黄土丘陵区退耕地土壤水分入渗特征及影响因素

为评价退耕还林(草)工程的成效及认识下垫面改变对土壤水文过程的影响,采用圆盘入渗仪以4、6、8年退耕地为对象,长芒草草地为对照在黄土丘陵区分层(表层、20 cm、40 cm)研究退耕地土壤水分入渗特征,并探讨其影响因素。结果表明:1)较短年限退耕地表层土壤入渗能力较天然草地差,而下层入渗能力较天然草地强;2)退耕地下层的初始入渗速率是表层的1.2~1.4倍,稳定入渗率是表层的1.9~2.8倍,饱和导水率是表层的1.9~3.0倍;3)随着退耕年限增加,表层土壤入渗能力下降,而下层入渗能力增强;4)土壤结皮阻碍退耕地表层土壤的入渗。

黑龙江省安达市草地碱化后土壤物理性状变化

调查了安达市盐碱地生物资源环境研究中心试验区羊草Leymus chinensis地土壤物理性状,包括土壤硬度、含水量、饱和导水率、粒径分布、剖面特征和土壤温度等。阐明土地碱化对土壤物理性质的影响,为安达市以及松嫩平原生态环境的修复和土地资源的永续利用提供科学依据。同时,讨论了地下水化学成分和土壤冻融变化对碱化的可能影响,认为在没有植被覆盖的条件下,冻融变化会加剧土壤的碱化程度。

延河流域退耕前后土壤侵蚀强度的变化

根据修正通用土壤流失方程,在ArcGIS软件平台下,以黄土高原延河流域为例,在合理选用和计算修正通用土壤流失方程中各因子参数的基础上,计算并分析陕北黄土高原延河流域退耕前后土壤侵蚀量的变化及其动态分布。结果表明:1)延河流域退耕后,土壤侵蚀明显减少,与1986—1997年相比,退耕后至2000年土壤侵蚀量平均减少34%;2)坡耕地对土壤侵蚀影响明显,尤其是陡坡耕地退耕至关重要;3)在修正通用土壤流失方程各因子中,短期内影响土壤侵蚀动态变化的主控因子是植被覆盖管理因子,所以调整土地利用结构是减少土壤侵蚀的有效方法。

固原地区生态环境建设与旱地农业发展

固原地区是宁夏和西部地区生态环境建设、旱地农业发展的中心和重点地区，本文通过国内外发展经验，结合固原地区实际，提出旱地农业发展的技术路线和技术体系，以及发展高效和特色农业的一些构想。指出固原地区农业发展方向为生态环境建设－早地农业－高效特色农业的结合与互动，走农特结合的持续发展道路。

黄土旱塬麦田生态系统物质平衡及评价

根据长武试区 1986～ 1995年的统计资料并结合田间试验 ,对黄土旱塬麦田生态系统的主要物质 (氮、磷、钾 )循环及平衡特征进行了较为系统的分析。结果表明 ,农田中养分的流动量大 ,流通途径少 ,养分循环的开放性大 ,外循环规模大 ,内循环率小 ;系统养分平衡中 N基本保持收支平衡 ,K2 O入不敷出 ,P2 O5 输入大于输出 ;养分输入中 ,人工投入的化肥与有机肥是养分的主要来源 ,输出中 N主要集中于籽粒 ,K2 O主要集中于秸秆 ,P2 O5 主要残留于土壤中。指出在农业生产中 ,应采用秸秆还田以增加钾的投入 ,同时要增加氮肥投入尤其是有机肥的投入 ,而磷应以提高其有效性为主。

基于GIS的小流域坡耕地调查方法探讨

坡耕地研究是水土流失治理及水土保持规划的核心内容 ,GIS的发展及其在多领域的成功应用为坡耕地研究提供了新的技术手段。用矢量基础图件叠加来获取单元图斑的方法是GIS的基本功能 ,但叠加多边形的不确定性成为影响GIS数据质量的灾难性因素。以MapGIS作为基础平台 ,以DOM作为控制底图更新信息 ,采取矢栅叠加的方法获得单元图斑 ,用操作属性表获取专题属性 ,进行小流域坡耕地快速调查的研究 ,展示了矢栅叠加方法在信息复合过程中的显著优势。

黄土高原半干旱区退化灌草植被的恢复与重建

针对黄土高原半干旱区灌草植被退化严重的关键问题 ,进行了长期的定位研究 ,提出了灌草植被封育、改良、立体配置等快速恢复与重建的技术体系。试验结果表明 :主要草地群落本氏针茅、百里香适宜封育期为 3～ 5a ,产草量可提高 5 1～ 7 5倍。大针茅适宜封育期为 5a ,产草量可提高 1 5～ 5 0倍 ;改良草地最佳组合荒山穴播为本氏针茅 +杂类草、达乌里胡枝子 +本氏针茅群落 ,产草量提高 6 1～ 6 4倍。撂荒地开沟种植为本氏针茅 +冷蒿、本氏针茅 +红豆草、本氏针茅 +达乌里胡枝子群落 ,产草量提高 4 6～ 4 8倍。荒山隔带耕翻种植为芨芨草、本氏针茅 +紫花苜蓿、本氏针茅 +老芒麦、达乌里胡枝子 +本氏针茅群落 ,产草量提高4 5～ 6 5倍 ;灌草立体配置结合工程整地措施 ,建立了以柠条 +芨芨草、沙棘 +草木樨和山桃 +芨芨草为主的集流灌草配置模式 ,现已形成可更新的稳定的灌草群落类型。该体系的组装配套与试验、示范、推广为黄土高原农牧交错区灌草植被的快速恢复提供了重要的科学依据。

生物土壤结皮的生态功能

Biological soil crust exists in desertification-prone areas.This paper focuses on ecological function of biological soil crust,including water relations,soil stabilization,carbon and nitrogen fixation,albedo and effects on vascular plants.Some preliminary suggestions are given for further understanding the relationship between biological soil crust and revegetation of degraded ecosystem in desertification-prone areas in Northwestern China.

Competition between Stipa grandis and Cleistogenes squarrosa

Competitive strategy for resources between Cleistogenes squarrosa (Trin.) Keng which is a dominant species of grasslands degraded by moderate-heavy grazing, and Stipa grandis P. Smirnov, which is a dominant species of ungrazed communities, was studied using a replacement series method in a greenhouse. The knowledge would be helpful in managing grasslands and restoring the degraded C. squarrosa grassland. Although there was neither inter- nor intra-specific competition between the two species when no nutrients were added, intra-specific competition of C. squarrosa was observed and increased with increased nutrient availability and more sulfur (S) was allocated to the aboveground partition of the plant. Relative competitive ability of C. squarrosa was greater than that of S. grandis when nutrients were supplied regardless of S. There was no significant difference between shoot and root competition based on dry matter yields. However, root competition was significantly greater than that of shoot based on S uptake under all treatments. A significant interaction was not observed between shoot and root competition. Therefore, nutrients addition benefits the restoration of degraded grassland of C. squarrosa, which may not exclude S. grandis. Also productivity and forage quality of the community will be increased. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

热察绥地区过去300年土地利用覆被变化

The historical land use and land cover changes is one of the key issues in LUCC research. However, the achievement of China in this field doesn't match her position in the world yet. And the reliability of the quantitive records in Chinese historical literature, the basic data for historical land use research, has been doubted. This research focuses on Re-Cha-Sui, a typical area for the farming-pastoral region in the north of China, to make a detailed case study in this field. Based on a deep mining and calibration on the data from massive historical documents and land-use surveys, the author gives a detailed analysis on the administrative region evolution, historical population dynamics, reclamation policy, and the land statistic system. According to textual researches, parallel validation and physical geographical analysis, a unified land use series for recent 300 years, which founded on the results of modern land-use surveys, is constructed. And the thematic maps on the cultivation index for different counties in several temporal sections are plotted. Based on the endeavor above, the dynamic of forest and steppe is reconstructed as well. The temporal-spatial patterns of land use/land cover changes in the area is analyzed. And the influence of different driving forces are discussed. The main conclusions of the research are as followed: 1. The quantitive records in literatures on Re-Cha-Sui area are reflection of real amounts of croplands. It is practical to reconstruct a result comparable with the modern land-use surveys, based of a deep mining and considerate validation on historical documents. The unexceptional negative attitude towards the numerical records in historical documents is unnecessary. 2. In recent 300 years, 3 climax of reclamation appeared in Re-Cha-Sui area and altered the pure pastoral area into a farming-pastoral region. The interval were respectively the early time till mid time of the Qing dynasty, the end of the Qing dynasty till early time of the Republic of China(ROC), and the time after A.D. 1949. After the first expansion, the area of cropland in this region reached 2.0 million ha. Among them, Guisui area, which was most densely cultivated, had a cultivation index over 30%, which is similar with modern situation. The second expansion covered broader area, and the amount of cropland reached 3.5 million ha. The increase of farming area after 1949 is due to the recultivation of abandoned farmland. The current area of cropland in this region is 5.6 million ha. In the southern area where the land was reclaimed early, the amount on of the cropland has some fluctuation in 300 years. While in the new reclaimed area in the north, the area of cropland has kept the trend of increasing. 3. Due to the different natural conditions, most forests in Re-Cha-Sui area distribute in the mountain area of North Hebei province, and the upland of West Liaoning province, especially the former, which has a forest coverage near 70%. However, most of these forests were destroyed before the end of the Qing dynasty. In 1949, the natural forest near Chengde was nearly cleared up. They were partly renewed after 1949 due to plantation. 4. In the steppe zone such as northern Rehe, Suiyuan and Chahar, the area of steppe has a negative correlation with that of cropland. With the expansion of cropland, the percentage of steppe has shrunk from over 80% to 53%. In the mountain area of North Hebei province, steppe expanded with the shrinkage of forest, though cropland was expanding. The percentage once reached 60%, and then fell with the renew of forest. However, in the upland of West Liaoning province, the steppe shrink slowly from original 50% to current 26%, with the expansion of cropland. 5. The land use and land cover change in Re-Cha-Sui area in recent 300 years is driven by various factors, including human dimensions such as population, policy of the government, disorder of the society, cultural tradition, and natural factors such as climate change and natural disasters. Among them, pressure from surplus population is the basic driving force.

语前聋小儿人工耳蜗植入术后的言语康复

An Approach to the Rehabilitation of Prelingually Deaf Children After Cochlear Implantation Zheng Xiujin(Medical Psychology) Directed by Professor Yin WenGang Abstract Objective: To sum up the acquirement rule of speech and language capability which is for the prelingually deaf children after cochlear implantation by listening and language rehabilitation training and to investigate the factors that affect rehabilitation speed. Method: Sixty-four children received a cochlear implant at the age of 2 to 5 years from 2001 to 2005. They begin to be trained under group pattern after switch on 1 month. The whole training program lasted more than 7 months; after that, according to the teacher’s plan the training program was to be continued at home. Result: The period is 108±7.7 days that they can pronounce correctly 50 percent of all of simple-finals and compound-finals, the period is 115.0±7.8 days that they begin auditory repeating, the period is 135.3±10.9 days that they can speech the first specific word independently and the period is 200.3±13.9 days that they can speak 70 words and come into tri-gamut-word and two-word sentence period. The patient that is the group at the age of 2-3 years can take part in normal kindergarten after switch on about 10 months. There are no significant differences in various grades of speech-language development with different age groups and so do with different sex groups. There are significant differences in various grade of speech-language development with various IQ group (P<0.01) and so do with using and not using hearing aids before implantation. Conclusion: From the research we find that the speech and language development sequence is the same level between the prelingually deaf children of 2 to 5 years who received cochlear implant after speech training and normal children and which are stages of uncomplicated sound production, continuous syllabic (babbling), speech sprout, single-word utterances and two-word utterances in proper order. The time is short significantly and the reason is that cognition capability is enhanced along with the increase of age. The intelligence is main factor that affect rehabilitation speed and the speed in the group of high IQ is faster than common IQ. It is not because of the dominance cognition of the senior group that makes the increasing of the rehabilitation, it even makes slowly. The reason of which is that the senior group are exposed the language environment too late to achieve speech and language development. So we should perform an operation and training early. The effectiveness of rehabilitation after cochlear implantation is improved by using hearing aids before implantation. The reason is auditory stimulate can be benefit of to deaf children. The rehabilitation speeds in the children at the age of 2 to 5 years have nothing to do with sex. Key words: cochlear implant; speech therapy; paediatric rehabilitation