高放氧活性的PSII颗粒及胆酸抽提对其活性的影响

用Triton X--100增溶菠菜叶绿体，分离到高放氧活性的PSII颗粒。对增溶过程中的缓冲液pH Triton与叶绿素比例、Na~+ 浓度等因素进行分析，结果表明各因素相互间作用不大;pH的最佳范围为6.7～7.1。制备的PS-II颗粒放氧活性达210μmoles/mgchl.hr、DCIP→MV的光还原活性约为54μmoles O_2/mgchl.hr. P700与叶绿素比例为1/1900。放氧活性相当稳定，在0℃水浴保存的活性半衰期为80小时左右。该PSII颗粒的多肽分子量主要分布在68、56、46、34、28.5、25、20和17KD区域，其中25KD多肽占总蛋白质含量的40%经上。上述PSII颗粒经胆酸钠或Tris处理后，放氧活性和DPC→DCIP的希尔反应活性都有不同程度的下降，同时有一些蛋白质被抽提。胆酸钠抽提到的组分是65、58和15KD多肽;Tris则对34KD多肽的抽提作用最为显著。本文初步讨论了这些多肽与PSII氧化侧的关系。文中缩写：Tris-三羟甲基氨基甲烷;EDTA-乙二胺四乙酸;Tricine-一三（羟甲基）甲基甘氨酸;HEPES--N-2-羟乙基呱嗪-N-2-乙磺酸;DTT-二硫苏糖醇，DMBQ：2，5-二甲基对苯醌;DCIP-一二氯酚靛酚;ASC-抗环血酸;DPC-NN二苯氨基脲;MV-甲基紫精;SDS-十二烷基磺酸钠;Chl-叶绿素;LHCP-捕光色素蛋白复合体;PS-光系统;RuBP-二磷酸核酮糖;CF-叶绿体偶联因子;DCMU-二氯苯基二甲脲;Cyt-细胞色素。

一种海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物的应用

本发明涉及杀虫剂领域，具体地说是一种海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物及其制备和应用。具体结构式如（I）所示，其制备方法为将米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）cf-2接种于培养基中静止发酵，发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩，菌丝体用有机溶剂提取，再经乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩，合并浓缩物，得到粗提物；粗提物进行硅胶柱层析，用有机溶剂进行梯度洗脱，收集洗脱液，洗脱液经薄层层析检测；将以洗脱液体积比5-8：1梯度的洗脱组分进行凝胶柱层析、硅胶柱层析和薄层层析分离纯化得目标化合物。本发明获得的海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物，经杀虫活性实验得出化合物在100微克/毫升时对卤虫的致死率为42.9%。

一种海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物及其制备和应用

本发明涉及杀虫剂领域，具体地说是一种海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物及其制备和应用。具体结构式如（I）所示，其制备方法为将米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）cf-2接种于培养基中静止发酵，发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩，菌丝体用有机溶剂提取，再经乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩，合并浓缩物，得到粗提物；粗提物进行硅胶柱层析，用有机溶剂进行梯度洗脱，收集洗脱液，洗脱液经薄层层析检测；将以洗脱液体积比10-15：1梯度的洗脱组分进行凝胶柱层析、硅胶柱层析和薄层层析分离纯化得目标化合物。本发明获得的海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物，经杀虫活性实验得出化合物在100微克/毫升时对卤虫的致死率为61.9%。

海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物及其制备和应用

本发明涉及杀虫剂领域，具体地说是一种海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物及其制备和应用。具体结构式如（I）所示，其制备方法为将米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）cf-2接种于培养基中静止发酵，发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩，菌丝体用有机溶剂提取，再经乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩，合并浓缩物，得到粗提物；粗提物进行硅胶柱层析，用有机溶剂进行梯度洗脱，收集洗脱液，洗脱液经薄层层析检测；将以洗脱液体积比5-8：1梯度的洗脱组分进行凝胶柱层析、硅胶柱层析和薄层层析分离纯化得目标化合物。本发明获得的海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物，经杀虫活性实验得出化合物在100微克/毫升时对卤虫的致死率为42.9%。

一种天然海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物及其制备和应用

本发明涉及细菌抑制剂领域，具体地说是一种天然的海藻内生真菌二萜生物碱类化合物及其制备和应用。具体结构式如（I）所示，其制备方法为将米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）cf-2接种于培养基中静止发酵，发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩，菌丝体先用有机溶剂提取，再经乙酸乙酯萃取浓缩，合并浓缩物，得到粗提物；粗提物进行硅胶柱层析，用有机溶剂进行梯度洗脱，收集洗脱液，洗脱液经薄层层析检测；将以洗脱液体积比0-10：100梯度，洗脱下的组分进行凝胶柱层析、硅胶柱层析和薄层层析分离纯化得目标化合物。本发明所得二萜生物碱类化合物具有显著的抑菌活性。

一种天然海藻内生真菌次生代谢产物二萜生物碱类化合物的应用

本发明涉及杀虫剂领域，具体地说是一种海藻内生真菌次生代谢产物二萜生物碱类化合物的应用。所述海藻内生真菌次生代谢产物二萜生物碱类化合物具有杀虫作用，海藻内生真菌次生代谢产物二萜生物碱类化合物如式（I）所示；本发明通过分离于海洋红藻异管藻的真菌米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）cf-2发酵经提取、分离获得的二萜生物碱类天然化合物，经杀虫活性实验得出此二萜生物碱类化合物在100微克/毫升时对卤虫的致死率为74.2%。

Perspectives on the origin of microfilaments, microtubules, the relevant chaperonin system and cytoskeletal motors - a commentary on the spirochaete origin of flagella

The origin of cytoskeleton and the origin of relevant intracellular transportation system are big problems for understanding the emergence of eukaryotic cells. The present article summarized relevant information of evidences and molecular traces on the origin of actin, tubulin, the chaperonin system for folding them, myosins, kinesins, axonemal dyneins and cytoplasmic dyneins. On this basis the authors proposed a series of works, which should be done in the future, and indicated the ways for reaching the targets. These targets are mainly: 1) the reconstruction of evolutionary path from MreB protein of archaeal ancestor of eukaryotic cells to typical actin; 2) the finding of the MreB or MreB-related proteins in crenarchaea and using them to examine J. A. Lake's hypothesis on the origin of eukaryote from "eocytes" (crenarchaea); 3) the examinations of the existence and distribution of cytoskeleton made of MreB-related protein within coccoid archaea, especially in amoeboid archaeon Thermoplasm acidophilum; 4) using Thermoplasma as a model of archaeal ancestor of eukaryotic cells; 5) the searching for the homolog of ancestral dynein in present-day living archaea. During the writing of this article, Margulis' famous spirochaete hypothesis on the origin of flagella and cilia was unexpectedly involved and analyzed from aspects of tubulins, dyneins and spirochaetes. Actually, spirochaete cannot be reasonably assumed as the ectosymbiotic ancestor of eukaryotic flagella and cilia, since their swing depends upon large amount of bacterial flagella beneath the flexible outer wall, but not depends upon their intracellular tubules and the assumed dyneins. In this case, if they had "evolved" into cilia and lost their bacterial flagella, they would immediately become immobile! In fact, tubulin and dynein-like proteins have not been found in any spirochaete.

New symbiotic hypothesis on the origin of eukaryotic flagella

The origin of eukaryotic flagella has long been a mystery. Here we review the possibility that flagella sprouted evolutionarily from the eukaryotic cell proper seems very unlikely because it is hard to imagine what function and benefit in natural selection the flagella would have provided to the cells when they first emerged as simple buds. Lynn Margulis' 1970 spirochete hypothesis, though popular still, has never been confirmed. Moreover, the absence of tubulin and axonemal dynein in the spirochetes and the incapability of the bacterial and eukaryotic membranes' making a continuum now suggest that the hypothesis is outdated. Tubulin genes were recently identified in a new bacteria division, verrucomicrobia, and microtubules have also been found in one of these species, epixenosomes, the defensive ectosymbionts. On the basis of these data, we propose a new symbiotic hypothesis: that the mid-ancestor of eukaryotic cells obtained epixenosomelike verrucomicrobia as defensive ectosymbionts and the ectosymbionts later became endosymbiotic. They still, however, protruded from the surface of their host to play their role. Later, many genes were lost or incorporated into the host genome. Finally, the genome, the bacterial membrane, and the endosymbiotic vesicle membrane were totally lost, and fingerlike protrusions with microtubules formed. As the cells grew larger, the defensive function of the protrusions eventually weakened and then vanished. Some of the protrusions took on a new role in cell movement, which led them to evolve into flagella. The key step in this process was that the dynein obtained from the host evolved into axonemal dyneins, attaching onto the microtubules and forming motile axonemes. Our hypothesis is unproven, but it offers a possible explanation that is consistent with current scientific thought. We hope that our ideas will stimulate additional studies on the origin of eukaryotic flagella and on investigations of verrucomicrobia. Whether such studies confirm, refine, or replace our hypothesis, they should nevertheless further our understanding of the origin of eukaryotic cells.

The Genomes of Oryza sativa: A history of duplications

We report improved whole-genome shotgun sequences for the genomes of indica and japonica rice, both with multimegabase contiguity, or almost 1,000-fold improvement over the drafts of 2002. Tested against a nonredundant collection of 19,079 full-length cDNAs, 97.7% of the genes are aligned, without fragmentation, to the mapped superscaffolds of one or the other genome. We introduce a gene identification procedure for plants that does not rely on similarity to known genes to remove erroneous predictions resulting from transposable elements. Using the available EST data to adjust for residual errors in the predictions, the estimated gene count is at least 38,000 - 40,000. Only 2% - 3% of the genes are unique to any one subspecies, comparable to the amount of sequence that might still be missing. Despite this lack of variation in gene content, there is enormous variation in the intergenic regions. At least a quarter of the two sequences could not be aligned, and where they could be aligned, single nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP) rates varied from as little as 3.0 SNP/kb in the coding regions to 27.6 SNP/kb in the transposable elements. A more inclusive new approach for analyzing duplication history is introduced here. It reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication, a recent segmental duplication on Chromosomes 11 and 12, and massive ongoing individual gene duplications. We find 18 distinct pairs of duplicated segments that cover 65.7% of the genome; 17 of these pairs date back to a common time before the divergence of the grasses. More important, ongoing individual gene duplications provide a never-ending source of raw material for gene genesis and are major contributors to the differences between members of the grass family.

Generic allocation of Indian and Sri Lankan Philautus (Anura: Rhacophoridae) inferred from 12S and 16S rRNA genes

The generic allocation of Indian and Sri Lankan Philautus needs further examination. In this study, a comprehensive understanding of the phylogeny of Indian and Sri Lankan Philautus is obtained based on 125 and 16S rRNA genes. All phylogenetic analyses indicate that Indian-Sri Lankan Philautus, Philautus menglaensis, Philautus longchuanensis, and Philautus gryllus form a well supported clade, separate from Philautus of Sunda Islands that form another well supported clade representing true Philautus. This result supports the designation of the genus Pseudophilautus to accommodate the Indian and Sri Lankan species. Pseudophilautus consists of two major lineages, one comprises the majority of Indian species, Chinese species, and Southeast Asian species, and one comprises all Sri Lankan species and a few Indian species. Pseudophilautus may have originated in South Asia and dispersed into Southeast Asia and China. Based on the results, we further suggest that Philautus cf. gryllus (MNHN1997.5460) belongs to the genus Kurixalus. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Two new species and a new record of the genus Sinogastromyzon (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from Yunnan, China

Two new species and a new record of Sinogastromyzon are described from Lixianjiang River of Yunnan province, China. Sinogastromyzon lixianjiangensis, new species, can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: pectoral fin with XIII-XIV, 15-17 rays; pelvic fin with X-XI, 10-12 rays; 60-65 lateral-line scales; no scales on the dorsum of paired fins or the region between axilla of pectoral fin and pelvic-fin origin; tip of pelvic fin close to anus; tip of anal fin close to caudal-fin base; anal-fin origin nearer to the caudal-fin base than to the posterior pelvic-fin base; anus nearer to anal-fin origin than to the posterior pelvic-fin base; dorsal side of the body with 9-11 black blotches. Sinogastromyzon macrostoma, new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: pectoral fin with XII-XIV, 12-15 rays; pelvic fin with VII-IX, 11-13 rays; 48-56 lateral-line scales; mouth extremely big, slightly arched; no scales on the dorsum of paired fins or the region between axilla of pectoral fin and pelvic-fin origin; tip of pelvic fin far beyond anus; tip of anal fin far from caudal-fin base; anal-fin origin about midway between the posterior pelvic-fin base and caudal-fin base; anus nearer to posterior pelvic-fin base than to anal-fin origin; dorsal side of the body uniformly gray, without regular blotches in formalin preserved specimen. Sinogastromyzon cf. multiocellum is firstly recorded in China.

Cloning,Expression and Sequence Analysis of A Luciferase Gene from the Chinese Firefly Pyrocoelia pygidialis

从一种来自中国日行性萤火虫(云南窗萤)发光器官mRNA中克隆、测序并表达了有功能的荧光素酶.云南窗萤荧光素酶的cDNA序列有1647个碱基,编码548个氨基酸残基.从推测得到的氨基酸序列的比对分析得出:云南窗萤的荧光素酶与来自Lampyris noctiluca,L.turkestanicus和Nyctophila cf.caucasica三种萤火虫的荧光素酶有97.8%的序列一致性.从推测得出的氨基酸序列进行系统发育分析,其结果表明:云南窗萤和Lampyris+Nyctophila聚在一起,与同属的发光强夜行性的萤火虫不形成的单系.云南窗萤荧光素酶在大肠杆菌中表达的条带大约70kDa,并且在有荧光素存在时发出黄绿色荧光.对荧光素酶的结构模拟和分析表明,云南窗萤荧光素酶基因的氨基端和羧基端结构域之间的裂沟处存在这5个多肽环,这正是从其他荧光素酶推测得到的催化荧光反应时的底物结合位点.云南窗萤和窗萤属的其他3种萤火虫的荧光素酶卡目比,有13个不同氨基酸位点,位于模拟分子结构的表面.对于这些多肽环、不刚氨基酸残基和晶体结构的进一步研究有利于解释日行和夜行性萤火虫荧光素酶的差异.

滇南、滇东南黑冠长臂猿分布与数量

滇南、滇东南曾是黑冠长臂猿广泛分布的地区之一.为掌握该地区近年黑冠长臂猿分布及种群数量现状,从2003年7月～2004年12月,采用访问调查及利用鸣声定位法进行了实地调查.调查结果显示,在近40 000 km2的范围内,东黑冠长臂猿(Nomascus sp.cf.nasutus)在云南境内可能已消失;西黑冠长臂猿(N.concolor)亦仅发现4～7个种群,且孤立分布于3个地区(金平芭蕉河2群6只,金平西隆山1-2群,绿春黄连山1～3群,总计不超过25只),而在江城牛倮河自然保护区、马关古林箐自然保护区、麻栗坡老君山自然保护区及屏边大围山自然保护区可能已绝迹.滇南、滇东南黑冠长臂猿分布区缩小及种群数量剧减,主要与栖息地丧失及过度捕猎有关.

中国角蟾亚科十一种的同工酶电泳研究(英文)

本文用同工酶电泳的方法分析了中国产角蟾亚科3属11种,共13个地理种群样本,以探讨它们的遗传多样性及系统关系。用于分析的酶共14种,由24个基因位点编码。经过酶带的分析和计算,得出了每个种群样本在每个基因位点上的等位基因频率（见表3）。根据基因频率的分布,计算得出了各种群样本的基因多样性指数——平均杂合率（H）（见表4）,结果表明,角蟾亚科的H值平均值为0.18, 在两栖动物中是属于很高的遗传多样性水平,根据基因频率的分布,计算了所有种群样本间的Nei’s遗传距（见表5）,并通过类平均法（UPGMA）重建了进化树（dendrogram）。分析结果支持将拟角蟾属（Ophryophryne）从角蟾属（Megophrys）中分出为独立属的观点;但是对短腿蟾属（Brachytarsophrys）是否为独立属提出了疑问。在角蟾属（Mesophrys）中,可以明显地看出3个组,它们中的种间亲缘关系比较近,这3个组分别是:①白颌大角蟾（M.lateralis）、大花角蟾（M.giganticus）和长肢角蟾（M.longipes）;②粗皮角蟾（M.palpebralespinneosa）、淡肩角蟾（M.boettgeri）...