盆地地下水资源开发的数值模拟研究－以山西灵石静升盆地为例

Groundwater basin is important for water supply in northern China. The paper took the Jingsheng Basin in Lingshi County, Shanxi Province as a case to study the basin groundwater system by numerical modeling. The hydrogeological characteristics were analysed basing on the field investigation, and a three-dimensional groundwater flow model was established to describe the groundwater flow system in the Jingsheng groundwater basin. The boundary of the model was determined by using geophysics and GIS data, and the lumped parameter model of runoff was used to depict the transform between the surface water and groundwater, and the groundwater dating data was used to calibrate the model. All these methods were used to improve the model. The Software Visual MODFLOW 2000 was applied to set up the numerical groundwater flow model. The groundwater flow pattern in the average year, the high-water year and the low-water year were simulated respectively by the model. Some new cognition to the groundwater movement in Jingsheng Basin was obtained in the paper. The difficult problems were resolved when using the conventional and theoretical analysis to forecast and appraise the exploitation of the groundwater, and supplies the instructional technology base for the reasonable exploitation and optimization collocation. The numerical model will improve evaluation of the basin groundwater resources.

巴丹吉林沙漠及其南缘地区的水化学和环境同位素特征与环境演变

The Badain Jaran Desert lies on the Alashan Plateau in western Inner Mongolia. Because of huge dunes, permanent lakes and on the northern fringe of the Asian summer monsoon, the Badain Jaran Desert has been drawing attentions of many experts. And they have made great progress in dune’s geomorphology, botany in desert, paleoclimate change and other study areas. We analyzed environmental isotope and ion chemistry in lakes and groundwater of the desert and southeastern area, and collected some other evidences from 14C dating, fossils and archeology. According to chemical analysis, we discuss the difference spatial character of ion chemistry and environmental isotope in lakes and groundwater of the desert and adjacent. Contrasting with ion chemistry and isotope results in other arid area, we argue origin of groundwater and lakes in the desert area, and get a preliminary understanding of desert lakes’ evolution during Holocene. Some main conclusions were drawn as follows: 1. It has a obvious difference in hydrophysical parameters between lakes and groundwater in the desert and margin. 2. The results of ion analysis show that Na+ and Cl- are dominant in most lakes of the desert. Meanwhile, Na+ 、Cl- and HCO3- are dominant in groundwater of the desert and adjacent, and alsoMg2+、Ca2+、and NO3- have more percentage than in lakes. 3. Owing to different solubilities, the conten of main ions in water varies with the content of TDS. Whereas the content of TDS is over 100 g/L, the content of SO42-、HCO3-、Mg2+and Ca2+ in lakes descend. 4. The result of isotope analyzing indicate the lakes and groundwater in southeast desert have a similar vaporing trend with the groundwater in the southeast margin of the desert. It imply there would have some kind of contact between groundwater in margin and lakes of southeast desert. 5. Contrasting with isotope results of groundwater in other arid area, it show that the groundwater in the desert and Yabulai area should be phreatic water which have a low water table. Therefore, we conclude that the groundwater in southeast part of the desert and southern margin mainly are recharged by precipitation of local abundant rainfall and groundwater of low mountain of southern area. 6. And all of these evidences, which are different from salinity, the content of CO32- and geological data, show that the bigger northern lake group and southeastern lake group in the desert have different groundwater replenishing system because a fold belt lie between of the two group lakes and obstruct them in landform. and HCO3- 7. The 14C dating results of fossil and lacustrine deposits show that there maybe have a wider range of shoreline during early and middle Holocene than today. 8. By the discovery and study of some pieces of pottery and fine stoneware, we preliminary conclude that there maybe have some certain amount of early human activities in the Badain Jaran Desert.

东天山地区金矿床成矿流体地球化学及其成矿机制

The mechanism of gold ore formation in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, that has been dealt with from various aspects, remains unclear. On the basis of investigations of regional geology, ore deposit geology, and microscopic observations of ores and related rocks of the Jinwozi, the 210, and the Mazhuangshan gold ore deposits, this thesis made a systematic research on the microthermometry of gangue quartz-hosted fluid inclusions, gas, liquid ion and rare earth element compositions and hydrogen, oxygen isotope compositions of sulfide- and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions, and sulfur and lead isotope compositions of sulfide ore minerals from the major ores in the three deposits. On the basis of the above synthetic studies, sources of ore-forming fluids and metals, and mechanism of gold ore formation in the region were discussed. Gas compositions of pyrite- and sphalerite-hosted fluid inclusions were first analyzed in this thesis. Compared with gangue quartz-hosted fluid inclusions, the sulfide-hosted ones are richer in gaseous species CO2, CO, and CH4 etc. Both gas and liquid CO2 are commonly observed in fluid inclusions, whereas halite daughter minerals rarely occur. Ore-forming fluids for the three gold ore deposits are characteristically of medium to low temperatures, medium to low salinities, are rich in CO2 and Na+, K+, Cl" ions. Gas covariation diagrams exhibit linear trends that are interpreted as reflecting mixing between the magamtic fluid and meteoric-derived groundwater. Regarding rare earth element compositions, the Jinwozi and the 210 deposits show moderate to strong LREE/HREE fractionations with negative Eu anomalies. However, the Mazhuangshan deposit shows little LREE/HREE fractionation with positive Eu anomalies. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of pyrite-hosted fluid inclusions that were first analyzed in this thesis indicate the presence of magmatic water. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of pyrite- and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions suggest mixing between magmatic water and meteoric-derived groundwater. Sulfur and lead isotope compositions of sulfide ore minerals indicate multi-sources for the metallogenetic materials that range from the crust to the mantle. On the basis of the above synthetic studies, genesis of the gold ore deposits in the eastern Tianshan Mountains was approached. From the Middle-Late Hercynian to Early Indosinian, geodynamic regime of the region was changing from the collisional compression to the post-collisional extension. During the period, magmas were derived from the crust and the mantle and carried metallogenetic materials. Magma intrusion in the upper crust released the magmatic fluids, and drove circulation of groundwater. Mixing of magmatic fluid with groundwater, and extraction of metallogenetic materials from the country rocks are the mechanism for the gold ore formation in the eastern Tianshan Mountains.

抽水引起岩溶塌陷的机理及非线性预测研究

Karst collapse is one of the most important engineering geology hazards in Karst district, which seriously endangers the living of humankind and the environment around us, as well as the natural resources. Generally speaking, there exist three processes of overburden karst collapse:the formation of soil cavity, the expansion of soil cavity and the fall of the cavity roof. During these processes, groundwater is always the most active factor and plays a key role. Pumping will bring into the great change of groundwater in flow state, flowrate, frequency of fluctuation as well as hydraulic gradient and will speed the fall. Statistics shows that most of the man-made karst collapse are induced by pumping, so studying the mechanism of Karst collapse induced by pumping will provide theoretical base for the prediction and precaution of collapse. By theoretically studying the initial condition for the forming and expanding of a soil cavity, Spalling step by step the essential mechanism of Karst collapse induced by pumping is put forward. The catastrophe model for the collapse induced by pumping is set up to predict the fall probability of a cavity roof, and the criterion for the collapse is determined. Simultaneously, Karst collapse induced by pumping is predicted with manmade neural network theory. Finally, the appropriate precaution measurements for the collapse induced by pumping are provided. The creative opinions of the paper is following: The initial condition of forming a soil cavity is put forwarded as formula (4-1-5), (4-1-24),(4-1-25) and (4-1-27); which provide theoretical base for foreclosing the formation of a soil cavity and defending collapse. Spaliing step by step as the essential mechanism of Karst collapse induced by pumping is put forward. The spaliing force is defined as formula (4-2-15). The condition for the expanding of a soil cavity is that spaliing force is greater than tensile strength of soil. The stability of a soil cavity is first studied with catastrophe theory. It is concluded that the process of development up to ground collapse of a small cavity is continuous, however, the process of a big cavity is catastrophic. It is feasibility that the Karst collapse be predicted with manmade neural network theory as a new way.

单（多）井抽灌对浅部地温场的影响研究

The technique of energy extraction using groundwater source heat pumps, as a sustainable way of low-grade thermal energy utilization, has widely been used since mid-1990's. Based on the basic theories of groundwater flow and heat transfer and by employing two analytic models, the relationship of the thermal breakthrough time for a production well with the effect factors involved is analyzed and the impact of heat transfer by means of conduction and convection, under different groundwater velocity conditions, on geo-temperature field is discussed.A mathematical model, coupling the equations for groundwater flow with those for heat transfer, was developed. The impact of energy mining using a single well system of supplying and returning water on geo-temperature field under different hydrogeological conditions, well structures, withdraw-and-reinjection rates, and natural groundwater flow velocities was quantitatively simulated using the finite difference simulator HST3D. Theoretical analyses of the simulated results were also made. The simulated results of the single well system indicate that neither the permeability nor the porosity of a homogeneous aquifer has significant effect on the temperature of the production segment provided that the production and injection capability of each well in the aquifers involved can meet the designed value. If there exists a lower permeable interlayer, compared with the main aquifer, between the production and injection segments, the temperature changes of the production segment will decrease. The thicker the interlayer and the lower the interlayer permeability, the longer the thermal breakthrough time of the production segment and the smaller the temperature changes of the production segment. According to the above modeling, it can also be found that with the increase of the aquifer thickness, the distance between the production and injection screens, and/or the regional groundwater flow velocity, and/or the decrease of the production-and-reinjection rate, the temperature changes of the production segment decline. For an aquifer of a constant thickness, continuously increase the screen lengths of production and injection segments may lead to the decrease of the distance between the production and injection screens, and the temperature changes of the production segment will increase, consequently.According to the simulation results of the single well system, the parameters, that can cause significant influence on heat transfer as well as geo-temperature field, were chosen for doublet system simulation. It is indicated that the temperature changes of the pumping well will decrease as the aquifer thickness, the distance between the well pair and/or the screen lengths of the doublet increase. In the case of a low permeable interlayer embedding in the main aquifer, if the screens of the pumping and the injection wells are installed respectively below and above the interlayer, the temperature changes of the pumping well will be smaller than that without the interlay. The lower the permeability of the interlayer, the smaller the temperature changes. The simulation results also indicate that the lower the pumping-and-reinjection rate, the greater the temperature changes of the pumping well. It can also be found that if the producer and the injector are chosen reasonably, the temperature changes of the pumping well will decline as the regional groundwater flow velocity increases. Compared with the case that the groundwater flow direction is perpendicular to the well pair, if the regional flow is directed from the pumping well to the injection well, the temperature changes of the pumping well is relatively smaller.Based on the above simulation study, a case history was conducted using the data from an operating system in Beijing. By means of the conceptual model and the mathematical model, a 3-D simulation model was developed and the hydrogeological parameters and the thermal properties were calibrated. The calibrated model was used to predict the evolution of the geo-temperature field for the next five years. The simulation results indicate that the calibrated model can represent the hydrogeological conditions and the nature of the aquifers. It can also be found that the temperature fronts in high permeable aquifers move very fast and the radiuses of temperature influence are large. Comparatively, the temperature changes in clay layers are smaller and there is an obvious lag of the temperature changes. According to the current energy mining load, the temperature of the pumping wells will increase by 0.7°C at the end of the next five years. The above case study may provide reliable base for the scientific management of the operating system studied.

遵义市岩溶水地下水流和污染物运移数值模拟研究

地下水数值模拟技术已成为评估人类活动对地下水质和量的影响、评价地下水资源、预测地下水污染发展趋势等的最主要的方法和手段。喀斯特含水层由于含水介质和地下水流场的非均质性和各向异性，对其进行地下水流的数值模拟一直是水文地质学界的难题。 遵义市地处我国西南喀斯特发育区，为贵州省第二大工业城市，属重度缺水地区，地下水资源的开发利用极大缓解了区内的缺水危机。但长期以来，由于对地下水资源的开发利用缺乏合理的统筹规划和强有力的管理，引发了一些环境地质问题，如地下水降落漏斗、岩溶塌陷、地下水质恶化等。因此选择遵义市进行地下水流和污染物运移数值模拟研究具有理论和实际意义。 通过ArcGIS平台建立了研究区的水文地质信息数据库，对研究区地下水的水位动态以及水化学特征做了简单分析。概要总结和阐述了高桥－河溪坝块段的自然地理、地质概况和水文地质条件，建立了水文地质概念模型；在水文地质概念模型的基础上，利用Groundwater Vistas软件建立了枯水期和丰水期的二维非均质各向异性稳定流模型，三维有限差分地下水流模拟程序MODFLOW用于模拟地下水水流，三维溶质运移模块MT3DMS用于模拟污染物在对流弥散情况下的迁移。根据分析和模拟结果可以得出如下几点结论： 1、基岩裂隙水水位峰值滞后大气降水峰值2～3个月，属渐峰型动态；岩溶水水位、地下河出口和泉流量变化步调与降水强度一致，对降水响应敏感。 2、对NH4+、NO3-、NO2-、SO42-、Mn五种组分含量进行了时空分析，结果表明地下水污染物的含量可能受人为活动输入物质的不均匀性和降雨等各方面因素控制，各组分每年的污染面积不一致，没有明显的规律性；受污染的一般是岩溶水，尤其是在石灰岩溶洞、地下河强烈发育而三废排放量大的居民集中地区面积较大。 3、为了有效地进行地下水资源管理，论文对高桥－河溪坝岩溶含水系统进行了一定的概化，将岩溶含水介质近似作为等价多孔介质（Equivalent Porous Media, EPM）模型来进行研究，采用MODFLOW的六个子程序模拟含水层系统的源汇项：降水子程序包RCH模拟降水入渗量、井流子程序包WEL模拟抽水量、通用水头子程序包GHB模拟侧向补给/排泄量、排水沟渠子程序包DRN模拟地下河出口流量、河流子程序包RIV模拟河流与地下水的交换量和已知水头边界子程序包CHD。从水位观测点和地下水位等势面两者结合来校正模型，结果表明能够达到相应国家标准规定的要求。因此EPM模型是可以适用于我国西南喀斯特地区的地下水流模拟的。 4、通过稳定流模型识别了枯水期和丰水期的渗透系数。在高桥和茅草铺附近渗透系数较高，枯水期介于100～400 m/d，而丰水期在高桥最高可达到3220m/d；其余单元渗透系数低于100 m/d，大多数小于10m/d。总体来说，由于丰水期含水层的饱水度大，渗透系数要高于枯水期。 5、通过地下水均衡计算，确定了各补给项和排泄项的水量。枯水期最重要的补给来源是研究区东北角的侧向补给量，占总补给量的70％，人工开采是最大的排泄项；丰水期最重要的补给源是西部的已知水头边界，占总补给量的49％，东北角的侧向补给量是第二补给源，占39％，地下河出口是最主要的排泄方式，达到排泄总量的74％。 6、对水文地质参数和源汇项敏感度分析的结果表明，不管是枯水期还是丰水期，对研究区水位影响最大的是渗透系数，外部源汇项中则是抽水量对地下水流形态的影响最大。 7、研究区岩溶地下水流速很大，污染物的运移是一个对流占绝对优势的问题，弥散的作用则相对很小。通过在茅草铺地区假设污染源，用MT3DMS程序模拟了地下水污染物在时间和空间上的迁移特征。结果发现：污染羽的形状和扩散方位主要受地下水流场的控制，而污染物的浓度与水量多少相关。

Generating artificial homologous proteins according to the representative family character in molecular mechanics properties - an attempt in validating an underlying rule of protein evolution

The molecular mechanics property is the foundation of many characters of proteins. Based on intramolecular hydrophobic force network, the representative family character underlying a protein’s mechanics property is described by a simple two-letter scheme. The tendency of a sequence to become a member of a protein family is scored according to this mathematical representation. Remote homologs of the WW-domain family could be easily designed using such a mechanistic signature of protein homology. Experimental validation showed that nearly all artificial homologs have the representative folding and bioactivity of their assigned family. Since the molecular mechanics property is the only consideration in this study, the results indicate its possible role in the generation of new members of a protein family during evolution.

Construction and characterization of bacterial artificial chromosome library of black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)

The large-insert genomic DNA library is a critical resource for genome-wide genetic dissection of target species. We constructed a high-redundancy bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of a New World monkey species, the black-handed spider monkey

Construction, characterization and chromosomal mapping of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti)

We constructed a high redundancy bacterial artificial chromosome library of a seriously endangered Old World Monkey, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) from China. This library contains a total of 136 320 BAC clones. The average insert size of BAC clones was estimated to be 148 kb. The percentage of small inserts (50-100 kb) is 2.74%, and only 2.67% non-recombinant clones were observed. Assuming a similar genome size with closely related primate species, the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey BAC library has at least six times the genome coverage. By end sequencing of randomly selected BAC clones, we generated 201 sequence tags for the library. A total of 139 end-sequenced BAC clones were mapped onto the chromosomes of Yunnan snub-nosed monkey by fluorescence in-situ hybridization, demonstrating a high degree of synteny conservation between humans and Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys. Blast search against human genome showed a good correlation between the number of hit clones and the size of the chromosomes, an indication of unbiased chromosomal distribution of the BAC library. This library and the mapped BAC clones will serve as a valuable resource in comparative genomics studies and large-scale genome sequencing of nonhuman primates. The DNA sequence data reported in this paper were deposited in GenBank and assigned the accession number CG891489-CG891703.

Forecasting Daily Chlorophyll a Concentration during the Spring Phytoplankton Bloom Period in Xiangxi Bay of the Three-Gorges Reservoir by Means of a Recurrent Artificial Neural Network

A recurrent artificial neural network was used for 0-and 7-days-ahead forecasting of daily spring phytoplankton bloom dynamics in Xiangxi Bay of Three-Gorges Reservoir with meteorological, hydrological, and limnological parameters as input variables. Daily data from the depth of 0.5 m was used to train the model, and data from the depth of 2.0 m was used to validate the calibrated model. The trained model achieved reasonable accuracy in predicting the daily dynamics of chlorophyll a both in 0-and 7-days-ahead forecasting. In 0-day-ahead forecasting, the R-2 values of observed and predicted data were 0.85 for training and 0.89 for validating. In 7-days-ahead forecasting, the R-2 values of training and validating were 0.68 and 0.66, respectively. Sensitivity analysis indicated that most ecological relationships between chlorophyll a and input environmental variables in 0-and 7-days-ahead models were reasonable. In the 0-day model, Secchi depth, water temperature, and dissolved silicate were the most important factors influencing the daily dynamics of chlorophyll a. And in 7-days-ahead predicting model, chlorophyll a was sensitive to most environmental variables except water level, DO, and NH3N.