that PT and PA plantations substituting for native broad-leaf shrub delayed organic matter returning to soil and hindered cycling of carbon and nitrogen again. (4) We explored plant litter removal, double litter addition, root trenching, and combining root trenching and litter removal treatments to examine the effects of above- and belowground carbon inputs on soil microbial biomass, WDOC and WDON in four secondary plantations. During the experimental period from June 2007 to July 2008, 1 year after initiation of the treatments, WDOC in soil did not vary in root trenching, and combining root trenching and litter removal treatments, while WDON in soil significantly increased compared with CK treatment. Root trenching reduced soil MBC and MBN in PT plantation, while MBC and MBN in soil did not vary in LK plantation. The rasults implied that soil microbial activity was more dependent on belowground carbon input in PT plantation than those in other secondary plantations, on the contrary, soil microbial activity in LK plantation was not dependent on belowground carbon input. Plant litter removal significantly decreased soil WDOC in LK plantation, decreased WDON in PA and CJ plantations, and also significantly reduced soil MBC in PT plantation. However, double litter addition did not increase soil microbial biomass, WDOC and WDON, on the contrary, soil WDON in CJ, PA and PT plantations were decreased. These suggested that soil microbial activity was not only dependent on belowground carbon input, but also on aboveground organic material input. Double litter addition could change the microclimate and result in the decrease of soil microbial activity in CJ, PA and PT plantations. (5) We measured carbon mineralization in a 107 days incubation experiment in 5℃,15℃ and 25℃. Carbon cumulative mineralization was positively correlated with organic matter and labile organic carbon in litter layer and soil. Cumulative carbon mineralization and mineralization rate of litter layers in PT and PA plantations were higher than that in native broad-leaf shrub. This difference between native broad-leaf shrub and coniferous plantations in cumulative carbon mineralization and mineralization rate of litter layers could be attributed to the initiating time of decomposition due to the difference in seasonal dynamic of litter fall production between two types of secondary plantations. However, cumulative carbon mineralization and mineralization rate in soil were the highest in native broad-leaf shrub and CJ plantation, and were the lowest in PT and PA plantations. This also confirmed that PT and PA plantations substituting for native broad-leaf shrub hindered the cycling and turnover of organic matter again. (6) Carbon cumulative mineralization was positively correlated with C/N in litter layer and increased with temperature increasing, while carbon cumulative mineralization was not correlated with C/N in soil. This indicated that soil organic matter quality (C/N) was insensitive to temperature. Applying bi-exponential model, we computed the percent of labile and stable carbon in different temperature incubation and found that temperature increasing would accelerate the transform from stable carbon to labile carbon and increase the percentage of labile organic carbon. This illuminated that temperature incraesing could facilitate the decomposition of litter and soil organic matter in secondary vegetations and hence affect the relationship between carbon source and sink.