ROLE OF PHOSPHORUS CYCLING IN ALGAL METABOLISM AND ALGAL SUCCESSION IN LAKE DONGHU, CHINA

The role of phosphorus cycling in algal metabolism was studied in a shallow lake, Donghu, in Wuhan using the methods of measuring cell quota C, N and P, and calculating nutrients uptake rate by algal photosynthesis. The mean daily phosphorus uptake rate of phytoplankton varied between 0.04-0.11 and 0.027-0.053 g/m2/d in station I and station II respectively. The turnover time of phosphorus in phytoplankton metabolism ranged from 0.75-5.0 days during 1979-1986. The available P was 0.176 (+/- 0.156) g/m3 (mean +/- SD) in 1982 and 0.591 (+/- 0.24) g/m3 in 1986. The relationship between P/B ratio (Y) and TP (X: mg/l) was described by the following regression equation Y = 1.163 + 0.512logX (r = 0.731, P < 0.001). The dynamics of algal biomass and algal species succession were monitored as the indicators of environmental enrichment. The small-sized algae have replaced the blue-green algae as the dominant species during 1979-1986. The small-sized algae include Merismopedia glauca, Cryptomonas ovata, Cryptomonas erosa, several species Cyclotella. There has been drastic decrease in algal biomass and an obvious increase in P/B ratio. A nutrient competition hypothesis is proposed to explain the reason of the disappearance of blue-green algae bloom. The drastic change in algal size and the results in high P/B ratio (reaching a maximum mean daily ratio of 1.09 in 1986) may suggest a transition of algal species from K-selection to r-selection in Lake Donghu.

A low-cost CMOS programmable temperature

A novel uncalibrated CMOS programmable temperature switch with high temperature accuracy is presented. Its threshold temperature T-th can be programmed by adjusting the ratios of width and length of the transistors. The operating principles of the temperature switch circuit is theoretically explained. A floating gate neural MOS circuit is designed to compensate automatically the threshold temperature T-th variation that results form the process tolerance. The switch circuit is implemented in a standard 0.35 mu m CMOS process. The temperature switch can be programmed to perform the switch operation at 16 different threshold temperature T(th)s from 45-120 degrees C with a 5 degrees C increment. The measurement shows a good consistency in the threshold temperatures. The chip core area is 0.04 mm(2) and power consumption is 3.1 mu A at 3.3V power supply. The advantages of the temperature switch are low power consumption, the programmable threshold temperature and the controllable hysteresis.

Design and fabrication of polarization-independent micro-ring resonators

Origin of polarization sensitivity of photonic wire waveguides (PWWs) is analysed and the effective refractive indices of two different polarization states are calculated by the three-dimensional full-vector beam propagation method. We find that PWWs are polarization insensitive if the distribution of its refractive index is uniform and the cross section is square. An MRR based on such a polarization-insensitive PWW is fabricated on an 8-inch silicon-on-insulator wafer using 248-nm deep ultraviolet lithography and reactive ion etching. The quasi-TE mode is resonant at 1542.25 nm and 1558.90 nm, and the quasi-TM mode is resonant at 1542.12 nm and 1558.94 nm. The corresponding polarization shift is 0.13 nm at the shorter wavelength and 0.04 nm at the longer wavelength. Thus the fabricated device is polarization independent. The extinction ratio is larger than 10 dB. The 3 dB bandwidth is about 2.5 nm and the Qvalue is about 620 at 1558.90 nm.

Nitrogen defects and ferromagnetism in Cr-doped dilute magnetic semiconductor AlN from first principles

High Curie temperature of 900 K has been reported in Cr-doped AlN diluted magnetic semiconductors prepared by various methods, which is exciting for spintronic applications. It is believed that N defects play important roles in achieving the high-temperature ferromagnetism in good samples. Motivated by these experimental advances, we use a full-potential density-functional-theory method and supercell approach to investigate N defects and their effects on ferromagnetism of (Al,Cr)N with N vacancies (V-N). We investigate the structural and electronic properties of V-N, single Cr atom, Cr-Cr atom pairs, Cr-V-N pairs, and so on. In each case, the most stable structure is obtained by comparing different atomic configurations optimized in terms of the total energy and the force on every atom, and then it is used to calculate the defect formation energy and study the electronic structures. Our total-energy calculations show that the nearest substitutional Cr-Cr pair with the two spins in parallel is the most favorable and the nearest Cr-V-N pair makes a stable complex. Our formation energies indicate that V-N regions can be formed spontaneously under N-poor condition because the minimal V-N formation energy equals -0.23 eV or Cr-doped regions with high enough concentrations can be formed under N-rich condition because the Cr formation energy equals 0.04 eV, and hence real Cr-doped AlN samples are formed by forming some Cr-doped regions and separated V-N regions and through subsequent atomic relaxation during annealing. Both of the single Cr atom and the N vacancy create filled electronic states in the semiconductor gap of AlN. N vacancies enhance the ferromagnetism by adding mu(B) to the Cr moment each but reduce the ferromagnetic exchange constants between the spins in the nearest Cr-Cr pairs. These calculated results are in agreement with experimental observations and facts of real Cr-doped AlN samples and their synthesis. Our first-principles results are useful to elucidate the mechanism for the ferromagnetism and to explore high-performance Cr-doped AlN diluted magnetic semiconductors.

Crystallographic and magnetic properties of nitride R3Fe29-xCrxN4 (R = Y, Ca, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy)

A systematic investigation of crystallographic and magnetic properties of nitride R3Fe29-xCrxN4 (R=Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy) has been performed. The lattice constants and unit cell volume decrease with increasing rare earth atomic number from Nd to Dy, reflecting the lanthanide contraction. After nitrogenation the relative volume expansion of each nitride is around between 5% and 7%. The nitrogenation results in a good improvement in the Curie temperature, the saturation magnetization and anisotropy fields at 4.2 K, and room temperature for R3Fe29-xCrxN4. Magnetohistory effects of R3Fe29-xCrxN4 and R3Fe29-xCrx (R=Nd and Sm) are observed in a low field of 0.04 T. First order magnetization process occurs in Sm3Fe24.0Cr5.0N4 in magnetic fields of 2.8 T at 4.2 K. After nitrogenation, the easy magnetization direction of Sm3Fe24.0Cr5.0 is changed from the easy-cone structure to the uniaxial. The good intrinsic magnetic properties of Sm3Fe24.0Cr5.0N4 make this compound a hopeful candidate for new high-performance hard magnets. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.

Crystallographic and magnetic properties of R3Fe29-xVxN4 (R = Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy)

A systematic investigation of crystallographic and magnetic properties of nitride R3Fe29-xVxN4 (R = Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy) has been performed. Nitrogenation leads to a relative volume expansion of about 6%. The lattice constants and unit cell volume decrease with increasing rare-earth atomic number from Nd to Dy, reflecting the lanthanide contraction. On average, the Curie temperature increases due to the nitrogenation to about 200 K compared with its parent compound. Generally speaking, nitrogenation also results in a remarkable improvement of the saturation magnetization and anisotropy fields at 4.2 K and room temperature for R3Fe29-xVxN4 compared with their parent compounds. The transition temperature indicates the spin reorientations of R3Fe29-xVxN4 for R = Nd and Sm are at around 375 and 370 K which are higher than that of R3Fe29-xVx, for R = Nd and Sm 145 and 140 K, respectively. The magnetohistory effects of R3Fe29-xVxN4 (R = Ce, Nd, and Sm) are observed in low fields of 0.04 T. After nitrogenation the easy magnetization direction of Sm3Fe26.7V2.3 is changed from an easy-cone structure to the b-axis. As a preliminary result, a maximum remanence B-r of 0.94 T, an intrinsic coercivity mu(0)H(C) of 0.75 T, and a maximum energy product (B H)(max) of 108.5 kJ m(-3) for the nitride magnet Sm3Fe26.7V2.3N4 are achieved by ball-milling at 293 K.

Structure and magnetic properties of nitrides R3Fe29-xCrxN4

A systematic investigation of nitrides R3F29-xCrxN4 (R = Y, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, and Dy) has been performed. The nitrogen concentration in the nitride R3Fe29-xCrxNy was determined to be y = 4. Nitrogenation leads to a relative volume expansion of about 5.3%. The lattice constants and unit cell volume decrease with increasing rare earth atomic number from Nd to Dy, reflecting the lanthanide contraction. In average, the increase of Curie temperature upon nitrogenation is about 200 K, compared with its parent compound. The nitrogenation also results in a remarkable improvement in the saturation magnetization and anisotropy fields for R3Fe29-x CrxN4 at 4.2 K and room temperature, compared with their parent compounds. A spin reorientation of Nd3Fe24.5Cr4.5N4 occurs at around 368 K, which is 138 K higher than that of Nd3F24.5Cr4.5. Magnetohistory effects of R3Fe29-xCrxN4 (R = Nd and Sm) are observed in a low field of 0.04 T. First-order magnetization process occurs in Sm3Fe24.0Cr5.0N4 in magnetic fields of around 3.0 T at 4.2 K. After nitrogenation the easy magnetization direction of Sm3Fe24.0C5.0 is changed from the easy-cone structure to the uniaxial. The excellent intrinsic magnetic properties of Sm3Fe24.0Cr5.0N4 make this compound a hopeful candidate for new high-performance permanent magnets.

纳米流体中HFC134a水合物的生成过程

提出制冷剂气体水合物在纳米流体中快速生成的设想，通过HFC134a气体水合物在纳米铜流体（由0．04％的十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）水溶液和名义直径为25nm的纳米铜粒子组成）中的生成实验验证了此设想．实验结果表明，与去离子水中HFC134a气体水合物的生成过程相比，纳米铜流体中SDBS是造成HFC134a气体水合物诱导时问明显缩短的主要原因，而纳米铜粒子对诱导时间的影响不大；纳米铜流体中SDBS的乳化作用和纳米铜粒子大比表面积大大促进了HFC134a在水中的溶解；纳米铜粒子的加入明显加强了HFC134a气体水合物生成过程中的传热传质，随着纳米铜粒子数的增加，HFC134a气体水合物生成过程明显缩短．

Multi-channel effect of condensation flow in a micro triple-channel condenser

Multi-channel effect is important to understand transport phenomenon in phase change systems with parallel channels. In this paper, visualization studies were performed to study the multi-channel effect in a silicon triple-channel condenser with an aspect ratio of 0.04. Saturated water vapor was pumped into the microcondenser, which was horizontally positioned. The condenser was cooled by the air natural convention heat transfer in the air environment. Flow patterns are either the annular flow at high inlet vapor pressures, or a quasi-stable elongated bubble at the microchannel upstream followed by a detaching or detached miniature bubble at smaller inlet vapor pressures. The downstream miniature bubble was detached from the elongated bubble tip induced by the maximum Weber number there. It is observed that either a single vapor thread or dual vapor threads are at the front of the elongated bubble. A miniature bubble is fully formed by breaking up the vapor thread or threads. The transient vapor thread formation and breakup process is exactly symmetry against the centerline of the center channel. In side channels, the Marangoni effect induced by the small temperature variation over the channel width direction causes the vapor thread formation and breakup process deviating from the side channel centerline and approaching the center channel. The Marangoni effect further forces the detached bubble to rotate and approach the center channel, because the center channel always has higher temperatures, indicating the multi-channel effect. 

长武县水资源承载力分析计算与评价

水资源的用水结构和承载力的计算是当前人们普遍关注的问题,探讨县域水资源承载力是维持县域经济社会健康发展的重要环节。从长武县2007 年水资源现状出发对县域范围内的用水结构及水资源承载力平衡指数进行计算与分析。结果表明:长武县用水结构中,农业、工业、生活、养殖业用水量比例分别为0. 65 ∶0. 29 ∶0. 04 ∶ 0. 01 ,农业用水占总用水量的1/ 2 以上;长武县可利用水资源量大于总用水量,水资源承载力供需平衡指数大于0 , 说明长武县水资源供给充足,具备当前规模的经济社会系统的支撑能力。

十八胺及其相关物质Langmuir-Blodgett膜的制备和性质研究

Langmuir-Blodgett（LB）膜技术由于在电子学、非线性光学以及化学传感器等领域具有潜在的应用前景而引起了人们的研究兴趣，其中它的热稳定性对LB膜的应用领域和范围具有一定的影响。本论文在此领域的主要研究内容如下： 利用LB膜技术分别制备了十八胺及硬脂酸、氘代硬脂酸的多层LB膜，采用变温傅立叶变换红外光谱研究了三种LB膜的相变行为。实验发现：十八胺LB膜在55-75 oC温度区间内发生相变，其CH2对称和反对称伸缩振动频率向高能量区发生明显移动；硬脂酸LB膜在70-80 oC的温度区间内发生了明显的相转变，CH2对称和反对称伸缩振动的强度比在升温过程中也有显著改变；氘代硬脂酸LB膜的相行为发生在65-70 oC的温度区间内。 利用LB膜技术制备了十八铵硬脂酸盐(C18H37NH3+C17H35COO-, ODASA)与十八铵氘代硬脂酸盐(C18H37NH3+C17D35COO-, ODASA-d35) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)膜，使用变温傅立叶变换红外透射光谱研究了它们的热行为。发现LB膜中十八铵硬脂酸盐分子的两个碳氢链高度有序，然而在十八铵氘代硬脂酸盐LB分子中的来自于十八胺的碳氢链部分无序，即在常温下有一些扭曲构象存在于碳氢链中。而十八铵硬脂酸盐的热稳定性也与十八铵氘代硬脂酸盐的热稳定性有些不同。在十八铵硬脂酸盐LB膜中，碳氢链在85 oC到90 oC的温度区间内发生非常明显的有序-无序变化。而在十八铵氘代硬脂酸盐LB膜中，碳氢链和来自于硬脂酸的氘代的烃链各自呈现出不同的热行为，即：碳氢链在80-90 oC的温度区间发生有序-无序变化，尤其是在80-85 oC的温度范围内这个变化非常显著；而氘代的烃链则在70 oC到85 oC这个较长的温度区间发生缓慢的相变。 分别制备了十八铵十二酸盐 （C18H37NH3+C11H23COO-，ODALA）和十八铵二十四酸盐（C18H37NH3+C23H45COO-,ODATA）LB膜，并用变温傅立叶变换红外透射光谱法研究了十八铵十二酸盐和十八铵二十四酸盐LB膜的热行为，比较了十八铵十二酸盐、十八铵硬脂酸盐和十八铵二十四酸盐这三种双链化合物LB膜的热行为。温度相关的红外光谱显示，这三种物质LB膜的热稳定性取决于碳链的长度。其中，十八铵十二酸盐LB膜在50-65 oC的温度区间内发生相变。对应的，十八铵二十四酸盐LB膜在80-90 oC的温度范围内发生有序-无序变化。令人感兴趣的是，十八铵二十四酸盐LB膜的相变温度与十八铵硬脂酸盐LB膜的相变温度基本一样，都是80-90 oC，也即在十八铵二十四酸盐和十八铵硬脂酸盐两种LB膜中，即使二十四酸取代了硬脂酸对前者的热稳定性的影响非常小。以上结果说明，在双长链化合物中，有效链长度取决于双链中的较短的那个烃链，从而来决定膜的热稳定性。在十八铵二十四酸盐LB膜中，十八胺的全部碳链对膜的热稳定性有贡献，而二十四酸的碳链则只有部分（有效部分）烃链有贡献。 制备了十八胺单层和多层LB膜和粒径为几个纳米的金纳米粒子。由于十八胺在pH值小于10.3的溶液中氨基带正电荷，使其置于金纳米溶胶中，利用带正电荷的十八胺和附着负电荷的金纳米粒子之间的静电作用，使得金纳米颗粒成功地吸附组装到十八胺的有序分子膜中，形成有规律的纳米颗粒层。通过紫外-可见光谱、红外光谱以及扫描电镜观察到，金纳米颗粒通过这种方法能够很好的组装在有机分子膜上，而且由于十八胺LB膜的高度有序性使得金纳米颗粒的组装层有序。而且，不同层数的十八胺LB膜对金纳米粒子呈现出不同的吸附行为。 测量了含微量甲醇（体积分数为0.04%~0.24%）的系列乙醇水溶液的近红外光谱，利用近红外光谱分析建立了预测甲醇含量的定量分析模型。比较了用外部检验法（Test Set-Validation）和交叉检验法(Cross-Validaton)建立的数学模型以及研究了使用外部检验法时校正集和检验集样品数的改变对模型预测结果的影响。结果发现，当校正集样品数为15检验集样品数为6（总样品数为21）时，使用外部检验法建立的数学模型预测结果较好，外部检验与交叉检验的预测均方根误差（分别为RMSEE和RMSEP）都较小（分别为0.0105和0.0115）而且很接近。结果表明，近红外光谱方法简单，准确而且实用。

有机电磷光器件的研究

自1987年C.W.Tang等人首次报道以Alq_3为发光材料的多层结构有机电致发光器件以来，由于其简单工艺、低成本、主动发光、快速响应以及大面积和柔性可弯曲显示等特点，使其在未来的平板显示领域显示了诱人的应用前景，其研究倍受关注。近些年来，有机发光二极管己经开始商品化。其中，三重态电磷光有机发光材料以其在效率，亮度等方面的优秀性能表现，成为了该领域重要的研究课题。在众多的电磷光材料中，重金属铱的配合物的很多优点引起了广泛的研究。铱配合物电磷光不仅具备了磷光材料理论上可能达到了100％内量子效率的优势，还以其独特的金属一配体电荷跃迁发光性质实现了可见光范围内的全色发光。本论文主要研究了有机电磷光铱配合物的电致发光性能，从不同分子结构铱配合物在不同掺杂浓度下的优化、器件结构设计、母体材料选择以及电磷光发光器件的瞬态特性等方面进行了详细研究，开发出了高效率纯红光有机电磷光发光器件，实现了高效率单层电磷光聚合物发光二极管，用稀土配合物做电磷光掺杂的母体在一定程度上解决了电磷光器件在高电流密度下快速退化问题，对有机电磷光器件的三重态一三重态湮灭和激子衰减动力学过程有了初步认识。（1）研究了几种新型红光铱配合物的电致发光性能：①开发出了以毗嗦为配体的铱配合物，发现其发光光谱（光致和电致）均比哇琳为配体的铱配合物有大幅度的红移，如此制备出了主峰在677nm，色坐标为（0.71，0.28）的深红色有机电磷光器件，器件的外量子效率达到了5.5％以上；②比较了以嗯哇和噬哇为配体的配合物的电致发光性能，发现在结构相近的情况下，电负性越强的原子导致发射光谱蓝移，而在配体上引入高电负性O原子在一定程度上提高了器件的电致发光性能。（2）在高效有机发光器件的制备和结构优化等方面开展的一系列工作得到了如下结论：①不同取代基团配体铱配合物依赖于掺杂浓度，通过优化器件可以获得最好的电致发光性能。②用旋涂方法，通过对电子和空穴注入和传输的调控制备出了高效率单层有机电磷光发光器件，最大发光效率达到了25.2cd／A，由于减少了电子和空穴在磷光分子的直接俘获，避免了空间电荷积累引起的空间电场问题，使器件的电致发光性能得到了显著地提高。③研究了用稀土试络合物作为主体材料，掺杂一种铱配合物的电磷光有机发光二极管的电致发光性能，发现在较高的电流密度下，器件的电致发光效率仍然保持较好的稳定性，有效地降低了三重态一三重态湮灭引起的退化问题。（3）我们用瞬态电致发光方法详细研究了电磷光有机发光器件的三重态一三重态湮灭和激子衰减动力学过程，确定了不同取代基团苯基噬哇铱配合物的三重态激子的寿命τ、三重态一三重态湮灭常数K和饱和电流以及它们与器件电致发光效率的关系，这方面的研究对澄清有机发光器件的工作原理和退化机制，进一步改善器件性能具有重要意义。

金属酞菁对单加氧酶的模拟

合成Mn~(++)、Fe~(++)、Co~(++)、Cu~(++)、Zn~(++)过渡金属酞菁和Sn~(++)酞菁，并对它们作了红外、紫外和元素分析。用上述金属酞菁、抗坏血酸和分子氧构成了一种新的单加氧酶和化学模拟体系，发现都可以在常温、常压下使苯羟化成酚。其中以铁酞菁活性最高，反应八小时苯的克分子转化率可达0.7%左右，其余（包括铈酞菁）大约比铁体系活性低20倍，约为0.02%～0.04%。与典型的模拟单加氧酶Udenfriend试剂比较，在没有丙酮等有机介质的情况下具有更高的活性。考察了抗坏血酸浓度、P~H值。底物苯的加入量以及温度等对羟化反应起始吸氧速度、苯的转化率的影响。发现，羟化反应速度与加入反应的抗坏血酸浓度成反比；中性、微酸性介质（P~H=4.7）对羟化反应有利，温度以35℃为宜；在抗坏血酸浓度较低时，苯的转化率几乎与其成正比关系，在浓度大于1M/g时，苯转化率的提高就比较小了。考察了含氮的各种胺类及含氧的丙酮等配位对化学模拟体系中Fe~(++)活性的影响。发现Fe~(++)周围的N原子数与铁离子的比例按1：1、1：2、1：3、1：4增加时铁模拟体系的活性几乎成正比提高，但是这又不如铁酞菁体系的活性，说明含N大环配位体-酞菁对铁离子的活化更为优越。并利用量子化学的概念对此作了解释。发现以往作为分散剂而加入到体系中的丙酮也是一种可以活化Fe~(++)的配位体。根据实验事实以及反应液的电子光谱分析，对羟化反应机理作了探讨，提出Fe~(++)、抗坏血酸(AsH_2)与适当配位体在微酸性介质中(P~H=4.7)形成中间三元络合物是羟化反应的第一步，指出G.A.Hamilton等人提出的“Oxenoid”机理忽略了适当配位体的重要作用；指明了Udenfriend试剂中的CDTA以及本实验所用的各种胺和丙酮的作用实质。提出Fe~(++)、适当配位体在低浓度和高浓度的抗坏血酸溶液中形成五配位和六配位的中间三元络合物，二者处于化学平衡状态。因为只有五配位的中间三元络合物才有活性，园满地解释了在抗坏血酸浓度低时羟化反应速度反而高于高浓度的这一反常的实验现象。根据五配位中间三元络合物的模型，进一步指出在模拟体纱中抗坏血酸不仅仅起到了授氢体的作用，它与单加氧酸酶P-450辅基的轴向第五配位体-含硫的胱氨酸残基类似，在分子氧的还原断裂中起着非常重要的作用。根据实验中的一些现象，对中间双氧络合物的存在也提出了看法。

钍的萃取机理及工艺

钍是一种重要的核燃料。我国包头稀土精矿含钍0.2%，按每年处理5000吨精矿计算，每年可回收氧化钍10吨。因而研究钍与稀土及其它杂质的分离，不仅能回收钍，同时能降低稀土产品的放射性污染。用伯胺从硫酸焙烧精矿中分离钍的流程已应用于工业生产，但从氧化焙烧流程中回收钍的问题尚未得到解决。本工作主要是研究二种常用的萃取剂伯胺N_(1923)和HEH（EHP）（P_(507)）对钍的萃取机理，并针对包头矿氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中钍与稀土的分离，研究了工艺流程。本工作主要包括五部分。一、伯胺从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了伯胺-苯溶液从硫酸介质中萃取钍的萃取机理，用饱和法、斜率法、等克分子系列法确定了萃合物的组成，得到了在一定条件下的萃取反应为：Th~(4+) + 2SO_4~(2-) + 2(RNH_3)_2SO_(4(O)) <-> (RNH_3)_4Th(SO_4)_(4(O))考察了不同溶剂对萃取平衡的影响，在不同溶剂中，伯胺的萃钍能力次序如下：四氯化碳>氯仿>苯>二甲苯>二氯已烷>正已烷。计算了不同条件下的浓度平衡常数K，lg K = 10.28 ± 0.05，结果表明，K不随伯胺浓度改变，K随水相酸度增大而增大，随钍浓度增大而减小。研究了温度对萃取平衡的影响，结果表明，伯胺从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的热效应很小。并计算了一定条件下的热力学函数ΔH = -2900 JM~(-1)，ΔS = 190 JM~(-1)。考察了不同条件下的红外和核磁共振谱，并对所提出的机理进行了讨论。二、伯胺从碳酸盐溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了伯胺-正辛烷溶液从碳酸盐介质中萃取钍的平衡规律，用斜率法确定了萃合物组成，得出萃取机理：Th~(4+) + 5CO_3~(2-) + 4(RNH_3NO_3)_((1.5)(O)) <-> (RNH_3)_6Th(CO_3)_(5(O)) + 6NO_3~-考察了不同碳酸盐及水相PH值对萃取平衡的影响，结果表明，在各种碳酸盐溶液中，萃取能力均随碳酸盐浓度及水相PH值增加而下降。计算了浓度平衡常数K，结果表明，K随伯胺浓度增加而增加。研究了不同溶剂及温度对萃取平衡的影响，结果表明，伯胺从碳酸盐溶液中萃取钍是放热反应，并计算了两种碳酸盐浓度下的ΔH、ΔS值。考察了萃合物的红外光谱和核磁共振谱，并对反应机理进行了讨论。三、P_(507)从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了P_(507)-正辛烷溶液在不同浓度（1 ～ 15 N）的硫酸介质中萃取钍的平衡规律，同斜率法，饱和法确定了萃合物组成，提出了不同硫酸浓度下P_(507)萃取钍的两种机理。在低酸度下（0.5-6 N）：Th~(4+) + 2.5(HL)_(2(O)) <-> ThL_3(HL_2)_((O)) + 4H~+在高酸度下（10-15 N）：Th~(4+) + 2HSO_4~- + SO_4~(2-) + 2.5(HL)_(2(O)) <-> H_2Th(SO_4)_35(HL)_((O))并按如下机理萃取硫酸（12N以上）：2H~+ + SO_4~(2-) + (HL)_(2(O)) <-> H_2SO_2·2(HL)_((O))通过低酸度下的饱和萃取试验，得出了在饱和情况下，P_(507)萃取钍的机理：Th~(4+) + 2(HL)_(2(O)) <-> ThL_(4(O)) + 4H~+考察了不同溶剂对萃取平衡的影响，结果表明，P_(507)从低浓度硫酸溶液中萃取钍的能力随溶剂的介电常数增加而下降。计算了各种条件下的浓度平衡常数，lgK(2.2N H_2SO_4) = 4.07 ± 0.02, lgK (12.6N H_2SO_4) = 3.53 ± 0.04，结果表明，在高、低两种酸度下，K均不随P_(507)浓度改变，在低酸底下，K随硫酸浓度增加而略有增大，在高酸度下，K随硫酸浓度增加有较显著的增大。从温度对萃取平衡的影响指出，P_(507)从硫酸介质中萃取钍是放热反应。计算了各种酸度下的ΔH、ΔS值。研究了萃合物的红外及核磁共振谱，并对不同条件下的反应机理进行了讨论。四、用伯胺从包头矿氧化焙烧流程中回收钍的工艺包头稀土矿氧化焙烧流程中，得到了含钍、铈（IV），稀土（III）和铁（III）的硫酸浸出液。工艺要求从该浸出液中回收钍，并且同时把其中的铈（IV）单独分离出来。由于料液中有大量的铈（IV），严重地影响了伯胺对钍的萃取能力，如果增大伯胺浓度，会使分相速度减慢。我们用15%N_(1923)-5%异辛醇-煤油作有机相，进行了13级分流萃取，出口小相中Th/RE = 3 * 10~(-5)，低于国家规定标准，铈（IV）较完全地被萃入有机相中，出口有机相中铈的纯度为96.7%。然后用3N硝酸加1%过氧化氢溶液将钍与铈同时反萃到水相，反萃液中铈（IV）已被还原为铈（III），再用0.3F P_(507)进行8级逆流萃取，将钍萃入有机相，铈留在水相，从而使钍与铈分离。五、用P_(507)从包头矿氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中回收钍的工艺当有铈（IV）存在时，P_(507)对钍的萃取能力仍很强。我们用1.54F P_(507)-煤油作萃取剂，进行了5级逆流萃取，出口水相中Th/RE = 1.2 * 10~(-4)，低于国家规定标准，铈（IV）全部萃入有机相中，出口有机相中铈的品位为96.2%。出口有机相用2N硫酸加2%过氧化氢进行还原反萃，用13级分流反萃，使铈全部反到水相中，钍则不被反萃，达到了铈、钍分离的目的。以上两种工艺流程均可用于从氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中分离钍及铈。

M_2RSbO_6:R~(3+)复合氧化物的合成组成结构和性能的研究(M = Ba、Sr、Ca, R = La、Gd、Y、Bi, R' = Sm、Eu、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm)

对于稀土与非稀土所组成的二元复合氧化物的研究国外已有较多的报导。但是，对于稀土和锑的复合氧化物只是近年来才开始有些研究工作。含锑与稀土的多元复合氧化物的报导就更少。本文在我们实验室张静筠等人三元复合氧化物研究的基础上，开展Mo—Sb_2O_5—R_2O_3—R'_2O_3—Bi_2O_3多元体系的研究工作，这对于我国丰产元素稀土和锑的应用以及利用Bi~(3+)的激活与敏化将是有益的。本文按Thornton等人的方法合成了Ba_2BiSbO_6，Ba_2GdSbO_6，按EγΦECEHKO等人的方法合成了M_2RSbO_6 (M = Ba、Sr、Ca, R = La Y)。并以M_2RSbO_6为基质，掺Sm~(3+)、Eu~(3+)、Dy~(3+)、Ho~(3+)、Er~(3+)、Tm~(3+)和Bi~(3+)，研究它们的化学组成，晶体结构与发光性能的关系及规律，Bi~(3+)的荧光和敏作用。同时研究了它们的磁学和热学性能。化学组成的分析结果表明，计算的含量与实验测得的含量符合较好，说明化学反应是按化学计量比进行的。通过X-射线粉沫物相分析和晶胞参数的理论计算确定M_2RSbO_6(M = Ba、Sr、R = La、Y、Gd、Bi)复合氧化物是属于立方钙钛太型化合物。空间群为Fm3m，点群为Oh。用计算机计算了Ca_2YSbO_6的晶胞参数并结合荧光光谱分析确定它属于畸变的单斜钙钛矿，空间群为P_(21)。用磁天平测量了样品M_2RSbO_6 (M = Ba、Sr、Ca; R = Gd、Y、Bi)的磁化率。除Ba_2GdSbO_6是顺磁性物质外共余的都是反磁性的物质。按所用原料Sb_2O_5计算的磁化率与测量值符合较好，表明在所研究的M_2RSbO_6化合物中锑是正五价的。用热重热差分析仪测量了样品在反应中的热性能，观察到在化合物形成的过程中所用原料Sb_2O_3大约在520 ℃左右氧化变为Sb_2O_5。除所用原料碳酸盐分解外没有挥发性的物质，这就进一步证明化学组成分析和磁化率测量的结果是正确的。光学测量的结果表明，所有的磷光体随着激活离子浓度的不同其光谱都发生规律性的变化。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Br_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用254nm激发时均能观察到Eu~(3+)于595nm的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰325nm激发时，明显地看到敏化剂Bi~(3+)到Eu~(3+)的能量传递，使Eu~(3+)于595nm的发射大大增强，我们认为Bi~(3+)对Eu~(3+)的敏化作用是由于基质和Bi~(3+)的~1S。→ 3P_1的跃迁吸收了激发的能量，然后无辐射弛豫到Eu~(3+)的激发态~5D_0，产生~5D_0 → 7F_1的磁偶极跃迁。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Sr_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Sr_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用245nm激发时均能观察到Eu~(3+)于595nm的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰335nm激发时，观察到基质和Bi~(3+)对Eu~(3+)具有某种能量传递。敏化作用机理与上述的Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Ba_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系相同。对于不同Eu~(3+)浓度的Ca_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+)和Ca_2YSbO_6:Eu~(3+), Bi~(3+)体系用396nm激发时，均能观察到Eu~(3+)于613nm很强的尖峰发射。用基质和Bi~(3+)的激发峰313nm激发时，见到Bi~(3+)和基质对Eu~(3+)具有某种能量传递，这种敏化作用主要是由于基质和Bi~(3+)的3P_1 → ~1S_0的400nm的宽带发射和Eu~(3+)的~7F_0 → ~5L_6的396nm的吸收相匹配产生~5L_6→~5D_0→~7F_2的跃迁。通过对激发光谱和荧光光谱的分析给出了Ca_2Y_(0.96)Eu_(0.04)SbO_6的能级图，从实验上可见，Eu~(3+)的发光强烈地依赖于钙钛矿的结构，当Eu~(3+)在空间群为Fm3m 的Ba_2YSbO_6和Sr_2YSbO_6中处于Oh点对称性时，主要是~5D_0 → ~7F_1的磁偶极跃迁。当Eu~(3+)在空间群为P_(21)的单斜钙钛矿中时，主要是~5D_0 → ~7F_2的电偶极跃迁。对于不同掺杂浓度M_2YSbO_6:R~(13+)(M = Ba、Ca; R' = Sm、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm)体系，通过激发和荧光光谱的研究，合理地确定了谱项。发现基质对Sm~(3+)、Dy~(3+)、Ho~(3+)具有敏化作用。对不同Bi~(3+)浓度的Ca_2YSbO_6:Bi~(3+)，由激发和荧光光谱可见Bi~(3+)具有二个激发带，第一激发带位于240nm处相当于~1S_0 → ~1P_1的跃迁，第二激发带位于315nm处相当于~1S_0 → ~3P_1的跃迁。有一个很强的兰紫色发射位于400nm处相当于~3P_1 →~1S_0的跃迁。