Comparative extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F-s) from a variety of solid samples

Extraction experiments with spiking of C-13(12)-PCDD/Fs were performed with a variety of PCDD/Fs contaminated samples. The extraction recovery of PCDD/Fs was mainly influenced by PCDD/Fs concentration and the sample matrix. Generally, the first soxhlet extraction with toluene has suitable recovery. From the selected samples, only FAMS4 and 5 which are fly ashes with high concentration, the recovery of the first soxhlet extraction with 24 hr. is low, but PCDD/Fs were almost completely removed after 72 hr. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

Vacuum pyrolysis of waste tires with basic additives

Granules of waste tires were pyrolyzed tinder vacuum (3.5-10 kPa) conditions, and the effects of temperature and basic additives (Na2CO3, NaOH) on the properties of pyrolysis were thoroughly investigated. It was obvious that with or without basic additives, pyrolysis oil yield increased gradually to a maximum and subsequently decreased with a temperature increase from 450 degrees C to 600 degrees C, irrespective of the addition of basic additives to the reactor. The addition of NaOH facilitated pyrolysis dramatically, as a maximal pyrolysis oil yield of about 48 wt% was achieved at 550 degrees C without the addition of basic additives, while a maximal pyrolysis oil yield of about 50 wt% was achieved at 480 degrees C by adding 3 wt% (w/w, powder/waste tire granules) of NaOH powder. The composition analysis of pyrolytic naphtha (i.b.p. (initial boiling point) similar to 205 degrees C) distilled from pyrolysis oil showed that more dl-limonene was obtained with basic additives and the maximal content of dl-limonene in pyrolysis oil was 12.39 wt% which is a valuable and widely-used fine chemical. However, no improvement in pyrolysis was observed with Na2CO3 addition. Pyrolysis gas was mainly composed of H-2, CO, CH4, CO2, C2H4 and C2H6. Pyrolytic char had a surface area comparable to commercial carbon black, but its proportion of ash (above 11.5 wt%) was much higher.

Modeling of a coal-fired slagging combustor: Development of a slag submodel

In a slagging combustor or furnace, the high combustion temperature makes the molten slag layer cover the wall and capture the particles. If these particles contain combustible matter, they will continue to burn on the running slag. As a result, the total amount of ash deposition will be much greater than that in dry-wall combustors and the total heat flux through the deposition surface will change greatly. Considering the limitations of existing simulation methods for slagging combustion, this paper introduces a new wall burning model and slag flow model from the analysis; of particle deposition phenomena. Combined with a conventional combustion simulation program, the total computational frame is introduced. From comparisons of simulation results from several kinds of methods with experimental data, the conclusion is drawn that the conventional simulation methods are not very suitable for slagging combustion and the wall burning mechanism should be considered more thoroughly.

黄土高原子午岭林区6个典型群落优势种的热值和养分特征

能量流动、物质循环和信息传递共同构成了生态系统三大功能。能量是维持生态系统功能与过程的动力,Jordan(1971)认为能量比干物质更能反映出群落对自然资源(特别是太阳能)的利用情况。Long(1934)率先用热值来表示植物所含能量的多少,此后关于植物热值的研究工作逐渐展开。我国的植物热值研究始于20世纪80年代(杨福囤等,1983;祖元刚等,1986),主要集中在海南(林益明等,2000)、福建(林益明等,2004)、广东(任海等,1999)和浙江(郝朝运等,2006)等热带亚热带植物群落以及内蒙古羊草草原(鲍雅静等,2003),但有关黄土高原地区的植被热值研究尚未见报道。子午岭林区是黄土高原主要的天然次生林区,其植被主要是在弃耕地基础上逐渐恢复起来的(邹厚远等,2002)。由于自然因素与人为因素的影响,子午岭的植被在恢复时间上存在较大差异,形成了处于不同演替阶段的各种植被群落类型。本研究选取的6个代表性植被群落分别是沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)群落、山杨(Populus davidiana)群落、白桦(Betula platyphylla)群落、油松(Pinus tabulaeform...

贾第虫中的基因转换研究

蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（简称贾第虫）是一种低等的单细胞原生动物，因在全世界引起肠道疾病，并被认为是目前已知的最原始的真核细胞而备受关注。它具有两个左右对称的细胞核，在形态和大小上都很相似，至少都为二倍体。长期以来一直都未有其进行减数分裂或有性生殖的报道，因此被认为是无性繁殖的。目前仅发现其存在有丝分裂过程，而且滋养体的两个细胞核在复制分离等遗传活动方面保持各自独立的状态，分别将子代核传递到子代细胞中。综合以上情形，随着长期传代培养，贾第虫两个细胞核之间及单个核内等位基因之间应该会逐渐积累较大的差异（allelic sequence heterozygosity，ASH）。但事实是贾第虫具有极低的等位基因差异，是什么原因和机制所导致的呢？本文对此进行了如下两方面的研究。其一，采用单细胞PCR技术对fenI和pdi两个基因进行了长期的跟踪观察。研究结果表明，除了极少数的位点突变（在测序结果中表现为“套峰”）外，每次的测序结果几乎完全一致，这说明贾第虫两核间和一核内的等位基因是高度一致的，其等位基因差异性非常低。对套峰位置进行统计后我们发现，pdi基因中数个位点间歇性的出现套峰，暗示了突变发生而后又被修复的过程，这提示贾第虫中肯定存在一种生物学机制，能够修复等位基因的突变，我们推测这种机制很可能是基因转换（gene conversion）。其二，本文对基因转换的基本情况进行了系统的调查。根据已有的理论模型，总结出基因转换过程的主要步骤，以及与各步骤相关的基因；之后，利用同源搜索的方法，在贾第虫基因组中搜索上述基因的同源物。调查结果表明，基因转换过程的主要步骤对应的基因在贾第虫中都存在同源物，这提示在贾第虫中确实存在发生基因转换的可能性。然后，对上述在贾第虫基因组中找到的同源基因进行了荧光原位杂交（FISH）实验和RT-PCR实验。FISH定位实验结果显示，这些基因在两个细胞核中都有杂交信号，表明这些基因在两个细胞核中都存在。 RT-PCR实验结果进一步表明，这些基因在贾第虫中都是活跃转录的。根据以上结果，本文认为贾第虫中确实存在一个维持其极低的等位基因差异的机制，该机制极可能是基因转换。